Numerical Study on Mechanism of Blast-Induced Damage Considering Guiding Effect of Water Jet Slot

Damage is one of the most important characteristics of rock failure.Studying the damage mechanism of rock blasting under the guiding effect of the water jet slot and revealing the mechanism of controlled blasting with water jet assistance are crucial.In this study,a rock-like material was chosen as the research object for the calibration experiment of the numerical model.The numerical simulation models were then established by ANSYS/LS-DYNA,and the blastinduced damage mechanism under the guiding effect of the water jet slot was analyzed according to the blasting theory.The results indicated that explosive energy accumulates toward the direction of the slot as the guiding effect of the water jet slot,which allows the rock mass in the direction of the slot bear more damage.Meanwhile,the rock mass in the middle of the connection line between two blast-holes bears more damage under the combination of the effect of the explosion stress wave and guiding effect of water the jet slot on the detonation gas during double-slotted borehole blasting,which results in the formation of a gourd-shaped blast-induced damage area.In addition,the influence of the water jet slot on blast-induced damage varies depending on the blasting-process stage.

Numerical Simulation of Flow and Heat Transfer from Slot Jets Impinging on a Cylindrical Convex Surface

Flow and heat transfer characteristics of slot jets impingement to a cylindrical convex surface are numerically investigated.Suitable turbulence models have been determined through comparison with the experimental data.Flow structures are described and impingement heat transfer characteristics are discussed.The effects of Re,H/B and D/B on single-slot jets impingement heat transfer are analyzed and heat transfer characteristics of multiple-slot jets are investigated.The results show that:Gas flows along the convex surface and boundary layer separation occurs in both single and multiple-slot jets impingement.A maximum stagnation Nu appears at H/B=8 and the local Nu decreases with increasing H/B in the region far away from the stagnation.The Nu in the stagnation region decreases with increasing D/B but the Nu is nearly the same in the region far away from the stagnation.Pressure gradient is an important factor on heat transfer enhancement.Correlations of the Num for single-slot,double-slot and quadric-slot jets impinging on a convex surface are obtained.It indicates the effects of Re and D/B on Num could become more important in less slot jets impingement.

Switching mechanism and optimisation research on a pressure-attitude adaptive adjusting coal seam water jet slotter

To investigate the attitude-switching mechanisms of existing jet slotters,which integrate drilling,punching and slotting operations,and to improve its fracture ability,we used the power bond diagram theory to analyse the dynamic flow pressure,and force of slotters.A mathematical model was developed for the dynamic characteristics of slotter systems.Furthermore,to study the effect of the main characteristic parameters on the ability of the nozzle to erode sandstone,multi-orthogonal experiments were carried out.And the optimised slots were applied in later practical operations.The research results show that the inlet fluid passed through the time-varying orifice to generate pressure differential thrust,which overcame the spring force,pushed the valve core to open the side nozzle,and closed the rear cavity channel thereby realising the switch of the slotter attitude.An optimal plan was established to balance the diameter,depth,and volume of punching,and a rock-breaking plan was developed for the slotter.Subsequently,the optimised water jet slotter was practically used in coal seam gas drainage.Compared with conventional dense drilling,water jet slotting technology significantly improves the ability,efficiency,and effect of increasing the permeability of the coal seam.

NUMERICAL STUDY OF SEMI-CONFINED SLOT JET IMPINGEMENT

The standard k ε turbulence model in conjunction with the logarithmic law of the wall has been applied to the prediction of a fully developed turbulent slot impinging jet within a semi confined space. A single geometry with a Reynolds number of 10,000 and a nozzle to plate spacing of eight slot widths has been considered with inlet boundary conditions based on the previous calculated result of a fully developed turbulent 2 D flow. The numerical results of mean velocity agree with the experimental data. But the fluctuating velocity is somewhat poorly predicted. The difference between the numerical study and the experimental data is attributed directly to the turbulence model, and the application of the wall function.

Three-dimensional Numerical Study of Laminar Confined Slot Jet Impingement Cooling using Slurry of Nano—encapsulated Phase Change Material

This Article presents a three dimensional numerical model investigating thermal performance and hydrodynamics features of the confined slot jet impingement using slurry of Nano Encapsulated Phase Change Material(NEPCM)as a coolant.The slurry is composed of water as a base fluid and n-octadecane NEPCM particles with mean diameter of 100 nm suspended in it.A single phase fluid approach is employed to model the NEPCM slurry.The thermo physical properties of the NEPCM slurry are computed using modern approaches being proposed recently and governing equations are solved with a commercial Finite Volume based code.The effects of jet Reynolds number varying from 100 to 600 and particle volume fraction ranging from 0% to 28% are considered.The computed results are validated by comparing Nusselt number values at stagnation point with the previously published results with water as working fluid.It was found that adding NEPCM to the base fluid results with considerable amount of heat transfer enhancement.The highest values of heat transfer coefficients are observed at H/W=4 and C_m=0.28.However,due to the higher viscosity of slurry compared with the base fluid,the slurry can produce drastic increase in pressure drop of the system that increases with NEPCM particle loading and jet Reynolds number.

网格化磨料射流割缝辅助截齿破岩试验研究

针对煤矿岩巷掘进过程中截齿破岩能力不足、效率低、磨损快等问题,提出了网格化磨料射流割缝辅助截齿破岩方法,并进行了正交化物理模拟试验,研究了工况参数对破岩效果的影响。结果表明:(1)磨料射流对岩石预制割缝,能够显著提高截齿单位时间的破岩体积,且试验中网格尺寸和割缝深度取值越大,破岩效率越高。(2)当射流割缝辅助破岩时,截齿等效应力峰值和均值均显著降低,有效减少截齿磨损。(3)网格化磨料射流辅助截齿破岩参数的优选工况组合为:横向和纵向网格尺寸分别为44、30 mm,喷嘴进给速度为600 mm/min。研究成果为网格化磨料射流辅助机械截齿破岩技术推广应用提供了理论基础与数据支撑。

导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透强化瓦斯抽采技术及应用

针对低透气性高瓦斯煤层预抽瓦斯困难问题,提出导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透技术,通过理论推导计算煤层段扩孔后塑性区分布,分析穿层钻孔煤层段水压裂缝的起裂与扩展,揭示导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透的力学机制,研发导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透装备。在山西中兴煤矿进行现场应用,结果表明:利用水射流方法对穿层钻孔煤层段进行扩孔,使得煤中产生形似圆柱孔洞,穿层钻孔围岩塑性区半径与钻孔半径成正比,钻孔扩孔是增大塑性区范围的一种有效方法,裂隙扩展明显,瓦斯采出率提高。同时研发了一种导向槽定向水力压裂防突成套装备,主要部件有移动高压水力泵站、喷头、喷嘴、螺旋辅助排渣水射流高压钻杆、孔口防喷装置以及高压旋转接头,结合井下水力化作业远程监测和控制,现场监测结果表明,通过增透作业钻孔的方法,平均瓦斯浓度和瓦斯抽采混合量提高到常规孔的2.75倍和1.81倍,说明采取导向槽定向水力压裂措施的增透效果显著。

松软煤层水力割缝缝槽形态控制技术研究及应用

为解决松软煤层(f>0.2)超高压水力割缝期间缝槽发育难控制、易垮孔等问题,通过理论分析手段,分析了割缝缝槽周围煤体应力分布规律,获得了割缝缝槽周围煤体塑性区分布影响因素。研究了高压水射流破煤规律,得到了影响割缝缝槽形态的主要因素为割缝压力、喷嘴直径及煤体自身硬度。提出了基于松软煤层特点的超高压水力割缝缝槽形态控制技术,获得了控制松软煤层缝槽深度、宽度以及发育速度的关键参数为割缝压力、喷嘴直径及压力调节速度。通过现场应用表明,针对松软煤层其缝槽形态控制合理参数为:割缝喷嘴直径2.5~3.0 mm,割缝压力70 MPa,割缝调压间隔3~5 min。验证了松软煤层水力割缝缝槽形态控制技术适用性,可效提高松软煤层水力割缝施工成功率及安全性。

Induced drill-spray during hydraulic slotting of a coal seam and its influence on gas extraction

Hydraulic slotting can induce drill spray in a gassy,low permeability coal seam.This then influences subsequent gas extraction.This paper describes the drill spray phenomenon from a mechanical perspective and analyzes the effects of water jet damage during slotting.A simulation of the stresses around the drill hole and slot was prepared using FLAC-3D code.It helps explain the induction of drill spray during hydraulic slotting.The stress concentration around the bore increases as the diameter of the hole increases.As the hole enlarges the variation in stress also increases,which introduces an instability into the coal.This allows easy breaking and removal of the coal.Destruction of the coal structure by the water jet is the major factor causing drill spray.Energy stored as either strain or gas pressure is released by the water jet and this causes the coal to fracture and be expelled from the hole.Field tests showed the effect on gas extraction after slotting with drill spray.The concentration of gas increases after drilling.Compared to conventional techniques,the hydraulic slotted bore gives a gas concentration three times higher and has an effective range twice as far.This makes the gas extraction process more efficient and allows reduced construction effort.

Progress on the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking to enhance coal seam permeability

A method of hydraulic grid slotting and hydraulic fracturing was proposed to enhance the permeability of low permeability coal seam in China. Micro-structural development and strength characteristics of coal were analysed to set up the failure criterion of coal containing water and gas, which could describe the destruction rule of coal containing gas under the hydraulic measures more accurately. Based on the theory of transient flow and fluid grid, the numerical calculation model of turbulence formed by high pressure oscillating water jet was used. With the high speed photography test, dynamic evolution and pulsation characteristics of water jet water analysed which laid a foundation for mechanism analysis of rock damage under water jet. Wave equation of oscillating water jet slotting was established and the mechanism of coal damage by the impact stress wave under oscillation jet was revealed. These provide a new method to study the mechanism of porosity and crack damage under high pressure jet.Fracture criterion by jet slotting was established and mechanism of crack development controlled by crack zone between slots was found. The fractures were induced to extend along pre-set direction,instead of being controlled by original stress field. The model of gas migration through coal seams after the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking was established. The key technology and equipment for grid slotting and fracking with high-pressure oscillating jet were developed and applied to coal mines in Chongqing and Henan in China. The results show that the gas permeability of coal seam is enhanced by three orders of magnitude, efficiency of roadway excavation and mining is improved by more than 57%and the cost of gas control is reduced by 50%.

Research on hydraulic slotting technology controlling coal-gas outbursts

Measured to control serious coal-gas outburst in coal seam were analyzed by theory and experimented in test site.A new technique to distress the coal-bed and drain methane,called hydraulic slotting,was described in detail,and the mechanism of hydrau- lic slotting was put forward and analyzed.The characteristic parameter of hydraulic slotting was given in Jiaozuo mining area and the characteristic of validity,adaptability and secu- rity was evaluated.The results show that the stress surrounding the strata and the gas in coal seam is released efficiently and thoroughly while new techniques are taken,as slot- ting at heading face by high pressure large diameter jet.The resistance to coal and gas outbursts is increased dramatically once the area of slotting is increased to a certain size. In the process of driving 2 000 m tunnel by hydraulic slotting excavation,coal and gas outburst never occurre.The technique could be used to prevent and control potential coal-gas outburst in the proceeding of tunnel driving,and the speed tunneling could be as high as more than 2 times.

深部冲击地压煤层水射流割缝卸压参数优化研究

为确定深部冲击地压煤层高压水射流割缝卸压最优参数,采用数值模拟、理论推导剖析了高压水射流割缝卸压防冲原理,构建了钻孔间距、割缝半径等4个因素的参数优化理论模型,以某矿730采区集中巷为研究对象,基于动静载叠加原理,研究揭示了集中巷冲击地压机理,获得了各影响因素的理论参数值,并揭示了不同理论参数下应力、塑性区及冲击危险指数的异同。研究结果表明:各影响因素对高压水射流割缝卸压效果均有较大影响,且各因素之间存在显著的交互作用;采用卸压后平均垂直应力、弹性能密度、冲击危险指数及卸压成本为卸压参数的有效性及经济性指标,评估了不同参数卸压效果的优劣,获得该煤层物理力学性质下高压水射流割缝卸压最优参数;研究成果在730采区#3联络巷应用后,现场微震频次、总能量及微震空间集中度均大幅降低,为工作面安全回采提供了技术保障。

高压水射流煤层割缝深度数值模拟与实验研究

高压水射流割缝技术是提高低透气性煤层瓦斯抽采效率的有效措施之一,确定割缝深度是优化钻孔布置和射流参数的基础。基于Fluent软件数值模拟分析了入口压力、靶距、旋转速度对水射流流场特征的影响规律;基于高压水射流破煤实验系统,开展了淹没和非淹没条件下冲击破煤实验,并进行了现场实验。研究表明,喷嘴结构一定时,水射流速度随着入口压力的增大而增加,冲击压力随冲击距离增大而发生衰减;水射流发展过程中截面积逐渐增大,导致冲击压力集中区域的范围随靶距的增大而逐渐扩展;射流旋转会导致旋转方向一侧的应力大于另一侧,靶体表面最大切应力随旋转速度增加而增大;随着入口压力和冲蚀时间的增加,水射流对试样的冲蚀深度增大,但冲蚀深度随冲蚀时间的增加存在阈值。根据高压水射流破煤深度实验结果可知,喷嘴直径为1 mm、压力为30 MPa时,水射流割缝直径可以达到1.2 m。工程应用表明,割缝钻孔平均瓦斯抽采流量为普通钻孔的1.56~2.52倍;抽采16 d后,瓦斯抽采浓度维持在30%以上。

临空宽煤柱超高压水力割缝卸压防冲技术研究

为解决葫芦素煤矿21105工作面临空宽煤柱冲击地压治理难题,提出了超高压水力割缝卸压防冲技术。采用理论分析研究了高压水射流对煤层的切割深度,以及煤柱切割后的应力转移规律,提出了基于卸荷减载、增加塑性屏障区的超高压水力割缝卸压防冲机制。通过FLAC 3D模拟了临空煤柱在不同割缝工艺条件下的煤岩体应力分布规律,获得了煤柱区域割缝工艺参数。在葫芦素煤矿21105工作面进行了工业性应用,试验区域内微震事件、应力水平及钻屑量较相邻对比区域均得到明显降低。研究结果表明:采用超高压水力割缝技术切割煤层能有效改变煤岩体应力分布状态,使高应力区向深部煤岩体转移,增大采掘空间附近的塑性屏障区范围,有效防治煤矿冲击地压事故。

A Confined Laminar Slot Impinging Jet at Low Reynolds Numbers:Unsteady Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics

In this study,the unsteady flow and heat transfer characteristics of a laminar slot jet at low Reynolds numbers impinging on an isothermal plate surface in a two-dimensional confined space are numerically investigated.The investigations are performed at Reynolds numbers of 120,150 and 200 based on the nozzle width and mean inlet velocity of the jet.Results show that the Reynolds numbers of 120,150 and 200 correspond to different flow features,namely,a steady flow,an intermittent flapping motion of jet column and a continuous sinusoidal flapping state,respectively.Based on some time snapshots of the flow field,the dynamic characteristics and driving mechanism of the intermittent flapping motion of the jet column and the continuous sinusoidal flapping state are explained.When the jet flaps at the Reynolds number 150 and 200,there are other Nusselt number peaks outside the stagnation zone,which are related to the interference between the vortices shedding on both sides of the jet and the boundary layers of the plate surface.Furthermore,the dynamic mode decomposition is implemented to accurately extract flow modes with characteristic frequencies.For a Reynolds number of 150,there is a flapping mode,which describes the lateral flapping motion of the jet column.When the Reynolds number is 200,there are multiple modes related to the flapping motion of the jet,as well as a low-frequency mode,which reflects the periodic changes of the boundary contour and position of the recirculation zone.

挑流鼻坎体型数值模拟优化研究

针对某水库溢洪道挑射水舌过于集中、消能率较低等问题,建立原连续式挑流鼻坎数学模型,通过FLUENT流体计算软件,采用VOF自由追踪液面、RNG k-ε湍流模型进行数值模拟计算,并通过物理模型试验进行验证;在验证通过的基础上,拟定双圆弧差动式挑流鼻坎优化体型。结果表明,优化体型可以分散水舌,避免水流落点过于集中,提高了消能率,可有效降低对下游河床的冲刷。

水耦合定向断裂装药结构试验及机理分析

在分析空气介质耦合切缝药包装药结构的基础上,结合含水炮孔爆破技术的成果,提出了一种新的水耦合切缝药包装药结构.在试验室进行了单孔和双孔模型试验,测试了各模型的动态应变值,优化出该装药结构PVC(Polyvinyl chloride)管的最佳缝宽为4 mm.利用射流理论对该装药结构作用下岩石的开裂机理进行了探讨.

槽缝射流对静叶端壁冷却性能的影响

采用数值求解三维RANS方程和k-ω湍流模型,研究了槽缝射流对涡轮静叶端壁冷却性能的影响;通过对4种湍流模型数值结果与实验数据的比较,验证了标准k-ω湍流模型可以有效模拟静叶前缘端壁的冷却性能,揭示了槽缝宽度、入射段结构和端壁边界型线对静叶端壁冷却性能的影响规律。研究结果表明:在一定的槽缝射流流量下,减小槽缝宽度能够增大冷却射流的覆盖面积,提高静叶前缘气膜孔排附近区域的冷却效率;过渡相切圆弧的槽缝入射段结构具有最佳的静叶端壁冷却效果。端壁边界型线可改变节距方向上的槽缝冷却射流的流量分配,影响下游端壁的冷却效果,当端壁相对型线幅值为0.75、相位角为30°时,槽缝射流具有最佳的静叶端壁冷却效果。

跨声速压气机叶尖开槽射流扩稳策略探究

为了提高跨声速轴流压气机的稳定工作范围,提出一种叶尖开槽射流的扩稳策略,设计7种开槽方案,并通过数值模拟分析其效果及扩稳机理。计算结果表明,针对叶尖通道堵塞设计的开槽射流方案取得了较好的效果,压气机稳定工作裕度实现了2.33%~4.53%的提高,但峰值效率降低0.26%~1.24%;在合理的范围内,槽道的宽度越宽、深度越深、出口位置在近失速工况的分离点前和出口射流角度25°左右时扩稳效果最好,但性能损失与扩稳效果负相关;开槽射流实现扩稳的原因是:槽道入口对压力面前缘低速流团的抽吸作用、出口射流对吸力面尾缘分离的吹除作用以及减小叶尖间隙内的泄漏。

槽道进气角和转折角对叶栅流场特性影响的研究

数值模拟了槽道进气角和转折角对开槽叶栅流场特性的影响.结果表明,槽道出口射流可以吹除叶片吸力面尾缘附面层分离气流,改善叶栅性能;存在使叶栅性能提高最大的最佳槽道进气角,随槽道进气角增大,槽内气流将因槽道几何转折角增大而增加流动损失,从而减小气流出口速度,降低其作用效果;当槽道进气角较小时,由于槽道进出口两端静压差减小,槽道对气流的加速作用下降,射流的作用效果也将降低.