Numerical Simulation of Slurry Diffusion in Fractured Rocks Considering a Time-Varying Viscosity

To analyze the effects of a time-varying viscosity on the penetration length of grouting,in this study cement slur-ries with varying water-cement ratios have been investigated using the Bingham’sfluidflow equation and a dis-crete element method.Afluid-solid coupling numerical model has been introduced accordingly,and its accuracy has been validated through comparison of theoretical and numerical solutions.For different fracture forms(a single fracture,a branch fracture,and a fracture network),the influence of the time-varying viscosity on the slurry length range has been investigated,considering the change in the fracture aperture.The results show that under different fracture forms and the same grouting process conditions,the influence of the time-varying viscosity on the seepage length is 0.350 m.

Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments on the time-varying law of oil viscosity and wettability in high-multiple waterflooding sandstone cores

A simulated oil viscosity prediction model is established according to the relationship between simulated oil viscosity and geometric mean value of T2spectrum,and the time-varying law of simulated oil viscosity in porous media is quantitatively characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)experiments of high multiple waterflooding.A new NMR wettability index formula is derived based on NMR relaxation theory to quantitatively characterize the time-varying law of rock wettability during waterflooding combined with high-multiple waterflooding experiment in sandstone cores.The remaining oil viscosity in the core is positively correlated with the displacing water multiple.The remaining oil viscosity increases rapidly when the displacing water multiple is low,and increases slowly when the displacing water multiple is high.The variation of remaining oil viscosity is related to the reservoir heterogeneity.The stronger the reservoir homogeneity,the higher the content of heavy components in the remaining oil and the higher the viscosity.The reservoir wettability changes after water injection:the oil-wet reservoir changes into water-wet reservoir,while the water-wet reservoir becomes more hydrophilic;the degree of change enhances with the increase of displacing water multiple.There is a high correlation between the time-varying oil viscosity and the time-varying wettability,and the change of oil viscosity cannot be ignored.The NMR wettability index calculated by considering the change of oil viscosity is more consistent with the tested Amott(spontaneous imbibition)wettability index,which agrees more with the time-varying law of reservoir wettability.

Effects of surface oxide species and contents on SiC slurry viscosity

The disadvantageous effects of colloidal SiO2 layer and micro-content of metal oxide adsorbed on SiC powder surface on SiC slurry stable dispersion were studied, and the novel method to avoid this disadvantage was proposed. By acidwashing, on the one hand, because the maximum Zeta potential of SiC powder increases to 72.49 mV with the decreasing content of metal oxide adsorbed on the SiC powder surface, the repulsion force between SiC powders that dispersed in slurry is enhanced, thus the SiC powder can be fully dispersed in slurry. On the other hand, after HF acidwashing, with the OH^- group adsorbed on SiC powder surface destroyed and replaced by the Fion, the hydrogen bond adsorbed on the OHgroup is also destroyed. Therefore, the surface property of the SiC powder is changed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic; H2O that adsorbed on SiC powder surface is released and can flow freely, and it actually increases the content of the effective flow phase in the slurry. These changes of SiC powder surface property can be proved by XPS and FTIR analysis. Finally, the viscosity of SiC slurry is decreased greatly, and when the viscosity of the slurry is lower than 1 Pa·s, the solid volume fraction of SiC powder in the slurry is maximized to 61.5 vol.%.

Effects of Several Factors on Viscosity of Alumina-spinel Slurries

The effects of several commercial dispersants,including AN 2000,ammonium polyacrylate,sodium tripolyphosphate,sodium hexametaphosphate, and of solids loading and of electro fused magnesia on rheological properties of aqueous alumina spinel slurries were studied. The results reveal that AN 2000 is the most effective one among the selected dispersants for alumina spinel slurries. With 0.5% weight of AN 2000, the 57vol% solids loading alumina spinel slurry with viscosity of 0.37 Pa·s was obtained at shear rate of 50s 1 .

Investigations on methane hydrate formation,dissociation,and viscosity in gas-water-sand system

Understanding the kinetics and viscosity of hydrate slurry in gas-water-sand system is of great significance for the high-efficiency and high-safety development of natural gas hydrates.The effect of micronsized sands with various concentrations and particle sizes on the hydrate formation,dissociation,and viscosity in gas-water-sand system are investigated in this work.The experimental results show that the hydrate induction time in the sandy system is slightly prolonged compared to the pure gas-water system,and the inhibition effect first strengthens and then weakens as the sand concentration increases from0 wt%to 5 wt%.Besides,the difference of hydrate formation amount in various cases is not obvious.The concentration and particle size of sand have little effect on the kinetics of hydrate formation.Both promoting and inhibiting effects on hydrate formation have been found in the sandy multiphase fluid.For the viscosity characteristics,there are three variations of hydrate slurry viscosity during the formation process:Steep drop type,S-type and Fluctuation type.Moreover,appropriate sand size is helpful to reduce the randomness of slurry viscosity change.Meanwhile,even at the same hydrate volume fraction,the slurry viscosity in the formation process is significantly higher than that in dissociation process,which needs further research.This work provides further insights of hydrate formation,dissociation,and viscosity in gas-water-sand system,which is of great significance for safe and economic development of natural gas hydrates.

瓦斯抽采SCMC-Bent基封孔水凝胶漏失特性及黏度演化机制

为实现瓦斯抽采钻孔漏气裂隙的有效动态封堵,防止负压驱动下浆液在裂隙中漏失,以羧甲基纤维素钠(SCMC)与钠基膨润土(Bent)为主料,通过引入系列添加剂制备了SCMC-Bent基封孔水凝胶,并测试了该水凝胶黏度的演化过程。然后通过开展负压作用下的浆液运移实验,研究了SCMC-Bent基水凝胶在煤颗粒间裂隙网中的运移及漏失特性。最后测试了SCMC-Bent基封孔水凝胶pH演化过程,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)及X射线衍射(XRD)表征了其微观结构,进而揭示SCMC-Bent基水凝胶黏度演化的微观机制。研究表明:①在恒温条件下,SCMC-Bent基水凝胶的黏度随时间呈现“先上升、后降低”趋势;水料比越大,SCMC-Bent基水凝胶的黏度越低、越早发生后期黏度下降。②水料比越高的水凝胶在裂隙网络中运移越快,但负压作用下却越早发生漏失;相较其他水料比,水料比10∶1的水凝胶在负压抽气第24天仅运移41 mm,更容易长时间密封漏气裂隙。③SCMC-Bent基水凝胶内部的蒙脱石层结构随时间先增多后减少,存在中间产物(SCMC-CXP)插入蒙脱石层间的现象,SCMC-CXP插入量随时间先增多后减少并随水料比增大而减少;蒙脱石层与层间SCMC-CXP形成了类似“三明治”的夹层结构,在水凝胶体系中逐渐形成了由蒙脱石层、层间SCMC-CXP、层外SCMC-CXP组成的三维网络。④三维网络结构的形成是造成SCMC-Bent基水凝胶黏度前期升高的原因;但随时间持续,中蒙脱石层结构减少且SCMCCXP大分子链断裂,导致了三维网络结构消散进而致使水凝胶黏度降低;另一方面,高水料比削弱了SCMC-CXP在蒙脱石层间的插入量及大分子间的相互作用、增强了三维网络结构的过水能力,进而导致水凝胶黏度下降。

光固化陶瓷坯体的增材制造与性能研究

为满足光固化增材制造陶瓷浆料的使用需求,对陶瓷粉体形貌进行了观察,考察了分散剂类型、固含量对陶瓷浆料表观黏度的影响,并对优化后的陶瓷浆料进行光固化成型。结果表明,陶瓷粉体分散较为均匀,粒径主要分布在200~500 nm,D50约为0.32μm。KOS110作为分散剂可以有效降低陶瓷浆料的表观黏度;在剪切速率为50s-1时,随着分散剂添加量从1%增加至8%,陶瓷浆料的表观黏度先减小后增加,在分散剂添加量为2%时取得最小值。在相同剪切速率下,陶瓷浆料的固含量体积分数越大,其表观黏度越大,适宜的陶瓷浆料的固含量应该在52%及以下。当扫描速度为1~10 m/s时,陶瓷浆料的固化深度都高于设计厚度(25μm),满足陶瓷浆料增材制造要求。

黏土地层泥水劈裂伸展压力及路径试验研究

为解决水下盾构隧道修建过程中由于泥水支护压力过大导致的掌子面前方地层劈裂,以及劈裂发生后如何防止裂缝伸展至水底地表等难题,采用大型三轴劈裂试验平台进行泥水劈裂伸展试验,测得裂缝伸展过程中的泥水压力及裂缝伸展路径,并研究泥水黏度及应力状态对伸展压力及路径的影响。结果表明:1)泥水黏度较小时,裂缝伸展过程中劈裂压力基本不变;泥水黏度较大时,裂缝伸展过程中劈裂压力逐渐增大。2)启裂压力和伸展压力均随着泥水黏度的增大而逐渐增大,但增大速度逐渐减小;伸展压力随围压线性增大,但增大速率略小于启裂压力。3)通过对比不同工况下盲孔试样的裂缝倾角可知,裂缝倾角仅与轴压和围压的压差相关。4)实际施工中建议泥水黏度大于21 Pa·s。5)当隧道埋深变化较大时,应实时调整泥水压力。6)当初始劈裂发生后,泥水支护压力会骤降,此时不应过快地补充泥水压力,而应采取加快掘进速度的方法快速通过。

跨海区域砾砂地层泥水盾构泥浆成膜效果试验研究

为揭示泥水盾构开挖面泥浆成膜规律,以青岛地铁8号线泥水盾构掘进的跨海区间为工程背景,阐述不同级配下泥浆的渗透成膜过程,分析高聚物、处理剂作用下3种泥膜形成机理,并结合特定砾砂地层设计成膜装置,采用控制变量法开展室内试验,选用2种粒径细砂调节泥浆级配,分析不同掺量制浆材料(NSHS-3)作用下的泥浆性质。试验结果表明:与粒径小于0.01 mm的细砂相比,粒径小于0.25 mm的细砂形成的渗透带抓抱效果较好且更适配砾砂地层。地层的颗粒级配相同时,泥浆黏度越高,其稳定性越高,泥膜容易形成且厚度较薄、质密、滤水量低,但添加剂过量会引起部分土颗粒聚沉,未加压时便附着在开挖面,进而堵塞盾构管道运输系统,泥膜稳定性较差且造成资源浪费。B6号泥浆加压过程中滤水清澈,滤失量较小,形成的“泥皮+渗透带”型泥膜强度较高,能保证开挖面稳定且絮凝较少,经济性较好。研究结论为类似地层泥水盾构施工改良提供参考。

瓷砖用高稳定性陶瓷喷墨浆料的制备及性能研究

水性喷墨打印技术是目前构筑瓷砖表面釉层的新型方式,所使用的水性陶瓷浆料的稳定性对其喷墨打印性能起到了至关重要的作用。以市购的陶瓷喷墨原浆为原料,采用分散法制备了系列瓷砖表面喷墨打印改性陶瓷喷墨浆料,重点考察了分散剂种类、含量等因素对陶瓷喷墨浆料长期悬浮稳定性、粘度、表面张力的影响规律,结果表明:相比于陶瓷喷墨原浆,添加3 wt%PAAS的陶瓷喷墨浆料具有良好的粘度(52.42 mPa.s)和表面张力(68.3m N/m),满足喷墨打印使用要求。而且,PAAS改性浆料在30天静置沉降过程中未出现硬质沉淀的不良特征,表现出更高的悬浮稳定性,这归因于分散剂PAAS与原浆表面形成双层电荷,同时依靠长分子链,起到静电位阻稳定作用。研究的相关结果对于开发新型的瓷砖表面用的高稳定性陶瓷喷墨浆料具有指导意义。

重质油组成与结构对油煤浆流变性能的影响

新疆低阶煤和重质油资源丰富,具有广阔的煤油共液化工业前景,但重质油自身流动性差,极大地限制了煤油共液化的发展。为认识重质油组成结构对油煤浆流变性能的影响,选取5种性质差异明显的重质油和2种工业循环溶剂油,探究其与上湾煤形成的油煤浆流变性能变化规律,在此基础上通过预加氢调控减压渣油的组成结构,分析重质油组成、结构与流变性能,获得重质油组成结构对油煤浆流变性能的影响规律。结果表明,重质油本身是牛顿流体,加入煤粉后转变为假塑性流体,呈现剪切稀化特征;重质油中胶质和沥青质组分含量越高,形成油煤浆的黏度越高,体系内部的触变结构越丰富,非牛顿流体特征越明显。减压渣油稠油预加氢后,形成油煤浆的黏度显著降低,其中,380℃下预加氢2 h后制成的油煤浆黏度在135℃时降至451 mPa·s,同时油煤浆的触变特性也明显减弱。预加氢促使减压渣油中的长链断裂为短链烃,胶质和沥青质组分转化为饱和分与芳香分,从而抑制胶团的生成,降低油煤浆黏度。其中,380℃下预加氢2 h后胶质含量较未处理减少约21%,重均分子量降至1594 Da,芳香环β位的H含量增加约20%。

单体种类对光固化增材制造5052铝合金的影响

针对光固化增材制造5052铝合金时存在的浆料不稳定、烧结体密度偏低和碳残留量较高等问题,研究了树脂单体种类对铝合金光固化增材制造的影响。结果表明,单体种类对光固化增材制造5052铝合金的成型工艺和烧结体性能具有重要影响。采用单体TMPTA或PEG400DA的铝浆黏度大于30 Pa·s,沉降时间大于120 h,成型的铝合金坯体结构完整但表面孔洞较多;采用单体PEG200DA或HDDA的铝浆黏度低于30 Pa·s,但沉降时间小于16 h,成型的铝合金坯体表面无孔洞但结构易残缺;采用单体PS-PCL的铝浆黏度低于30 Pa·s且稳定不易沉降,坯体表面无孔洞且结构完整。采用优选单体PS-PCL制备固含量55%铝浆,打印成型并烧结后,其相对密度大于95%,碳残留量相对较低(0.259 17%),断口烧结颈明显,硬度相对较高(29.94HV)。

黏结剂种类对加热不燃烧型烟草薄片成形及物理性能的影响

本研究结合稠浆法加热不燃烧型烟草薄片浆料的特征,探究了黏结剂种类及添加量对烟草薄片成形及物理性能的影响。通过对烟粉的理化特性进行表征,并结合Zeta电位、阳离子需求量分析,对比了不同添加量下,羧甲基纤维素钠、甲基纤维素、羟丙基瓜尔胶、黄原胶4种黏结剂制备所得稠浆的黏度稳定性及烟草薄片的物理性能。结果表明,当羟丙基瓜尔胶添加量为2%(相对于烟粉绝干质量,下同)时,稠浆黏度从23403 mPa·s增至27546 mPa·s,烟草薄片匀度可达92,抗张指数3.55 N·m/g,紧度1.12 g/cm^(3),透气度下降至0.30μm/(Pa·s);当黄原胶添加量低于3%、羟丙基瓜尔胶添加量低于2%时,稠浆具有较好的稳定性,可有效改善烟草薄片的成形,提高其物理性能。

采空区岩体粗糙单裂隙中浆液扩散机理研究

以某采空区岩体粗糙裂隙为研究对象,基于有限元软件COMSOLMultiphysics构建了三维粗糙单裂隙注浆模型,分析岩体裂隙中的浆液流动规律,研究了不同的裂隙面粗糙度、开度、注浆压力、裂隙倾角及浆液黏度影响的浆液扩散机理。结果表明,裂隙面粗糙度影响浆液的扩散面轮廓,粗糙度越大,浆液扩散阻力越大,浆液扩散各向异性越强;注浆速率与开度为二次多项式关系,裂隙开度越大,注浆速率的损失越小;注浆压力对浆液扩散轮廓的影响较弱,但改变了浆液的扩散半径,且注浆压力与扩散半径为正相关、与注浆速率呈二次多项式关系,注浆压力越大,注浆速率的损耗越低;浆液黏度并不影响其扩散的各向异性,仅改变浆液扩散的范围。研究成果表明了采空区粗糙裂隙中的浆液扩散机理,为采空区注浆范围的预测及加固决策提供了理论支持。

非饱和土中宾汉姆流体碗状渗透扩散机理

钻孔灌注桩在施工过程中防止泥浆护壁浆液的过度渗透扩散对维持桩孔稳定具有重要的意义。通过考虑非饱和土体渗透系数与浆体黏性的变化规律,假设桩孔底部渗透形状为碗状渗透,建立了浆体渗透扩散模型,同时基于多孔介质流体力学原理,得到了浆体渗透扩散距离的解析公式。然后对浆体渗透扩散模型进行对比验证。最后根据工程实际分析浆体渗透扩散模型的变化规律。研究表明,球状假设的扩散距离是碗状假设的2.7倍。桩孔半径由0.1 m变化到1.0 m,其渗透范围增大了2.2~2.6倍。中粗砂的含水率大于24%或基质吸力小于6 kPa时,非饱和性对渗透范围的影响在10%以下。当浆体初始黏度n p0≤25 mPa·s时,可增加浆体初始黏度n p0以控制浆体在土层中的扩散范围。此外根据不同地层的类型提出了其适用的浆体参数与浆体种类。研究结果可为控制泥浆渗透范围提供理论依据,对工程实际有指导意义。

超声/电声谱法测定锂电池浆料的粒度、流变和微观电学参数

采用DT-1202超声/电声谱分析仪分别测定了NMP体系磷酸铁锂(LFP)的正极浆料和水系石墨负极浆料的原浓体系粒度分布、流变学性质以及Zeta电位和双电层厚度、表面电荷密度等微观电学参数。超声衰减法可以不用稀释直接测量浆料的粒度分布,并且得到分散体和团聚体从5 nm到1mm的粒度分布信息。发现锂电池正负极浆料的稳定性存在着不同的机制,它们的作用可以通过不同的参数表征出来,即宏观电动学参数——Zeta电位和微观电学参数——表面电荷密度。在锂电池浆料的稳定效应中,后者起到更重要的作用。因此,在锂电池浆料的研究或质量监控中,不仅需要关注Zeta电位值,更需要关注表面电荷密度值的变化,二者不可偏废。这些微观电学参数也影响着浆料的宏观流变性能。超声衰减谱还可同时测量浆料体系的高频剪切黏度(动力黏度)和体积黏度(纵向黏度),反映了浆料在微观尺度上的流变学性质,并且是一种非侵入式和非破环性的方法,为物质的微观结构提供了更深入的信息,有助于判断锂电池浆料工艺不稳定性的原因。

膨润土种类及黄原胶含量对减阻泥浆性能的影响

减阻触变泥浆在地下综合管廊顶管施工中具有支撑、填充、润滑等重要作用。本文对减阻触变泥浆中主要原材料—膨润土的种类及含量对泥浆性能的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明:减阻泥浆的漏斗粘度、失水量和析水率等性能指标随钠基、有机和钙基3种膨润土含量的变化规律基本相同。由钠基或有机膨润土配制的泥浆失水量性能优于钙基膨润土,但钙基膨润土在泥浆漏斗粘度性能上表现更好;由上述3种类型膨润土分别配制的泥浆析水率性能相当。另外,本文还研究了黄原胶含量对减阻泥浆性能的影响,实验结果表明添加黄原胶能显著降低减阻触变泥浆的失水量,并在一定程度上提高泥浆的漏斗粘度。

高温共烧陶瓷大深径比通孔填充工艺改良

通孔填充是高温共烧陶瓷(HTCC)制作流程中的关键工艺之一,直接影响着元件内部不同层之间电气连接的可靠性。此工艺主要是对冲孔后的陶瓷片进行通孔金属化,即将具有导通作用的金属浆料填充进通孔内。随着通孔深径比增大,常规通孔填充技术无法保证通孔填充质量,通孔填充工艺急需改良。影响通孔填充质量的因素较多,分析了浆料黏度、填孔压力、刮刀速度、刮刀硬度对大深径比通孔填充质量的影响。研究结果表明调整填孔压力、调整浆料黏度及降低刮刀速度均能改善通孔填充效果;刮刀硬度对填孔效果影响较大,当刮刀硬度降低至邵氏A60°~A70°时可保证大深径比通孔填充质量。这一研究结果可为高温共烧陶瓷填孔工艺中通孔填充质量的改善提供参考。

高黏度油浆脱固技术探索

催化裂化外甩油浆(简称油浆)中的催化剂固体颗粒是影响其理化性质和高值化利用的瓶颈,因而油浆脱固技术成为油浆高值化深加工的关键突破口。鉴于目前主流的油浆脱固方法——药剂沉降法对高黏度油浆的脱固效果并不理想,以国内某炼油厂的油浆Z为研究对象,通过调节温度、引入稀释组分、加入黏度改性剂等方式改变油浆黏度,从而有效实现了高黏度油浆脱固。结果表明,将温度升高到130℃或加入质量分数0.1%的黏度改性剂,可将油浆脱固率提高到80%以上;通过加入柴油或芳烃溶剂油等稀释组分,可将油浆脱固率提高到95%以上。

浅谈钛白粉砂磨分散工艺的摸索与探究

介绍了实验室小型砂磨机砂磨氯化法钛白粉半成品浆料进行相关分散的一系列正交实验,特别是在不同的砂磨工艺条件即研磨介质填充率、钛白粉进料量、不同转速、不同研磨时间对钛白粉浆料粒径、浆料黏度与分散稳定性能的影响,最终确定了较优的工艺方案。在实际工艺生产中,可以一定程度上改进并同时提高浆料的分散稳定性,为下道工序提供优良的钛白粉半成品浆料;对相关砂磨工艺条件方面的摸索与探究增加新的可实施的工艺途径与工艺技术储备。