The quantitative understanding of hydraulic fracture(HF)properties guides accurate production forecasts and reserve estimation.Type curve is a powerful technique to characterize HF and reservoir properties from flowba...The quantitative understanding of hydraulic fracture(HF)properties guides accurate production forecasts and reserve estimation.Type curve is a powerful technique to characterize HF and reservoir properties from flowback and long-term production data.However,two-phase flow of water and hydrocarbon after an HF stimulation together with the complex transport mechanisms in shale nanopores exacerbate the nonlinearity of the transport equation,causing errors in type-curve analysis.Accordingly,we propose a new two-phase type-curve method to estimate HF properties,such as HF volume and permeability of fracture,through the analysis of flowback data of multi-fractured shale wells.The proposed type curve is based on a semianalytical solution that couples the two-phase flow from the matrix with the flow in HF by incorporating matrix influx,slippage effect,stress dependence,and the spatial variation of fluid properties in inorganic and organic pores.For the first time,multiple fluid transport mechanisms are considered into two-phase type-curve analysis for shale reservoirs.We analyze the flowback data from a multi-fractured horizontal well in a shale gas reservoir to verify the field application of the proposed method.The results show that the fracture properties calculated by the type-curve method are in good agreement with the long-time production data.展开更多
Class III tight oil reservoirs have low porosity and permeability,which are often responsible for low production rates and limited recovery.Extensive repeated fracturing is a well-known technique to fix some of these ...Class III tight oil reservoirs have low porosity and permeability,which are often responsible for low production rates and limited recovery.Extensive repeated fracturing is a well-known technique to fix some of these issues.With such methods,existing fractures are refractured,and/or new fractures are created to facilitate communication with natural fractures.This study explored how different refracturing methods affect horizontal well fracture networks,with a special focus on morphology and related fluid flow changes.In particular,the study relied on the unconventional fracture model(UFM).The evolution of fracture morphology and flow field after the initial fracturing were analyzed accordingly.The simulation results indicated that increased formation energy and reduced reservoir stress differences can promote fracture expansion.It was shown that the length of the fracture network,the width of the fracture network,and the complexity of the fracture can be improved,the oil drainage area can be increased,the distance of oil and gas seepage can be reduced,and the production of a single well can be significantly increased.展开更多
This study analyzed the characteristics and types of the Lower Silurian shale gas reservoirs in and around Sichuan Basin through field observations, slices, Ar-ion-beam milling, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray...This study analyzed the characteristics and types of the Lower Silurian shale gas reservoirs in and around Sichuan Basin through field observations, slices, Ar-ion-beam milling, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction analysis of 25 black shale outcrops and samples. Two main types of shale gas reservoirs were determined, i.e., fractures and pores. Fractures were classified into five categories, i.e., giant, large, medium, small, and micro, according to the features of the shale gas reservoirs, effect of fracture on gas accumulation, and fracture nature. Pore types include organic matter pores, mineral pores(mineral surface, intraparticle, interparticle, and corrosional pore), and nanofractures. The various fracture types, fracture scales, pore types, and pore sizes exert different controls over the gas storage and production capacity. Pores serve as a reservoir for gas storage and, the gas storage capacity can be determined using pores; fractures serve as pathways for gas migration, and gas production capacity can be determined using them.展开更多
The diversity of sandstone diagenesis mechanisms caused by the complex geological conditions of oil/gas basins in China could hardly be reasonably explained by the traditional concept of burial diagenesis. Three genes...The diversity of sandstone diagenesis mechanisms caused by the complex geological conditions of oil/gas basins in China could hardly be reasonably explained by the traditional concept of burial diagenesis. Three genesis types of thermal diagenesis, tectonic diagenesis and fluid diagenesis are presented on the basis of the dynamic environment of the oil/gas basins and.the controlling factors and mechanisms of sandstone diagenesis. Thermal diagenesis of sandstone reservoirs is related not only to the effect of formation temperature on diagenesis, but also to the significant changes in diagenesis caused by geothermal gradients. The concept of thermal compaction is presented. Thermal compaction becomes weaker with increasing depth and becomes stronger at a higher geothermal gradient. At the same formation temperature, the sandstone porosity in the region with a lower geothermal gradient is e^0.077+0.0042T times higher than that in the region with a higher geothermal gradient. Both sudden and gradual changes are observed in diagenetic evolution caused by structural deformation. Average sandstone compaction increased by 0.1051% for every 1.0MPa increase of lateral tectonic compressional stress, while late tectonic napping helped to preserve a higher porosity of underlying sandstone reservoir. Fluid diagenesis is a general phenomenon. The compaction caused by fluid properties is significant. The coarser the grain size, the stronger the fluid effect on compaction. The greater the burial depth, the weaker the fluid effect on compaction for the specific reservoir lithology and the greater the difference in the fluid effects on compaction between different grain sizes.展开更多
Production decline analysis has been considered as an important method to obtain the flow parameters, reservoir properties and original gas in place. Although advanced Blasingame production decline analysis methods fo...Production decline analysis has been considered as an important method to obtain the flow parameters, reservoir properties and original gas in place. Although advanced Blasingame production decline analysis methods for vertical wells, fractured wells and horizontal wells are widely used, limited study has conducted on Blasingame production decline type curves for multi-fractured horizontal well(MFHW). Based on the perpendicular bisection(PEBI) grids, a numerical model was developed and the solution was obtained using control volume finite element method and the fully implicit method. Blasingame production decline-type curves of the infinitely conductive MFHW were plotted through computer programming. A field case was presented to analyse and verify the model developed. Five flow regimes, including early formation linear flow, early radial flow, compound linear flow, transient flow and pseudo-radial flow, are recognized. Fracture spacing is the main factor that affects early radial flow, compound linear flow and transient flow, the distance from the well to the circular boundary affects the pseudo-radial flow, and the type curves are also significantly affected by the formation permeability, fracture number and fracture half-length. The validation of field case suggests that the Blasingame production decline type curves proposed in this work can be applied to the production decline analysis for MFHW in tight gas reservoirs.展开更多
Carbonate reservoirs exhibit strong heterogeneity in the distribution of pore types that can be quantitatively characterized by applying Xu–Payne multi-porosity model.However,there are some prerequisites to this mode...Carbonate reservoirs exhibit strong heterogeneity in the distribution of pore types that can be quantitatively characterized by applying Xu–Payne multi-porosity model.However,there are some prerequisites to this model the porosity and saturation need to be provided.In general,these application conditions are difficult to satisfy for seismic data.In order to overcome this problem,we present a two-step method to estimate the porosity and saturation and pore type of carbonate reservoirs from seismic data.In step one,the pore space of the carbonate reservoir is equivalent to a single-porosity system with an effective pore aspect ratio;then,a 3D rock-physics template(RPT)is established through the Gassmann’s equations and effective medium models;and then,the effective aspect ratio of pore,porosity and fluid saturation are simultaneously estimated from the seismic data based on 3D RPT.In step two,the pore space of the carbonate reservoir is equivalent to a triple-porosity system.Combined with the inverted porosity and saturation in the first step,the porosities of three pore types can be inverted from the seismic elastic properties.The application results indicate that our method can obtain accurate physical properties consistent with logging data and ensure the reliability of characterization of pore type.展开更多
Rock typing is an important tool in evaluation and performance prediction of reservoirs.Different techniques such as flow zone indicator(FZI),FZI~*and Winland methods are used to categorize reservoir rocks into distin...Rock typing is an important tool in evaluation and performance prediction of reservoirs.Different techniques such as flow zone indicator(FZI),FZI~*and Winland methods are used to categorize reservoir rocks into distinct rock types.Generally,these methods are applied to petrophysical data that are measured at a pressure other than reservoir pressure.Since the pressure changes the pore structure of rock,the effect of overburden pressure on rock typing should be considered.In this study,porosity and permeability of 113 core samples were measured at five different pressures.To investigate the effect of pressure on determination of rock types,FZI,FZI~*and Winland methods were applied.Results indicated that although most of the samples remain in the same rock type when pressure changes,some of them show different trends.These are related to the mineralogy and changes in pore system of the samples due to pressure change.Additionally,the number of rock types increases with increasing pressure.Furthermore,the effect of overburden pressure on determination of rock types is more clearly observed in the Winland and FZI~*methods.Also,results revealed that a more precise reservoir dynamic simulation can be obtained by considering the reservoir rock typing process at reservoir conditions.展开更多
Conventional pressure-transient models have been developed under the assumption of homogeneous reservoir. However, core, log and outcrop data indicate this assumption is not realistic in most cases. But in many cases,...Conventional pressure-transient models have been developed under the assumption of homogeneous reservoir. However, core, log and outcrop data indicate this assumption is not realistic in most cases. But in many cases, the homogeneous models are still applied to obtain an effective permeability corresponding to fictitious homogeneous reservoirs. This approach seems reasonable if the permeability variation is sufficiently small. In this paper, fractal dimension and fractal index are introduced into the seepage flow mechanism to establish the fluid flow models in fractal reservoir under three outer-boundary conditions. Exact dimensionless solutions are obtained by using the Laplace transformation assuming the well is producing at a constant rate. Combining the Stehfest’s inversion with the Vongvuthipornchai’s method, the new type curves are obtained. The sensitivities of the curve shape to fractal dimension (θ) and fractal index (d) are analyzed;the curves don’t change too much when θ is a constant and d change. For a closed reservoir, the up-curving has little to do with θ when d is a constant;but when θ is a constant, the slope of the up-curving section almost remains the same, only the pressure at the starting point decreases with the increase of d;and when d = 2 and θ = 0, the solutions and curves become those of the conventional reservoirs, the application of this solution has also been introduced at the end of this paper.展开更多
The modem term 'agroforestry system' is derived from agricultural practices. It is an organic combination of agriculture and forestry, ecology and economy, product variation and scientific management. On the b...The modem term 'agroforestry system' is derived from agricultural practices. It is an organic combination of agriculture and forestry, ecology and economy, product variation and scientific management. On the basis of analyzing the types and structure of agroforestry system in the Three Gorges Reservoir area,the paper poins out that agroforestry system can be divided into diffend structutal levds. Taking some typical cases as examples, it compares the benefits of four kinds of structures. The result illustrates that the hedge row agroforestry system on slopeland is an effective way to realize coordinate development of ecology and economy.展开更多
This study was carried out to investigate the impact of drainage basin’s lithostratigraphy on the quality and type of stored water in the Mujib dam reservoir. The water samples were collected on a monthly basis from ...This study was carried out to investigate the impact of drainage basin’s lithostratigraphy on the quality and type of stored water in the Mujib dam reservoir. The water samples were collected on a monthly basis from surface water from January 2012 to December 2015. The classifications of collecting water samples for domestic and irrigation purposes were based on different physico- chemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, TSS, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3- , NH4+, NO3- , NO2- , SAR, RSC, SSP, RSBC, PI, MAR, KR, and TH. All analyzed water samples were satisfied the Jordanian permissible limit and graded as “fresh water”. The hydrochemical indices (Mg/Ca and Cl/HCO3) and Cation Exchange values (CEV), indicating that the surface water chemistry is due to the rock weathering minerals with respect to their inland origin. The water samples have complied within the respective limits in respect of pH, EC, SAR, RSC, RSBC, MAR, KR, SSP and PI, and hard in respect of TH which may be due to the dissolution of the weathered rocks. Abundance of cations and anions is in the following order: Ca > Na > Mg > K and HCO3 > SO4 > Cl > NO3 during the period 2013-2015 and SO4 > HCO3 > Cl > NO3 through 2012. Thus, calcium and bicarbonate–sulfate are the dominant ions present in the surface water of this study. Piper diagram suggested that carbonate and gypsum weathering is the dominant process controlling reservoir water chemistry in the basin area. The quality and type of surface water can be modified by the lithology of the catchment area. The hydrogeochemical study of Mujib reservoir water indicated that the water quality is safe for drinking and agricultural purposes.展开更多
The buried hill in the Jizhong depression contains abundant petroleum reserves and are important production areas.The Ordovician buried hill has restricted the discovery of new oil and gas exploration targets because ...The buried hill in the Jizhong depression contains abundant petroleum reserves and are important production areas.The Ordovician buried hill has restricted the discovery of new oil and gas exploration targets because of its strong reservoir heterogeneity and complex reservoir-controlling factors.Based on a large volume of core,thin section,logging,seismic,and geochemical data and numerous geological analyses,the reservoir-forming conditions and modes were systematically analyzed to guide the exploration and achieve important breakthroughs in the Yangshuiwu and Wen an slope buried hills.The study revealed that three sets of source rocks of the third and fourth members of the Shahejie Formation from the Paleogene and Carboniferous-Permian were developed in the Jizhong depression,providing sufficient material basis for the formation of buried hill oil and gas reservoirs.The reservoir control mechanism involving the three major factors of“cloud-karst-fault”was clarified,and karst cave,fracture fissure-pore,and cloud pore type reservoir models were established,thereby expanding the exploration potential.Controlled by the superposition of multi-stage tectonic processes during the Indosinian,Yanshanian,and Himalayan,two genetic buried hill trap types of uplift-depression and depression-uplift were formed.Based on the analysis of reservoir-forming factors of the Ordovician buried hill,three buried hill oil and gas reservoir-forming models were identified:low-level tectonic-lithologic composite quasi-layered buried hill,medium-level paleo-storage paleo-block buried hill,and high-level paleo-storage new-block buried hill.Comprehensive evaluations indicate that the reservoir-forming conditions of the low-level tectonic-lithologic composite quasi-layered buried hill in the northern portion of the Jizhong depression are the most favorable and that the Sicundian and Xinzhen buried hills are favorable areas for future exploration.展开更多
The Ordovician-Silurian Wufeng and Longmaxi Shale in the Sichuan Basin were studied to understand the genesis and diagenetic evolution of carbonate minerals and their effects on reservoir quality. The results of geoch...The Ordovician-Silurian Wufeng and Longmaxi Shale in the Sichuan Basin were studied to understand the genesis and diagenetic evolution of carbonate minerals and their effects on reservoir quality. The results of geochemical and petrological analyses show that calcite grains have a negative Ce anomaly indicating they formed in the oxidizing environment of seawater. The high carbonate mineral contents in the margin of basin indicate that calcite grains and cores of dolomite grains appear largely to be of detrital origin. The rhombic rims of dolomite grains and dolomite concretions with the δ^(13)C of –15.46‰ and the enrichment of middle rare earth elements were formed during the sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane. The calcite in radiolarian were related to the microbial sulfate reduction for the abundant anhedral pyrites and δ^(13)C value of –11.34‰. Calcite veins precipitated in the deep burial stage with homogenization temperature of the inclusions ranging from 146.70 ℃ to 182.90 ℃. The pores in shale are mainly organic matter pores with pore size mainly in the range of 1–20 nm in diameter. Carbonate minerals influence the development of pores through offering storage space for organic matter. When calcite contents ranging from 10% to 20%, calcite grains and cement as rigid framework can preserve primary pores. Subsequently, the thermal cracking of liquid petroleum in primary pores will form organic matter pores. The radiolarian were mostly partially filled with calcite, which combining with microcrystalline quartz preserved a high storage capacity.展开更多
The permeability or/and porosity in low-permeability reservoirs mainly depends on fracture system. Wthin this kind of low-permeability reservior, fractures play a very important role on exploration and development. Be...The permeability or/and porosity in low-permeability reservoirs mainly depends on fracture system. Wthin this kind of low-permeability reservior, fractures play a very important role on exploration and development. Because there are so many differences, such as basin properties and tectonic characteristics, among the eastern,western and central basins, the types and distribution characteristics of fractures are also obviously different. Quantitative information on fracture distribution is very important. Through the contrastive study of 7 oilfield, the differences and distribution characteristics of fractures in three types of oil-bearing basins are summarized. Due to the different geological conditions and stress state during the formation of fractures, the fracture systems in three types of basins are also different. Fractures are mainly composed of tectonic fractutres related to normal faultes in eastern basins, related to folds and reverse faultes in western basins, and regional fractures which widely distributed not only in outcrops but also at depth of the relatively undeformed strata in central basins. So, besides jointed-fractures, we can often see faulted-fractures similar to normal faults in eastern basins and similar to reverse faults in western basins. According to statistical data, fracture spacing generally has a lognormal distribution and is linearly proportional to layer thickness. The development degree of fractures is controlled by lithology, bed thickness, sedimentary microfacies and faults or folds, etc. The permeability, aperture and connectedness of fractures are related to the modern stress field. Though there are 3-4 sets of fractures in a oilfield, the fractures parallel to the maximum principal stress direction are main for the pattern arrangement of low-permeability reservoirs.展开更多
The Feixianguan Formation reservoirs in northeastern Sichuan are mainly a suite of carbonate platform deposits.The reservoir types are diverse with high heterogeneity and complex genetic mechanisms.Pores,vugs and frac...The Feixianguan Formation reservoirs in northeastern Sichuan are mainly a suite of carbonate platform deposits.The reservoir types are diverse with high heterogeneity and complex genetic mechanisms.Pores,vugs and fractures of different genetic mechanisms and scales are often developed in association,and it is difficult to classify reservoir types merely based on static data such as outcrop observation,and cores and logging data.In the study,the reservoirs in the Feixianguan Formation are grouped into five types by combining dynamic and static data,that is,karst breccia-residual vuggy type,solution-enhanced vuggy type,fractured-vuggy type,fractured type and matrix type(non-reservoir).Based on conventional logging data,core data and formation microscanner image(FMI)data of the Qilibei block,northeastern Sichuan Basin,the reservoirs are classified in accordance with fracture-vug matching relationship.Based on the principle of cluster analysis,K-Nearest Neighbor(KNN)classification templates are established,and the applicability of the model is verified by using the reservoir data from wells uninvolved in modeling.Following the analysis of the results of reservoir type discrimination and the production of corresponding reservoir intervals,the contributions of various reservoir types to production are evaluated and the reliability of reservoir type classification is verified.The results show that the solution-enhanced vuggy type is of high-quality sweet spot reservoir in the study area with good physical property and high gas production,followed by the fractured-vuggy type,and the fractured and karst breccia-residual vuggy types are the least promising.展开更多
基金This research is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52204057)the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(No.2462021BJRC003 and 2462021YJRC012).
文摘The quantitative understanding of hydraulic fracture(HF)properties guides accurate production forecasts and reserve estimation.Type curve is a powerful technique to characterize HF and reservoir properties from flowback and long-term production data.However,two-phase flow of water and hydrocarbon after an HF stimulation together with the complex transport mechanisms in shale nanopores exacerbate the nonlinearity of the transport equation,causing errors in type-curve analysis.Accordingly,we propose a new two-phase type-curve method to estimate HF properties,such as HF volume and permeability of fracture,through the analysis of flowback data of multi-fractured shale wells.The proposed type curve is based on a semianalytical solution that couples the two-phase flow from the matrix with the flow in HF by incorporating matrix influx,slippage effect,stress dependence,and the spatial variation of fluid properties in inorganic and organic pores.For the first time,multiple fluid transport mechanisms are considered into two-phase type-curve analysis for shale reservoirs.We analyze the flowback data from a multi-fractured horizontal well in a shale gas reservoir to verify the field application of the proposed method.The results show that the fracture properties calculated by the type-curve method are in good agreement with the long-time production data.
基金the China Research and Pilot Test on Key Technology of Efficient Production of Changqing Tight Oil(Grant No.2021DJ2202).
文摘Class III tight oil reservoirs have low porosity and permeability,which are often responsible for low production rates and limited recovery.Extensive repeated fracturing is a well-known technique to fix some of these issues.With such methods,existing fractures are refractured,and/or new fractures are created to facilitate communication with natural fractures.This study explored how different refracturing methods affect horizontal well fracture networks,with a special focus on morphology and related fluid flow changes.In particular,the study relied on the unconventional fracture model(UFM).The evolution of fracture morphology and flow field after the initial fracturing were analyzed accordingly.The simulation results indicated that increased formation energy and reduced reservoir stress differences can promote fracture expansion.It was shown that the length of the fracture network,the width of the fracture network,and the complexity of the fracture can be improved,the oil drainage area can be increased,the distance of oil and gas seepage can be reduced,and the production of a single well can be significantly increased.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41202103)
文摘This study analyzed the characteristics and types of the Lower Silurian shale gas reservoirs in and around Sichuan Basin through field observations, slices, Ar-ion-beam milling, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction analysis of 25 black shale outcrops and samples. Two main types of shale gas reservoirs were determined, i.e., fractures and pores. Fractures were classified into five categories, i.e., giant, large, medium, small, and micro, according to the features of the shale gas reservoirs, effect of fracture on gas accumulation, and fracture nature. Pore types include organic matter pores, mineral pores(mineral surface, intraparticle, interparticle, and corrosional pore), and nanofractures. The various fracture types, fracture scales, pore types, and pore sizes exert different controls over the gas storage and production capacity. Pores serve as a reservoir for gas storage and, the gas storage capacity can be determined using pores; fractures serve as pathways for gas migration, and gas production capacity can be determined using them.
文摘The diversity of sandstone diagenesis mechanisms caused by the complex geological conditions of oil/gas basins in China could hardly be reasonably explained by the traditional concept of burial diagenesis. Three genesis types of thermal diagenesis, tectonic diagenesis and fluid diagenesis are presented on the basis of the dynamic environment of the oil/gas basins and.the controlling factors and mechanisms of sandstone diagenesis. Thermal diagenesis of sandstone reservoirs is related not only to the effect of formation temperature on diagenesis, but also to the significant changes in diagenesis caused by geothermal gradients. The concept of thermal compaction is presented. Thermal compaction becomes weaker with increasing depth and becomes stronger at a higher geothermal gradient. At the same formation temperature, the sandstone porosity in the region with a lower geothermal gradient is e^0.077+0.0042T times higher than that in the region with a higher geothermal gradient. Both sudden and gradual changes are observed in diagenetic evolution caused by structural deformation. Average sandstone compaction increased by 0.1051% for every 1.0MPa increase of lateral tectonic compressional stress, while late tectonic napping helped to preserve a higher porosity of underlying sandstone reservoir. Fluid diagenesis is a general phenomenon. The compaction caused by fluid properties is significant. The coarser the grain size, the stronger the fluid effect on compaction. The greater the burial depth, the weaker the fluid effect on compaction for the specific reservoir lithology and the greater the difference in the fluid effects on compaction between different grain sizes.
基金Project(2013CB228005)supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘Production decline analysis has been considered as an important method to obtain the flow parameters, reservoir properties and original gas in place. Although advanced Blasingame production decline analysis methods for vertical wells, fractured wells and horizontal wells are widely used, limited study has conducted on Blasingame production decline type curves for multi-fractured horizontal well(MFHW). Based on the perpendicular bisection(PEBI) grids, a numerical model was developed and the solution was obtained using control volume finite element method and the fully implicit method. Blasingame production decline-type curves of the infinitely conductive MFHW were plotted through computer programming. A field case was presented to analyse and verify the model developed. Five flow regimes, including early formation linear flow, early radial flow, compound linear flow, transient flow and pseudo-radial flow, are recognized. Fracture spacing is the main factor that affects early radial flow, compound linear flow and transient flow, the distance from the well to the circular boundary affects the pseudo-radial flow, and the type curves are also significantly affected by the formation permeability, fracture number and fracture half-length. The validation of field case suggests that the Blasingame production decline type curves proposed in this work can be applied to the production decline analysis for MFHW in tight gas reservoirs.
基金supported by the China National Key R D plan(2019YFC0605504)Scientific Research&Technology Development Project of China National Petroleum Corporation(Grant Nos.2017D-3504 and 2018D-4305)
文摘Carbonate reservoirs exhibit strong heterogeneity in the distribution of pore types that can be quantitatively characterized by applying Xu–Payne multi-porosity model.However,there are some prerequisites to this model the porosity and saturation need to be provided.In general,these application conditions are difficult to satisfy for seismic data.In order to overcome this problem,we present a two-step method to estimate the porosity and saturation and pore type of carbonate reservoirs from seismic data.In step one,the pore space of the carbonate reservoir is equivalent to a single-porosity system with an effective pore aspect ratio;then,a 3D rock-physics template(RPT)is established through the Gassmann’s equations and effective medium models;and then,the effective aspect ratio of pore,porosity and fluid saturation are simultaneously estimated from the seismic data based on 3D RPT.In step two,the pore space of the carbonate reservoir is equivalent to a triple-porosity system.Combined with the inverted porosity and saturation in the first step,the porosities of three pore types can be inverted from the seismic elastic properties.The application results indicate that our method can obtain accurate physical properties consistent with logging data and ensure the reliability of characterization of pore type.
文摘Rock typing is an important tool in evaluation and performance prediction of reservoirs.Different techniques such as flow zone indicator(FZI),FZI~*and Winland methods are used to categorize reservoir rocks into distinct rock types.Generally,these methods are applied to petrophysical data that are measured at a pressure other than reservoir pressure.Since the pressure changes the pore structure of rock,the effect of overburden pressure on rock typing should be considered.In this study,porosity and permeability of 113 core samples were measured at five different pressures.To investigate the effect of pressure on determination of rock types,FZI,FZI~*and Winland methods were applied.Results indicated that although most of the samples remain in the same rock type when pressure changes,some of them show different trends.These are related to the mineralogy and changes in pore system of the samples due to pressure change.Additionally,the number of rock types increases with increasing pressure.Furthermore,the effect of overburden pressure on determination of rock types is more clearly observed in the Winland and FZI~*methods.Also,results revealed that a more precise reservoir dynamic simulation can be obtained by considering the reservoir rock typing process at reservoir conditions.
文摘Conventional pressure-transient models have been developed under the assumption of homogeneous reservoir. However, core, log and outcrop data indicate this assumption is not realistic in most cases. But in many cases, the homogeneous models are still applied to obtain an effective permeability corresponding to fictitious homogeneous reservoirs. This approach seems reasonable if the permeability variation is sufficiently small. In this paper, fractal dimension and fractal index are introduced into the seepage flow mechanism to establish the fluid flow models in fractal reservoir under three outer-boundary conditions. Exact dimensionless solutions are obtained by using the Laplace transformation assuming the well is producing at a constant rate. Combining the Stehfest’s inversion with the Vongvuthipornchai’s method, the new type curves are obtained. The sensitivities of the curve shape to fractal dimension (θ) and fractal index (d) are analyzed;the curves don’t change too much when θ is a constant and d change. For a closed reservoir, the up-curving has little to do with θ when d is a constant;but when θ is a constant, the slope of the up-curving section almost remains the same, only the pressure at the starting point decreases with the increase of d;and when d = 2 and θ = 0, the solutions and curves become those of the conventional reservoirs, the application of this solution has also been introduced at the end of this paper.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50779028)the National Science and Technology Supporting Plan (Grant No. 2008BAB29B09)
文摘The modem term 'agroforestry system' is derived from agricultural practices. It is an organic combination of agriculture and forestry, ecology and economy, product variation and scientific management. On the basis of analyzing the types and structure of agroforestry system in the Three Gorges Reservoir area,the paper poins out that agroforestry system can be divided into diffend structutal levds. Taking some typical cases as examples, it compares the benefits of four kinds of structures. The result illustrates that the hedge row agroforestry system on slopeland is an effective way to realize coordinate development of ecology and economy.
文摘This study was carried out to investigate the impact of drainage basin’s lithostratigraphy on the quality and type of stored water in the Mujib dam reservoir. The water samples were collected on a monthly basis from surface water from January 2012 to December 2015. The classifications of collecting water samples for domestic and irrigation purposes were based on different physico- chemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, TSS, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3- , NH4+, NO3- , NO2- , SAR, RSC, SSP, RSBC, PI, MAR, KR, and TH. All analyzed water samples were satisfied the Jordanian permissible limit and graded as “fresh water”. The hydrochemical indices (Mg/Ca and Cl/HCO3) and Cation Exchange values (CEV), indicating that the surface water chemistry is due to the rock weathering minerals with respect to their inland origin. The water samples have complied within the respective limits in respect of pH, EC, SAR, RSC, RSBC, MAR, KR, SSP and PI, and hard in respect of TH which may be due to the dissolution of the weathered rocks. Abundance of cations and anions is in the following order: Ca > Na > Mg > K and HCO3 > SO4 > Cl > NO3 during the period 2013-2015 and SO4 > HCO3 > Cl > NO3 through 2012. Thus, calcium and bicarbonate–sulfate are the dominant ions present in the surface water of this study. Piper diagram suggested that carbonate and gypsum weathering is the dominant process controlling reservoir water chemistry in the basin area. The quality and type of surface water can be modified by the lithology of the catchment area. The hydrogeochemical study of Mujib reservoir water indicated that the water quality is safe for drinking and agricultural purposes.
基金major science and technology project of PetroChina“Research and application of key technologies for sustainable,effective and stable production exploration and development of North China Oilfield(2017e-15)”。
文摘The buried hill in the Jizhong depression contains abundant petroleum reserves and are important production areas.The Ordovician buried hill has restricted the discovery of new oil and gas exploration targets because of its strong reservoir heterogeneity and complex reservoir-controlling factors.Based on a large volume of core,thin section,logging,seismic,and geochemical data and numerous geological analyses,the reservoir-forming conditions and modes were systematically analyzed to guide the exploration and achieve important breakthroughs in the Yangshuiwu and Wen an slope buried hills.The study revealed that three sets of source rocks of the third and fourth members of the Shahejie Formation from the Paleogene and Carboniferous-Permian were developed in the Jizhong depression,providing sufficient material basis for the formation of buried hill oil and gas reservoirs.The reservoir control mechanism involving the three major factors of“cloud-karst-fault”was clarified,and karst cave,fracture fissure-pore,and cloud pore type reservoir models were established,thereby expanding the exploration potential.Controlled by the superposition of multi-stage tectonic processes during the Indosinian,Yanshanian,and Himalayan,two genetic buried hill trap types of uplift-depression and depression-uplift were formed.Based on the analysis of reservoir-forming factors of the Ordovician buried hill,three buried hill oil and gas reservoir-forming models were identified:low-level tectonic-lithologic composite quasi-layered buried hill,medium-level paleo-storage paleo-block buried hill,and high-level paleo-storage new-block buried hill.Comprehensive evaluations indicate that the reservoir-forming conditions of the low-level tectonic-lithologic composite quasi-layered buried hill in the northern portion of the Jizhong depression are the most favorable and that the Sicundian and Xinzhen buried hills are favorable areas for future exploration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42172148,41830431,and 41902127).
文摘The Ordovician-Silurian Wufeng and Longmaxi Shale in the Sichuan Basin were studied to understand the genesis and diagenetic evolution of carbonate minerals and their effects on reservoir quality. The results of geochemical and petrological analyses show that calcite grains have a negative Ce anomaly indicating they formed in the oxidizing environment of seawater. The high carbonate mineral contents in the margin of basin indicate that calcite grains and cores of dolomite grains appear largely to be of detrital origin. The rhombic rims of dolomite grains and dolomite concretions with the δ^(13)C of –15.46‰ and the enrichment of middle rare earth elements were formed during the sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane. The calcite in radiolarian were related to the microbial sulfate reduction for the abundant anhedral pyrites and δ^(13)C value of –11.34‰. Calcite veins precipitated in the deep burial stage with homogenization temperature of the inclusions ranging from 146.70 ℃ to 182.90 ℃. The pores in shale are mainly organic matter pores with pore size mainly in the range of 1–20 nm in diameter. Carbonate minerals influence the development of pores through offering storage space for organic matter. When calcite contents ranging from 10% to 20%, calcite grains and cement as rigid framework can preserve primary pores. Subsequently, the thermal cracking of liquid petroleum in primary pores will form organic matter pores. The radiolarian were mostly partially filled with calcite, which combining with microcrystalline quartz preserved a high storage capacity.
文摘The permeability or/and porosity in low-permeability reservoirs mainly depends on fracture system. Wthin this kind of low-permeability reservior, fractures play a very important role on exploration and development. Because there are so many differences, such as basin properties and tectonic characteristics, among the eastern,western and central basins, the types and distribution characteristics of fractures are also obviously different. Quantitative information on fracture distribution is very important. Through the contrastive study of 7 oilfield, the differences and distribution characteristics of fractures in three types of oil-bearing basins are summarized. Due to the different geological conditions and stress state during the formation of fractures, the fracture systems in three types of basins are also different. Fractures are mainly composed of tectonic fractutres related to normal faultes in eastern basins, related to folds and reverse faultes in western basins, and regional fractures which widely distributed not only in outcrops but also at depth of the relatively undeformed strata in central basins. So, besides jointed-fractures, we can often see faulted-fractures similar to normal faults in eastern basins and similar to reverse faults in western basins. According to statistical data, fracture spacing generally has a lognormal distribution and is linearly proportional to layer thickness. The development degree of fractures is controlled by lithology, bed thickness, sedimentary microfacies and faults or folds, etc. The permeability, aperture and connectedness of fractures are related to the modern stress field. Though there are 3-4 sets of fractures in a oilfield, the fractures parallel to the maximum principal stress direction are main for the pattern arrangement of low-permeability reservoirs.
文摘The Feixianguan Formation reservoirs in northeastern Sichuan are mainly a suite of carbonate platform deposits.The reservoir types are diverse with high heterogeneity and complex genetic mechanisms.Pores,vugs and fractures of different genetic mechanisms and scales are often developed in association,and it is difficult to classify reservoir types merely based on static data such as outcrop observation,and cores and logging data.In the study,the reservoirs in the Feixianguan Formation are grouped into five types by combining dynamic and static data,that is,karst breccia-residual vuggy type,solution-enhanced vuggy type,fractured-vuggy type,fractured type and matrix type(non-reservoir).Based on conventional logging data,core data and formation microscanner image(FMI)data of the Qilibei block,northeastern Sichuan Basin,the reservoirs are classified in accordance with fracture-vug matching relationship.Based on the principle of cluster analysis,K-Nearest Neighbor(KNN)classification templates are established,and the applicability of the model is verified by using the reservoir data from wells uninvolved in modeling.Following the analysis of the results of reservoir type discrimination and the production of corresponding reservoir intervals,the contributions of various reservoir types to production are evaluated and the reliability of reservoir type classification is verified.The results show that the solution-enhanced vuggy type is of high-quality sweet spot reservoir in the study area with good physical property and high gas production,followed by the fractured-vuggy type,and the fractured and karst breccia-residual vuggy types are the least promising.