Effect of commercial slow-release urea product on in vitro rumen fermentation and ruminal microbial community using RUSITEC technique

Background:The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of commercial slow-release urea(SRU)on in vitro fermentation characteristics,nutrient digestibility,gas production,microbial protein synthesis and bacterial community using a rumen simulation technique(RUSITEC).The experiment was a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications of each treatment.Treatments were:control diet(no SRU addition),control diet plus 0.28%SRU(U28),or plus 0.56%SRU(U56),and control diet that was modified substituting a part of soybean meal equivalent to 0.35%SRU(MU35;dry matter[DM]basis).The experiment consisted of 8 d of adaptation and 7 d of data and sample collection.Rumen inoculum was obtained from three ruminally fistulated Angus cows fed the same diet to the substrate incubated.Results:Digestibility of DM,organic matter(OM),crude protein(CP),fibre and starch was not affected,but daily production of gas(P<0.07)and methane(P<0.05)was quadratically increased with increasing SRU supplementation.The increase of SRU addition did not affect fermentation pH and total volatile fatty acid(VFA)production,whereas linearly(P<0.01)decreased proportion of propionate,and linearly(P<0.01)increased acetate to propionate ratio and ammonia nitrogen(N)concentration.The microbial N efficiency was also linearly(P<0.03)improved with increasing supplementation of SRU.In comparison with control diet,the dietary substitution of SRU for part of soybean meal increased(P<0.05)the digestibility of DM,OM and CP and decreased(P<0.02)the total gas production.The total VFA production and acetate to propionate ratio did not differ between control and MU35,whereas the proportion of butyrate was lower(P<0.05)and that of branched-chain VFA was greater(P<0.05)with MU35 than control diet.Total and liquid-associated microbial N production as well as ammonia N concentration were greater(P<0.03)with MU35 than control diet.Observed operational taxonomic units(OTUs),Shannon diversity index,and beta diversity of the microbial community did not differ among treatments.Taxonomic analysis revealed no effect of adding SRU on the relative abundance of bacteria at the phylum level,while at the genus level,the beneficial impact of SRU on relative abundance of Rikenellaceae and Prevotellaceae in feed particleassociated bacteria,and the abundance of Roseburia in liquid associate bacteria was greater(P<0.05)with MU35.Conclusions:Supplementation of a dairy cow diet with SRU showed potential of increase in ammonia N concentration and microbial protein production,and change fermentation pattern to more acetate production.Adding SRU in dairy cow diet also showed beneficial effect on improving digestibility of OM and fibre.The results suggest that SRU can partially substitute soybean meal in dairy cow diet to increase microbial protein production without impairing rumen fermentation.

Hybrid rice yield response to potted-seedling machine transplanting and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer application combined with urea topdressing

Machine transplanting and the application of slow-release nitrogen(N) fertilizer(SRNF) have played vital roles in the modernization of rice production. We aimed to determine the effects of potted-seedling transplanting—a new machine-transplanting method—and SRNF on hybrid rice yields. A 2-year splitplot experiment(2016–2017) was conducted in Meishan, Sichuan province, China, using two machinetransplanting methods(potted-seedling and blanket-seedling) and three N treatments. Total green leaf area, high-effective leaf area and its rate at heading, net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves 7 days after heading, glutamate synthase(GOGAT) and glutamine synthase(GS) activity after heading, dry matter production, and N accumulation at heading and maturity increased under the potted-seedling method or 70% SRNF as a base + 30% urea application at the panicle initiation stage(SBUP). Stem diameter and number of small and of all vascular bundles at the neck–panicle node in potted-seedling plants increased as a result of increasing numbers of effective panicles, secondary branches, and spikelets. In pottedseedling plants, treatment with SBUP increased the number of large and total vascular bundles at the panicle–neck internode and the number of differentiated and surviving secondary branches and spikelets and decreased the number of ineffective tillers and degenerated secondary branches and spikelets. We conclude that the potted-seedling machine transplanting method and SRNF combined with urea topdressing can strengthen the source–sink relationship in rice, resulting in higher yields.

Used for the Study of Nitrogen Fertilizer Slow-Release Carrier Life Sludge

After the sewage treatment, putting the wet sludge in which the heavy metal content is extremely low, corrupt and broken straw, bentonite, urea in proportioning according to the certain ratio, mixing well-distributed, taking the shape of Nitrogen slow-release fertilizers, doing the dynamic bioleaching test by the method of Artificial rainfall simulation, researching the slow-release characteristic, water retention. When the mass ratio of the wet sludge whose water content is 82.5%: bentonite: corrupt and broken straw: urea is 62.5: 12.5: 12.5: 12.5, drip washing the 10g Nitrogen slow-release fertilizers by the 80ml distilled water after 48h, the residue rate of urea is 29.63%; Under the room temperature of 25 ℃, 77%RH, moisture evaporate 46.32% after 60 h. The results demonstrate that the slow-release fertilizer has a good release-effect of nitrogen and water conservation effect. It provides the basic for the development and application of the sewage in the aspect of Nitrogen slow-release fertilizers.

Response of Nematodes in a Hapli-Udic Argosol to Urea Amended with Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors

Effects of urea amended with urease and nitrification inhibitors on soil nematode communities were studied in a Hapli- Udic Argosol （Cambisol, FAO） in Liaoning Province of Northeast China. A completely random design with four treatments, i.e., conventional urea （CU）, slow-release urea amended with a liquid urease inhibitor （SRU1）, SRU1 ＋nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide （SRU2）, and SRU1 ＋ nitrification inhibitor 3,5-dimethylpyrazole （SRU3） and four replicates were applied. Thirty-nine genera of nematodes were identified, with Cephalobus and Aphelenchus being dominant; and in all treatments, the dominant trophic group was bacterivores. In addition, during the growth period of spring wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）, soil urease activity was lower in SRUs than in CU. The numbers of total nematodes and bacterivores at wheat heading and ripening stages, and omnivores-predators at ripening stage were higher in SUR3 than in CU, SRU1 and SRU2 （P 〈 0.05）.

Nitrogen deposition and release pattern of slow release fertiliser made from urea-impregnated oil palm frond and rubberwood chips

The fertiliser industry faces a continuing challenge to improve the efficiency of their products,particularly of nitrogenous fertilisers,and to minimise adverse impacts.Therefore,a new slow release fertilizer,ureaimpregnated woodchips from tropical plant biomass(oil palm frond and rubberwood),was developed.The morphology of the impregnated woodchips was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and the success of impregnation of urea and nitrogen deposition into the woodchips was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry.When nitrogen release patterns from impregnated woodchips fertiliser were simulated using a soil solution and distilled water as leaching solutions in a static condition for 768 h,release was slow and steady,although the release rate was lower in distilled water than in the soil solution.

控释尿素与普通尿素配施对橡胶树叶片和胶乳养分及产量的影响

为了明确控释尿素与普通尿素配施在橡胶树上的应用效果,通过2年田间试验,研究了减氮条件下控释尿素与普通尿素不同比例配施对橡胶树产量、叶片和胶乳矿质养分及土壤氮含量的影响,为橡胶树栽培管理中合理施氮提供技术支撑。结果表明:控释尿素与普通尿素配施可提高橡胶树干胶产量和叶片氮含量,与常规施肥相比,橡胶树干胶产量增幅为16.28%~39.13%(2021年)和7.94%~9.69%(2022年),叶片氮含量增幅为10.54%~19.17%(2021年)和10.24%~21.50%(2022年),控释尿素与普通尿素配施处理叶片氮含量均处于正常值以上。控释尿素与普通尿素配施还能够增加胶园肥穴土壤碱解氮含量,较常规施肥增加了11.27%~80.36%。控释尿素与普通尿素配施比例为50∶50时,橡胶树干胶产量(2022年)、叶片氮含量(2021—2022年)和土壤碱解氮含量(2021—2022年)均显著高于常规施肥。综上所述,在本试验条件下,控释尿素与普通尿素配施比例为50∶50能够获得较高的干胶产量,可改善叶片营养状况,维持土壤氮水平,有利于实现橡胶树施肥管理的绿色协同增效。

控释掺混肥对小麦–玉米轮作体系产量、氮肥利用效率及氨挥发的影响

【目的】针对华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系氮肥施用量大、氮肥利用率低、氮素损失严重等问题,探讨不同配比的控释掺混肥减氮和一次性施肥对周年作物产量、氨挥发损失和施肥经济效益的影响,确立麦玉轮作体系轻简高效和环境友好的施肥技术。【方法】于2022—2023年,在山东省德州市现代农业科技园区开展田间试验。冬小麦和夏玉米均设不施氮对照(CK)、农户习惯施氮(FFP)、优化施氮(OPT)、CRBF1(包膜尿素与普通尿素在冬小麦和夏玉米上的掺混比例分别为5∶5和3∶7)和CRBF2(包膜尿素与普通尿素在冬小麦和夏玉米上的掺混比例分别为7∶3和5∶5),共5个处理。基施和追施肥后,监测了氨挥发量、强度和损失率。分析了作物干物质积累和产量、氮素吸收量和氮肥利用效率,并计算了施肥经济效益。【结果】与FFP处理相比,CRBF1和CRBF2处理的夏玉米、冬小麦和周年产量差异不显著;CRBF1和CRBF2处理夏玉米氮肥偏生产力提高了8.87~9.86 kg/kg,CRBF2处理玉米氮肥回收率提高了48.4%(P<0.05);CRBF1和CRBF2处理冬小麦季氮肥回收率、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力分别提高了30.3%~37.2%、5.22~5.77 kg/kg和6.52~7.06 kg/kg(P<0.05)。与FFP和OPT处理相比,CRBF1和CRBF2处理的肥料+施肥人工投入减少381~960元/hm^(2),周年净收入增加1208~2654元/hm^(2)。CRBF1和CRBF2处理的周年氨挥发损失量、损失强度和损失率较FFP处理分别降低了69.7%~71.9%、72.0%~74.5%和90.0%~94.1%(P<0.05)。【结论】包膜尿素与普通尿素在冬小麦、夏玉米季按照5∶5、3∶7,或者按照7∶3、5∶5的比例掺混一次性基施,均可在减少氮肥用量和施肥劳力投入的条件下,确保周年作物产量稳定,提高生产效益,并显著降低氨挥发损失,是华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统高产高效、轻简施肥的有效氮肥施用技术。

Effects of slow-release urea fertilizers on urease activity, microbial biomass, and nematode communities in an aquic brown soil

A field experiment was carried out at the Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology (CAS) in order to study the effects of slow-release urea fertilizers high polymer-coated urea (SRU1), SRU1 mixed with dicyandiamide DCD (SRU2), and SRU1 mixed with calcium carbide CaC2 (SRU3) on urease activity, microbial biomass C and N, and nematode communities in an aquic brown soil during the maize growth period. The results demonstrated that the application of slow-release urea fertilizers inhibits soil urease activity and increases the soil NH4+-N content.Soil available N increment could promote its immobilization by microorganisms. Determination of soil microbial biomass N indicated that a combined application of coated urea and nitrification inhibitors increased the soil active N pool. The population of predators/omnivores indicated that treatment with SRU2 could provide enough soil NH4+-N to promote maize growth and increased the food resource for the soil fauna compared with the other treatments.

Effect of slow-release urea on soil nematode community structure in a Chinese soybean field

The effect of slow-release urea on soil nematode community structure was investigated in a soybean field in northeast China.Three treatments,no urea(CK),conventional urea(U)and slow-release urea(SRU),were arranged in a completely random design.The results show that the abundance of total nematodes was significantly higher in SRU than in CK and U.Significant differences in the abundance of bacterivores with colonizer-persister(cp)values 2–3,fungivores with cp 2 and herbivores with cp 3 were found among different treatments.Forty-one genera were identified,of which Acrobeloides,Aphelenchus and Heterodera were dominant.Soil nematode guilds and genera exhibited different responses to slow-release urea.The most trophic groups and genera had greater abundances in SRU than in CK and U.Slow-release urea had a positive effect on soil nematode community structure.

冬小麦控释尿素与普通尿素的最佳配比研究

为明确控释尿素与普通尿素配合施用在作物上的应用效果,以冬小麦为研究材料,在田间试验条件下研究了不同比例(0、10%、30%、50%、100%)的控释尿素(CRU,释放期60 d)与普通尿素配合追施(基追比为3∶7)对冬小麦旗叶叶绿素a含量和净光合速率、产量、氮肥利用率、分蘖情况以及经济效益的影响。结果表明:控释尿素比例为50%和100%处理的冬小麦叶绿素a和净光合速率在各生育期都保持了较高水平;与仅施用普通尿素相比,控释尿素为50%的处理的各项指标都明显提高,分蘖数自返青期起保持了较高水平,小麦产量增加了17.0%,氮肥利用率提高了16.73%,增收2587.23 yuan/hm2。综合分析,50%控释尿素的施肥处理在小麦上应用效果最好。

控失尿素对水旱轮作下水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响

为探究控失尿素对水旱轮作下水稻产量及土壤肥力的影响,采用大田小区试验,研究了控失尿素减量和普通尿素不同配比混施对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及土壤养分残留量的影响。结果表明,普通尿素和控失尿素均能显著提高水稻叶片叶绿素含量、株高和生物量,但两处理之间无显著差异。控失尿素增产效果低于普通尿素,主要是由于水稻有效穗数的降低。控失尿素和普通尿素混施比单施控失尿素增产0.51~0.92 t/hm^2。在不同配比中,控失/普通为7∶3处理更有利于水稻生长,具有较高的株高、生物量以及氮肥利用效率和较低的氮素残留,增产效果较好。控失尿素减量10%和20%都会显著降低水稻叶片叶绿素含量和肥料利用率,且分别减产0.24~0.41和0.39~0.51 t/hm^2。

控释尿素对土壤氨挥发和无机氮含量及玉米氮素利用率的影响

采用田间试验,通过与普通尿素对比,系统研究了硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素的施用对土壤氨挥发损失、无机氮含量、玉米增产效应及氮素利用率的影响。研究结果表明:硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素的施用能够有效抑制土壤氨挥发速率,土壤氨挥发速率峰值出现时间比施用普通尿素滞后4～6 d,土壤氨挥发累积量和损失率比普通尿素分别减少了24.75%～61.66%,1.95%～4.06%;硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素的控释性能有效地维持了玉米生育期耕层土壤NH4+-N和NO3--N含量,保证了玉米生育期氮素的供应,并能达到"前控后保"的效果;降低土壤氨挥发损失和保持耕层土壤速效氮含量水平是硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素能够显著提高玉米产量、氮素利用率的主要原因。

高效尿素提高氮素利用率的机理

利用室内氨挥发模拟系统和同位素 1 5 N示踪技术 ,研究高效尿素对氨挥发损失和氮素去向的影响。结果表明 ,与普通尿素相比 ,高效尿素在供试的 3种土壤中能推迟氨挥发开始时间和氨挥发高峰值出现的时间 ,降低氨挥发速率高峰值 ,减少氨挥发损失 1 8.9%～ 44 .1 %。高效尿素使水稻植株中来自肥料和土壤中的氮显著增多 ,当季氮素利用率增加 6 .3～ 7.1个百分点 ,土壤残留量增加 5 .3%～ 1 2 .0 % ,减少氮素损失 1 7.0 %～ 1 9.3%。施用高效尿素的水稻产量比施用等氮量普通尿素增产 2 7.0 %～ 2 9.3%。

不同类型红富士苹果对春季土施15N-尿素的吸收、分配和利用特性研究

以15年生"惠民短枝"(短枝型)和"长富10"(普通型)红富士苹果/平邑甜茶(M.domesticaBorkh.cv.RedFuji/M.hupenensisRhed)为试材,研究其对春季土施15N-尿素的吸收、分配与利用特性。结果表明,盛花期短枝型和普通型红富士均以细根中吸收的氮素来源与肥料的比例(Ndff)值最高,分别为0.407%和0.286%,短枝型显著高于普通型;新梢旺长期和花芽分化期,根部吸收的15N优先向新生营养器官运转,短枝型红富士,除叶片外,其余各器官中Ndff值均高于普通型;果实膨大期和果实采收期,短枝型和普通型红富士均以果实中Ndff值最高,短枝型高于普通型;采收后,短枝型和普通型红富士均以粗根中Ndff值最高,分别为0.902%和0.792%,短枝型高于普通型。不同物候期短枝型和普通型红富士吸收的15N在各器官的分配率存在差异,盛花期贮藏器官15N分配率最高,两品种差异不显著;新梢旺长期和花芽分化期,短枝型和普通型红富士贮藏器官15N的分配率不断下降,15N主要向营养器官分配,短枝型低于普通型;果实膨大期和果实采收期短枝型和普通型红富士生殖器官成为新的分配中心,短枝型显著高于普通型;采收后15N向贮藏器官回流、积累,短枝型红富士贮藏器官能积累更多的营养物质。春季土施15N-尿素,随着物候期的推移,短枝型和普通型红富士对15N尿素的吸收利用率逐渐上升,采收后达到最高,分别为24.643%和16.311%;短枝型红富士氮素利用率普遍高于普通型。

冬小麦上短控释期尿素的适宜施用量与施用方法研究

【目的】控释尿素受土壤温度、水分等环境条件的影响,应用效果不一。对比相同施氮量下一次性基施控释尿素与尿素分期施用,以及控释尿素和普通尿素追施对冬小麦籽粒产量、品质,氮肥利用率及综合经济效益的影响,可为控释尿素的合理施用提供理论和技术依据。【方法】采用大田试验,选用新麦26为供试材料,随机区组试验设计,调查了冬小麦籽粒产量、主要品质性状、氮肥利用率及经济效益。设两个试验,试验1:控释尿素和普通尿素各设5个氮肥水平,即N 0、120、160、200和240 kg/hm2;试验2:设不施氮肥、N 200 kg/hm2总氮量下普通尿素和控释尿素均40%返青期追施3个处理。【结果】1)与不施氮(CK)相比,控释尿素和普通尿素均可显著提高小麦籽粒产量,且随着施氮量的增加而增加,其中以分期施用普通尿素N 240 kg/hm2处理籽粒产量最高。相同施氮量下,分期施用普通尿素处理小麦籽粒产量显著高于一次性基施控释尿素处理(N 160 kg/hm2除外)。然而,返青期追施控释尿素处理小麦籽粒产量显著高于同期追施普通尿素处理,增产率达15.8%;2)相同施氮量下,分期施用普通尿素处理较一次性基施控释尿素处理的小麦籽粒容重、蛋白质含量、水分含量、湿面筋含量均有所提高,且两种尿素处理间籽粒容重在N 160 kg/hm2和N 200 kg/hm2时差异达显著水平。然而,返青期追施控释尿素处理小麦籽粒容重、湿面筋含量、蛋白质含量等品质指标显著高于同期追施普通尿素处理;3)两种尿素处理氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力随施氮量的增加而降低,在相同施氮量下分期施用普通尿素处理显著高于一次性基施控释尿素处理。此外,与分期施用普通尿素处理相比,一次性基施控释尿素处理减少了小麦拔节期追肥人工成本投入,但由于一次性基施控释尿素处理籽粒产量较低和氮肥价格较高,导致经济效益相对较低。然而,试验2结果表明,返青期追施控释尿素处理氮素利用率(氮肥农学效率、氮肥偏生产力及氮素回收率)和经济效益显著高于同期追施普通尿素处理。【结论】本研究地区较适宜的推荐氮肥施用量为N 200 kg/hm2,一次性基施控释尿素较适宜于劳力欠缺的农户,而对于个别劳力充足的农户则适宜采用分期追施普通尿素或者小麦返青期追施控释尿素的氮肥管理技术。因此,在当前农村劳动力日益减少,用工成本日益增加以及种粮比较效益持续降低的大环境下,氮素肥料合理选择和施用技术要依据实际情况而定。

控失尿素与普通尿素配施对水稻产量及氮肥利用效率的影响

为探讨控失尿素与普通尿素配施在海南省水稻上的应用效果,通过2016年和2017年两季田间试验,采用随机区组设计,以不施氮肥处理作为对照(CK),设置常规尿素(CU)与控失尿素(CLU)不同配施比例,在等氮量条件下,设100%CU、70%CU+30%CLU、50%CU+50%CLU、30%CU+70%CLU和100%CLU 5个处理,分析水稻叶绿素含量、稻谷产量及其构成因子、氮吸收累积量、氮肥利用效率以及经济效益等指标。结果显示,施氮显著增加稻谷产量,与CK相比,增幅为67.2%～82.0%(2016年)和36.7%～46.7%(2017年)。30%CU+70%CLU的稻谷产量和有效穗均显著高于100%CU处理,产量增幅为8.8%(2016年)和7.3%(2017年),有效穗数增幅为14.2%(2016年)和12.0%(2017年)。随着CLU所占比例的提高,水稻地上部氮吸收累积量、氮肥回收利用率和农学利用率均呈增加趋势。与100%CU处理相比,其余控失尿素处理的氮肥回收利用率增幅为12.3%～18.4%(2016年)和12.7%～17.7%(2017年),氮肥农学利用率增幅为20.8%～21.9%(2016年)和16.8%～23.5%(2017年)。随着CLU所占比例的提高,水稻总产值和相对净收益呈先增加后降低的趋势,30%CU+70%CLU处理达到最大。综上所述,在本试验条件下,30%CU+70%CLU能够获得较高的稻谷产量、氮肥利用效率及经济效益,其可作为该地区氮肥施用的推荐比例。

典型红壤区稻田树脂包膜控释氮肥氨挥发研究

本文研究了红壤水稻土上,树脂包膜尿素(控释N肥)和普通尿素施用后氨挥发损失的过程及数量。结果表明:①基施后2～4天内和追施后的1～2天内,控释N肥氨挥发通量相对普通尿素处理均有下降,下降幅度分别为28.57%和25.00%;控释N肥氨挥发峰值分别于基肥后第5天和追肥后第4天出现,均滞后于普通尿素处理。②追肥2天后,控释N肥氨挥发通量极显著高于普通尿素处理。因此,只有采取合理的基施方式,控释N肥才能比普通尿素发挥更大的环境效益。

生地-山茱萸对db/db小鼠肾脏的保护作用

目的观察中药生地-山茱萸对db/db小鼠肾脏的保护作用。方法取先天自发肥胖性2型糖尿病db/db小鼠作为研究对象,适应性喂养1 w以后,将实验小鼠按照血糖值分组并给药。分为生地组、山茱萸组、生地-山茱萸高、低剂量)组,空白组(db/m),模型组(db/db)。模型组与空白组给予相应的生理盐水。连续给药12 w。末次给药后禁食12 h,内眦采血,同时宰杀小鼠取肾脏,测定指标。结果各组实验小鼠体重、血糖与空白组比较差异显著;生地-山茱萸各组小鼠血糖与模型组比较明显降低,其中生地-山茱萸高剂量组更加显著降低;各组实验小鼠尿微量白蛋白与空白组比较均有增加,生地组及生地-山茱萸高剂量组尿微量白蛋白排泄量较模型组降低,其余各给药组有降低的趋势但无显著差异;各给药组小鼠尿素氮水平较模型组降低,其中生地组、生地-山茱萸高剂量组有显著性差异。肾脏病理结果:模型组主要组织病理学表现为肾小球系膜区增宽,基质增多,HE染色呈深伊红染;药物应用后肾小球毛细血管数目增多,系膜基质减少。结论生地-山茱萸对db/db小鼠肾脏有一定的保护作用。

新型长效尿素与普通尿素理化生物学性状的比较

在前期脲酶抑制剂筛选研究的基础上,选择了最佳配方,选用了最适宜的脲酶抑制剂,对尿素肥料进行了不同工艺的再加工(化合或混合),生产出了新型长效尿素1号、2号、3号、4号等四种型号的长效尿素。经与市售普通尿素进行物理、化学及生物学性状的测定与比较,初步表明:四种加工长效尿素,除吸湿性稍高于普通尿素外,其余各项理化生物学性状均与尿素相近(含氮量)或优于尿素(水不溶物、PH值、溶解度、氨挥发率),并含有尿素所没有的活性腐植酸植物生长调节剂,表现了良好的肥料品质。其中以3号肥综合性状最佳,4号肥次之。1号肥及2号肥的缩二脲含量接近或低于普通尿素,可与普通尿素一样,以低浓度用作追肥或种肥,而3号肥及4号肥却只能以深施基肥的形式施用为最佳。

缓释与普通尿素分层配施对土壤氮素和玉米生长的影响

通过2 a大田随机区组试验,探究缓释与普通尿素分层配施对土壤氮素含量、玉米根叶衰老及产量的影响机理。试验设置不施氮肥(CK)、普通尿素1次施肥PU1(5~10 cm土层)、普通尿素传统2次施肥PU2(5~10 cm土层,60%种肥+40%追肥)、普通尿素1次分层施肥PU3(5~10 cm土层20%N+15~20 cm土层30%N+25~30 cm土层50%N)、不同土层深度缓释与普通尿素配施PCU1~PCU4[均为5~10 cm土层20%N(普通尿素)+15~20 cm土层30%N(配施)+25~30 cm土层50%N(配施),其中PCU1~PCU4的15~20 cm和25~30 cm土层PCU∶PU分别为3∶7、3∶7,5∶5、5∶5和3∶7、5∶5,5∶5、3∶7]共8个处理。结果表明,与PU1、PU2、PU3相比,缓释与普通尿素分层配施处理在玉米生育后期(吐丝期和灌浆期)土壤中NO-3-N含量提高了4.21%~133.44%,NH+4-N含量提高了17.09%~72.95%;叶片SOD、POD、CAT、可溶性蛋白分别提高了9.22%~26.75%、7.72%~23.35%、7.66%~22.96%、11.67%~32.98%,MDA降低了2.34%~37.53%;根系SOD、POD、CAT、可溶性蛋白分别提高了7.93%~22.75%、19.09%~42.13%、9.71%~60.98%、12.42%~103.57%,MDA降低了3.01%~31.6%。缓释与普通尿素分层配施玉米产量在2017年和2018年比其它处理分别提高2.32%~26.16%和1.32%~22.36%,经济效益增加1.67%~31.84%和0.33%~27.49%,各处理中PCU4处理产量最高,2017年和2018年分别为13899.08 kg·hm^-2和12439.35 kg·hm^-2,经济效益分别为17022.25元·hm^-2和14832.65元·hm^-2。综合来看PCU4处理是最佳的缓释尿素施用方式。