Iron Fertilization with Enhanced Phytoplankton Productivity under Minimal Sulfur Compounds and Grazing Control Analysis in HNLC Region

The present study investigated quantitatively the significance of HNLC (high-nutrient low-chlorophyll) regions and its grazing control with the improved iron fertilization for climate change. The limitation of iron (Fe) for phytoplankton growth in HNLC regions was confirmed by sulfur compounds (S) such as volcanic ash and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in batch cultures, whose chemical sediment of Fe3S4 showed 4.06 wt%. The technologies developed for iron fertilization since 1993 till now were not practical to provide sufficient amounts of bioavailable iron due to sedimentary iron sulfides induced by undersea volcanic sulfur compounds. The proposed technology for iron fertilization was improved to enhance the bioavailable iron to phytoplankton by keeping minimal sulfur compounds in HNLC regions. The low productivity of phytoplankton by grazing control in HNLC regions was 6% diatoms whose 52% was grazed by copepods and 42% by krill on the basis of data analysis in 2000 EisenEx Experiment at boundary of Antarctic and African tectonic plates. All of the previous iron fertilization experiments were conducted at volcanic sulfur compounds enriched HNLC regions. The present study revealed that the enhanced phytoplankton productivity in batch culture without sedimentary iron sulfides can be possible only if sulfur compounds are minimal, as is in Shag Rocks (53°S, 42°W) of South Georgia in Scotia Sea in the Southern Ocean.

Appropriate Location and Deployment Method for Successful Iron Fertilization

“High nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC)” regions were created by locking iron into sedimentary iron sulfides with hydrogen sulfide available from volcanic eruptions in surrounding oceans. Appropriate locations and deployment methods for the iron fertilization were far from volcanoes, earthquakes and boundaries of tectonic plates to reduce the chance of iron-locking by volcanic sulfur compounds. The appropriate locations for the large-scale iron fertilization are proposed as Shag Rocks in South Georgia and the Bransfield Strait in Drake Passage in the Southern Ocean due to their high momentum flux causing efficient iron deployment. The iron (Fe) replete compounds, consisting of natural clay, volcanic ash, agar, N2-fixing mucilaginous cyanobacteria, carbon black, biodegradable plastic foamed polylactic acid, fine wood chip, and iron-reducing marine bacterium, are deployed in the ocean to stay within a surface depth of 100 m for phytoplankton digestion. The deployment method of Fe-replete composite with a duration of at least several years for the successful iron fertilization, is configured to be on the streamline of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). This will result in high momentum flux for its efficient dispersion on the ocean surface where diatom, copepods, krill and humpback whale stay together (~100 m). Humpback whales are proposed as a biomarker for the successful iron fertilization in large-scale since humpback whales feed on krill, which in turn feed on cockpods and diatoms. The successful large-scale iron fertilization may be indicated by the return of the humpback whales if they could not be found for a long period before the iron fertilization. On-line monitoring for the successful iron fertilization focuses on the simultaneous changes of the following two groups;the increase concentration group (chlorophyll, O2, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Di Methyl Sulfide (DMS)) and the decrease concentration group (nitrate, phosphate, silicate, CO2, Dissolved CO2 (DCO2)). The monitoring of chlorophyll-a, nitrate phosphate, and silicate concentrations after deploying the Fe-replete complex is carried out throughout the day and night for the accurate measurement of algal blooms.

石灰性土壤中铁肥的形态转化及其供铁机理研究

通过土培试验的方法 ,研究了复混铁肥、硫酸亚铁两种肥料在石灰性土壤中的形态转化、对土壤因子的调控作用及在有效性上的差异。结果表明 ,与硫酸亚铁相比 ,复混铁肥具有更强的调控土壤因子的能力 ,并提高了铁在有效和较有效形态中的分配 ,显著增加了有效铁的供给。结果也表明 ,交换态铁、碳酸盐结合态铁和氧化锰结合态铁是石灰性土壤中有效铁的主要供给形态。土壤pH值。

喷施复合氨基酸铁肥对猕猴桃果实品质的影响

【目的】研究喷施复合氨基酸铁肥对猕猴桃叶片铁含量及果实品质和产量的影响,筛选用于猕猴桃缺铁黄化病防治及果实品质提高的复合氨基酸铁肥的最佳喷施浓度。【方法】以黄化程度为4级,树龄5年的"秦美"猕猴桃为供试品种,采用田间试验,以喷施清水为对照,测定猕猴桃叶片中的铁含量、猕猴桃产量和果实中的还原糖、可滴定酸、维生素C、铁含量,研究喷施不同浓度复合氨基酸铁肥(分别稀释1 500,1 000,500倍)对石灰性土壤条件下猕猴桃果实品质的影响。【结果】与对照相比,喷施不同浓度复合氨基酸铁肥均可显著提高缺铁黄化猕猴桃叶片的铁含量。在一定喷施浓度范围内,猕猴桃果实中的可溶性固形物、还原糖、维生素C含量及糖酸比随着复合氨基酸铁肥喷施浓度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,可滴定酸含量随着复合氨基酸铁肥喷施浓度的增加呈先降低后增加的趋势,其中喷施稀释1 000倍复合氨基酸铁肥时果实的维生素C、可溶性固形物、还原糖含量最高,可滴定酸含量最低,风味最佳;而喷施稀释500倍复合氨基酸铁肥的果实铁含量最高。与对照相比,喷施复合氨基酸铁肥对猕猴桃产量的影响不明显。【结论】综合考虑作用效果,稀释1 000倍是石灰性土壤条件下改善猕猴桃品质的最佳复合氨基酸铁肥的使用浓度。

一种长效复合铁肥矫治樟树缺铁黄化的评价

通过对杭州市钱塘江北岸滨海地区黄化樟树使用长效复合铁肥,研究了樟树叶片主要因子变化规律.结果表明,各处理均减少了叶片的全磷含量,增加了叶片的过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、SPAD值、活性铁、全铁、全氮和全钾的含量,增加高低顺序为活性铁>过氧化氢酶>过氧化物酶>全钾>SPAD值>全铁>全氮.5.kg肥料和7.5.kg肥料发挥肥效迅速,5.kg肥料+25.kg红土和7.5.kg肥料+25.kg红土次之,5.kg肥料+50.kg红土和7.5.kg肥料+50.kg红土肥效发挥得最缓慢,在条件允许下,红土用量越多越好.叶片全磷含量为5.kg肥料>7.5.kg肥料,5.kg肥料+25.kg红土>7.5.kg肥料+25.kg红土,5.kg肥料+50.kg红土>7.5.kg肥料+50.kg红土,其余养分正好相反,在适宜的施肥料下,肥料越多,效果越好.不同取样时间养分变化规律性不强,仅SPAD值和活性铁变化规律一致,多数养分在8月较高;不同处理养分变化规律性不强;全磷与活性铁之间表现为拮抗作用,其余营养元素与活性铁之间表现为增效作用.

一种长效复合铁肥对黄化樟树立地土壤障碍因子的矫治效果

为研究樟树立地土壤主要因子和叶片活性铁、叶绿素变化及其原因,对杭州市钱塘江北岸石灰性土壤地区黄化樟树施用了长效复合铁肥.结果表明,各施肥处理均降低了土壤的pH值、HCO3-和有效磷含量,其中HCO3-减少得最多,有效磷次之,pH值最少;增加了其余土壤因子及叶片活性铁和叶绿素含量,增加次序为有机质>活性铁>叶绿素>有效铁>速效钾>水解氮>有效铜>有效锌>有效锰;5kg肥料和7.5kg肥料处理发挥肥效迅速,5kg肥料+25kg红壤和7.5kg肥料+25kg红壤次之,5kg肥料+50kg红壤和7.5kg肥料+50kg红壤肥效发挥得最持久,说明在条件允许时,红壤用量越多越好;无论添加25kg红壤还是50kg红壤,土壤的pH值、HCO3-和有效磷均为5kg肥料>7.5kg肥料,其余土壤因子及叶片活性铁和叶绿素正好相反,说明在适宜的施肥量下,肥料越多,效果越好;不同取样时间土壤因子及叶片活性铁和叶绿素的变化规律性不强,仅有机质和水解氮、有效铜和有效锌、速效钾与活性铁和叶绿素变化规律一致;不同施肥处理土壤因子及叶片活性铁和叶绿素的变化规律性较强,有机质、水解性氮、速效钾与有效铁,pH值和HCO3-,叶片活性铁与有机质、叶绿素与有效铜变化规律一致.结果还表明,pH值、HCO3-、有效磷与有效铁之间表现为拮抗作用,其余土壤因子及叶片活性铁和叶绿素与有效铁之间表现为增效作用.

有机肥与植物种类对铁肥形态转化及其有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验的方法,研究了牛粪和植物种类对石灰性土壤中铁肥形态转化及其有效性的影响。结果表明,牛粪施用改变了土壤中铁(含外源铁)的有效性及其在各形态铁间的分配。从长期的观点来看,牛粪施用能提高土壤铁的有效性,有利于土壤铁有效供给的维持。与花生相比,油莱对土壤铁具有更高的利用和活化能力,种植油菜后,土壤交换态铁被耗竭,而有效铁、氧化锰结合态铁和无定形氧化铁结合态铁的含量明显提高。有机肥的合理施用和铁效率差异性植物间的轮作或间作是增加、维系土壤铁有效性的重要农艺措施。

绢纺厂废水沉淀污泥的利用研究

以绢纺厂废水为对象，用硫酸亚铁作为水处理剂，将处理绢纺厂废水后的沉淀污泥作为铁－氮复合肥，对经缺铁营养液水培后的缺铁大麦进行了补充铁元素的试验．结果表明：缺铁大麦用这种污泥补铁１周后，即可改善症状，两周后。

石灰性土壤中复混铁肥的形态转化及其有效性研究

通过花生盆栽试验的方法,研究了复混肥中添加EDDHA-Fe、柠檬酸铁和硫酸亚铁后对土壤pH、铁的有效性和花生产量的影响,以及不同形态的铁在石灰性土壤中的形态转化,以期探讨不同形态的复混铁肥在石灰性土壤中的有效性。结果表明：在花生不同的生育期,添加柠檬酸铁、EDDHA-Fe和硫酸亚铁3种铁肥处理其花生根际土壤的pH较对照分别下降了0.18～0.30、0.06～0.15、0.04～0.07个单位。土壤施入柠檬酸铁和EDDHA-Fe复混铁肥后,土壤溶液有效铁浓度均显著高于添加硫酸亚铁的铁肥处理,分别提高了120.40%～167.60%和117.38%～159.38%。与硫酸亚铁复混铁肥相比,添加EDDHA-Fe和柠檬酸铁的复混肥能提高铁在有效形态中的分配,显著增加了土壤有效铁的供给,且其花生叶片中活性铁和全铁含量均显著高于硫酸亚铁复混铁肥处理,单株花生果仁质量分别是硫酸亚铁复混铁肥处理的1.37倍和1.52倍,差异显著。此外,柠檬酸铁和EDDHA-Fe复混铁肥处理花生果仁中的全铁含量也显著高于硫酸亚铁复混铁肥处理,分别提高了31.4%和54.9%。综合分析花生的生长和土壤供铁特性,建议生产实践中复混肥添加柠檬酸铁即可达到增产、提质的效果。

Management and Reduction of Chemical Nitrogen Consumption in Agriculture

Nitrogen is an effective material for improving the crop production. There is a big concern about rising chemical nitrogen usage as fertilizer in soil, because some forms of nitrogen absorbs in soil and causes an increase of environment and water pollution and decrease fertilizer efficiency. Composted cow manure is an important resource of organic nitrogen which improves the soil conditions. However, low density of composted cow manure and inconstant nutrient content are two factors that limit the application of composted cow manure. The densification technology is an effective solution for both problems. In this research first the capability of single screw extruder for production of fertilizer pellets including composted cow manure and nitrogen fertilizer was studied and then the effect of fertilizer pellet on the reduction of chemical nitrogen consumption was evaluated. The response of basil plants was determined in three treatments: T1 control (no fertilizer), T2 (nitrogen fertilizer) and T3 (pellet). The results showed that pelletization can be used as a proper method for slow-release nitrogen fertilizer;enhance nitrogen uptake and reducing the chemical nitrogen consumption. The results also showed that all basil responses (chlorophyll content, total weight, leaves weight, root weight and leaf area) were significantly affected by application of N fertilizer and pellet. While maximum recorded parameters were observed with application pellet.

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定无机复混肥料中的7种元素

本文建立了稀盐酸分解、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)同时测定无机复混肥料样品中7种元素的分析方法。各元素检出限结果为:磷0.036μg/mL、钙0.104μg/mL、镁0.116μg/mL、钾0.097μg/mL、钠0.107μg/mL、铁0.115μg/mL、硫0.050μg/mL。该方法快速且操作简单,准确度、精密度均满足要求,适合推广运用于大批量无机复混肥料样品中磷、钙、镁、钾、钠、铁和硫元素的快速分析。

葡萄铁蛋白基因Ferritin的鉴定、克隆及其在果实发育不同时期对氨基酸铁复合肥喷施的响应

【目的】铁蛋白Ferritin在植物生长发育过程中发挥重要作用,其在果树中的生物学功能尚未见报道。克隆葡萄Ferritin家族基因并揭示其在果实发育不同时期的表达模式及其对叶面喷施氨基酸-铁(Fe)复合肥处理的响应差异,可为研究果树铁素营养与代谢的分子机制提供理论依据。【方法】通过同源克隆法从‘马瑟兰’中克隆Ferritin家族基因,利用生物信息学手段分析葡萄Ferritin及其编码蛋白的详细特征;设置叶面喷施氨基酸-Fe复合肥处理,利用荧光实时定量PCR技术分析Ferritin在葡萄果实发育不同时期的表达特征及其对叶面喷施处理的差异响应。【结果】在葡萄基因组中检索并克隆获得4个Ferritin家族基因,命名为VvFer1—VvFer4,分布于第6、8和13号三条染色体上,均含有7个长度不一的内含子,且主要定位于叶绿体和细胞核。本文所选16种植物Ferritin蛋白序列的一致性高达61.48%,系统发育树分析表明同一属的Ferritin同源蛋白如十字花科的拟南芥和芜菁,茄科的烟草和马铃薯,豆科的大豆、落花生和鹰嘴豆,大戟科的橡胶树、木薯和蓖麻,蔷薇科的苹果、桃和草莓,遗传进化关系较近,葡萄VvFer3和茄科同源蛋白遗传关系最近。葡萄VvFer基因在五年生‘马瑟兰’果实发育不同时期、不同组织中的表达水平差异较大,其中,VvFer3在不同组织中的表达量均最高,最大值出现在硬核期至成熟期的果实中,其次是VvFer2和VvFer4。‘马瑟兰’葡萄发育不同时期果实中的Fe含量略有差异,从幼果期开始逐渐增加,并在转色期果实中达到最高值,从转色期到成熟期略有下降,但仍高于幼果期和硬核期果实中的Fe含量,叶面喷施处理显著提高了成熟期果实中的Fe含量、乌头酸酶ACO(aconitase)、硝酸还原酶NIR(nitrite reductase)和琥珀酸脱氢酶SDH(succinate dehydrogenase)的酶活性。VvFer2—4在转录水平易受叶面喷施铁肥的诱导而显著增强,且与葡萄组织/器官分布和果实发育的不同时期密切相关,VvFer2在葡萄发育整个周期仅在果实中对叶面喷施铁肥处理比较敏感,VvFer3在所有组织中仅从幼果期至转色期对叶面喷施铁肥有响应,VvFer4在葡萄发育整个周期的韧皮部和叶片中持续受叶面喷施铁肥的诱导,而在果实中仅从幼果期至转色期对叶面喷施铁肥有响应;VvFer1在本文所选组织中的表达量相对较低,但很均匀,且在转录水平对叶面喷施铁肥没有响应。【结论】从葡萄中克隆并鉴定了4个铁蛋白基因Ferritin,其在葡萄发育不同时期、不同组织中的表达水平差异较大,并在转录水平易受叶面喷施铁肥的诱导;VvFer3在葡萄所有组织中的整体表达量最高(特别是果实中最为突出),且在幼果期至转色期易受铁肥叶面喷施的调控。

高中化学“铁及其化合物”的项目式教学——探秘铁肥的合理使用

以“探秘铁肥的合理使用”为主题,开展高中化学“铁及其化合物”的项目式教学。通过完成“确定铁肥的主要成分”“检验铁肥是否变质”“铁肥的合理使用”等3个任务,学生学会不同价态铁元素化合物的转化和检验方法,形成从元素价态和物质类别角度探究物质性质的思路。初步培养了实验探究能力,提升创新意识,发展基于“铁及其化合物价-类二维模型建构”的模型认知素养。学生收获了真实新颖、亲身实践、分组合作、交流展示等成就性体验,制作的铁肥保存和合理使用说明书体现了项目式教学的本质特征,实现学习结果的可视性、共享性、交流性。