A Real-Time Small Target Vehicle Detection Algorithm with an Improved YOLOv5m Network Model

To address the challenges of high complexity,poor real-time performance,and low detection rates for small target vehicles in existing vehicle object detection algorithms,this paper proposes a real-time lightweight architecture based on You Only Look Once(YOLO)v5m.Firstly,a lightweight upsampling operator called Content-Aware Reassembly of Features(CARAFE)is introduced in the feature fusion layer of the network to maximize the extraction of deep-level features for small target vehicles,reducing the missed detection rate and false detection rate.Secondly,a new prediction layer for tiny targets is added,and the feature fusion network is redesigned to enhance the detection capability for small targets.Finally,this paper applies L1 regularization to train the improved network,followed by pruning and fine-tuning operations to remove redundant channels,reducing computational and parameter complexity and enhancing the detection efficiency of the network.Training is conducted on the VisDrone2019-DET dataset.The experimental results show that the proposed algorithmreduces parameters and computation by 63.8% and 65.8%,respectively.The average detection accuracy improves by 5.15%,and the detection speed reaches 47 images per second,satisfying real-time requirements.Compared with existing approaches,including YOLOv5m and classical vehicle detection algorithms,our method achieves higher accuracy and faster speed for real-time detection of small target vehicles in edge computing.

Improved Weighted Local Contrast Method for Infrared Small Target Detection

In order to address the problem of high false alarm rate and low probabilities of infrared small target detection in complex low-altitude background,an infrared small target detection method based on improved weighted local contrast is proposed in this paper.First,the ratio information between the target and local background is utilized as an enhancement factor.The local contrast is calculated by incorporating the heterogeneity between the target and local background.Then,a local product weighted method is designed based on the spatial dissimilarity between target and background to further enhance target while suppressing background.Finally,the location of target is obtained by adaptive threshold segmentation.As experimental results demonstrate,the method shows superior performance in several evaluation metrics compared with six existing algorithms on different datasets containing targets such as unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV).

An Efficient Radar Detection Method of Maneuvering Small Targets

Detection of maneuvering small targets has always been an important yet challenging task for radar signal processing.One primary reason is that target variable motions within coherent processing interval generate energy migrations across multiple resolution bins,which severely deteriorate the parameter estimation performance.A coarse-to-fine strategy for the detection of maneuvering small targets is proposed.Integration of small points segmented coherently is performed first,and then an optimal inter-segment integration is utilized to derive the coarse estimation of the chirp rate.Sparse fractional Fourier transform(FrFT)is then employed to refine the coarse estimation at a significantly reduced computational complexity.Simulation results verify the proposed scheme that achieves an efficient and reliable maneuvering target detection with-16dB input signal-to-noise ratio(SNR),while requires no exact a priori knowledge on the motion parameters.

复杂背景下基于YOLOv7-tiny的图像目标检测算法

“黑飞”无人机一旦带有炸弹等物品,会对人们带来威胁。对在公园、游乐场、学校等复杂背景下“黑飞”的无人机进行目标检测是十分必要的。前沿算法YOLOv7-tiny属于轻量级网络,具有更小的网络结构和参数,更适合检测小目标,但在识别小目标无人机时出现特征提取能力弱、回归损失大、检测精度低的问题;针对此问题,提出了一种基于YOLOv7-tiny改进的无人机图像目标检测算法YOLOv7-drone。首先,建立无人机图像数据集;其次,设计一种新的注意力机制模块SMSE嵌入到特征提取网络中,增强对复杂背景下无人机目标的关注度;然后,在主干网络中融入RFB结构,扩大特征层的感受野,丰富特征信息以增强特征提取的鲁棒性;然后,改进网络中的特征融合机制,通过新增小目标检测层,增加对小尺度目标的检测精度;然后,改变损失函数提高模型的收敛速度,减少损失以增强模型的鲁棒性;最后,引入可变形卷积(Deformable convolution, DCN),更好的根据目标本身形状进行特征提取,提升了检测精度。在PASCAL VOC公共数据集上进行对比实验,结果表明改进后的算法YOLO7-drone相比于YOLOv7-tiny,平均精度(map@0.5)提升了6%;在自制无人机数据集上进行实验,结果表明YOLOv7-drone与原算法相比,平均精度(map@0.5)提高了6.1%,并且检测速度为72帧/s;与YOLOv5l、YOLOv7目标检测算法进行对比实验,结果表明改进后的算法在平均精度(map@0.5)上分别高于对比算法4%、3.1%,验证了文中算法的可行性。

基于改进YOLOv4-tiny的果园复杂环境下桃果实实时识别

为实现果园复杂环境下的桃果实实时识别,提出一种基于YOLOv4-tiny的桃果实实时识别方法 YOLOv4-tinyPeach。通过在主干网络中引入卷积注意力模块CBAM,优化其通道维度和空间维度的特征信息;在颈部网络中添加大尺度浅层特征层,提高对小目标识别精度;采用双向特征金字塔网络BiFPN对不同尺度特征信息进行融合。通过训练和比较,YOLOv4-tiny-Peach模型在测试集下的平均精度AP为87.88%,准确率P为91.81%,召回率R为73.84%,F1值为81.85%,相比于改进前,AP提升5.46%,P提升2.29%,R提升4.09%,F1提升3.44%。为检验改进模型在果园复杂环境下的适应性,在不同数目、不同成熟期和遮挡的情况下对果实图像进行识别,并与原模型识别效果进行对比,结果表明改进模型在三种情况下的识别精度均高于原模型,尤其在大视场和未熟期场景下模型改进效果显著。YOLOv4-tiny-Peach模型占用内存为27.4 MB,识别速度为49.76 fps,适用于农业嵌入式设备。为果园复杂环境下的桃果实自动采摘提供实时精准的目标识别指导。

Infrared Small Target Detection Algorithm Based on ISTD-CenterNet

This paper proposes a real-time detection method to improve the Infrared small target detection CenterNet(ISTD-CenterNet)network for detecting small infrared targets in complex environments.The method eliminates the need for an anchor frame,addressing the issues of low accuracy and slow speed.HRNet is used as the framework for feature extraction,and an ECBAM attention module is added to each stage branch for intelligent identification of the positions of small targets and significant objects.A scale enhancement module is also added to obtain a high-level semantic representation and fine-resolution prediction map for the entire infrared image.Besides,an improved sensory field enhancement module is designed to leverage semantic information in low-resolution feature maps,and a convolutional attention mechanism module is used to increase network stability and convergence speed.Comparison experiments conducted on the infrared small target data set ESIRST.The experiments show that compared to the benchmark network CenterNet-HRNet,the proposed ISTD-CenterNet improves the recall by 22.85%and the detection accuracy by 13.36%.Compared to the state-of-the-art YOLOv5small,the ISTD-CenterNet recall is improved by 5.88%,the detection precision is improved by 2.33%,and the detection frame rate is 48.94 frames/sec,which realizes the accurate real-time detection of small infrared targets.

改进YOLOv7-tiny的无人机目标检测算法

针对无人机视角下小目标难以检测、目标密集和环境复杂导致漏检概率增加的问题,提出一种改进YOLOv7-tiny的无人机目标检测算法。在原主干网络的基础上增加一个并行网络,加强主干网络对特征图信息的提取能力;增加细小目标采样尺度并改进FPN结构,使主干网络输出的特征图可以用于后续上采样和下采样当中,提高网络精度;加入CA注意力机制,优化主干网络输出特征图,减少特征信息损失;使用WIoU损失函数计算定位损失,增强网络对小目标的检测能力。实验结果表明,相较于原算法,改进YOLOv7-tiny算法的准确率和召回率分别提升了2.8和2.7个百分点,mAP@0.5和mAP@0.5:0.95分别提升了3.8和3.2个百分点,有效提高了算法的检测精度。

基于YOLOv7-Tiny算法的无人机实时跟踪野生动物方法

借助无人机边缘计算技术监测野生动物的运动状态和种群发展变化已成为科研工作者广泛使用的技术手段。传统跟踪算法算力高,机载边缘设备硬件资源算力不足,在户外复杂的自然环境下难以实现实时跟踪。为解决野外环境中无人机跟踪野生动物时遇到树木遮挡和背景干扰导致无法准确实时跟踪的问题,选取东北地区东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)、狍(Capreolus pygargus mantschuricus)和驯鹿(Rangifer tarandus phylarchus)为研究对象,以YOLOv7-Tiny+Bot-SORT作为检测跟踪的基础框架,提出了一种轻量化的无人机跟踪算法。首先,采用FasterNet网络减少模型冗余计算,增强特征图中目标区域关注度;其次,采用高效通道注意力机制实现局部跨通道交流,降低复杂环境对检测网络的影响,提升网络检测能力;最后,为降低计算成本,替换重识别网络,提高无人机跟踪速度。结果显示:提出的实时跟踪方法准确度(MOTA)和精确度(MOTP)分别达到79.93%和73.48%,跟踪速度从3.4帧/s提升到43.4帧/s。研究表明,提出的算法不仅在提升跟踪精度和速度方面表现出色,而且更适用于算力有限的边缘设备,为保护野生动物的多样性和群体行为研究提供了强大的技术支持。

基于改进YOLOv7-Tiny的交通多目标检测方法

在复杂的多目标交通环境中存在检测种类多、背景信息繁杂、图像分辨率低不能有效检测等问题,使用常见的目标检测算法不能达到高精度的实时检测效果,因此提出一种改进YOLOv7-Tiny的交通多目标检测算法。改进算法中首先使用部分卷积——PConv替换原始卷积,优化模型参数量和运行速度;其次采用轻量级算子CARAFE替换原有上采样部分的最临近插值,提升特征融合能力;最后采用EfficiCLoss替换原有损失函数,提高边界框的定位精度改善检测目标因遮挡而漏检问题。此外创建一个基于交通复杂场景的多目标数据集,在此数据集上进行实验,结果表明改进后的检测算法相较于原YOLOv7-Tiny网络的mAP提高了4.3%,检测速度提高了12.5%,参数量减少了30%,满足智慧交通实时检测的要求。

A Small Target Detection Method for Sea Surface Based on Guided Filtering and Local Mean Gray Difference

The traditional small target detection algorithm often results in a high false alarm rate on the sea surface background. To address this issue, a small target detection method based on guided filtering and local average gray level difference was proposed in this paper for the sea surface. Firstly, the method enhanced the details of the small targets by employing guided filtering to suppress the background clutter and noise in the sea surface image. Subsequently, the local average gray level difference of each point in the image was calculated to further distinguish the targets from other interference points. Finally, the threshold segmentation method was utilized to obtain the actual small targets on the sea surface. After conducting experiments on various sea surface scenes, the LSCRG, BSF, and ROC curve were computed for the proposed method and five other algorithms. Comparative analysis with BS, Top-hat, TDLMS, Max-median, and LCM demonstrates the superiority of the proposed method for infrared small target detection on the sea surface.

Short-time maritime target detection based on polarization scattering characteristics

In this paper,a detection method combining Cameron decomposition based on polarization scattering characteristics in sea clutter background is proposed.Firstly,the Cameron decomposition is exploited to fuse the radar echoes of full polarization channels at the data level.Due to the artificial material structure on the surface of the target,it can be shown that the non-reciprocity of the target cell is stronger than that of the clutter cell.Then,based on the analysis of the decomposition results,a new feature with scattering geometry characteristics in polarization domain,denoted as Cameron polarization decomposition scattering weight(CPD-SW),is extracted as the test statistic,which can achieve more detailed descriptions of the clutter scattering characteristics utilizing the difference between their scattering types.Finally,the superiority of the proposed CPD-SW detector over traditional detectors in improving detection performance is verified by the IPIX measured dataset,which has strong stability under short-time observation in threshold detection and can also improve the separability of feature space zin anomaly detection.

CAFUNeT:A small infrared target detection method in complex backgrounds

Small infrared target detection has widespread applications in various fields including military,aviation,and medicine.However,detecting small infrared targets in complex backgrounds remains challenging.To detect small infrared targets,we propose a variable-structure U-shaped network referred as CAFUNet.A central differential convolution-based encoder,ASPP,an Attention Fusion module,and a decoder module are the critical components of the CAFUNet.The encoder module based on central difference convolution effectively extracts shallow detail information from infrared images,complemented by rich contextual information obtained from the deep features in the decoder module.However,the direct fusion of the shallow detail features with semantic features may lead to feature mismatch.To address this,we incorporate an Attention Fusion(AF)module to enhance the network performance further.We performed ablation studies on each module to evaluate its effectiveness.The results show that our proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on publicly available datasets.

Investigation and improvement of tiny spot defects on hot-dip galvanized automotive steel sheets

The causes of tiny spot defects on the surface of hot-dip galvanized automotive steel sheets were studied using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS),and effective control measures were introduced.The results show that rubbing against the top roller after galvanizing is easy due to the local thickness of tiny spot defect location coating;therefore,the surface morphology is different from the normal part.Three kinds of defects,namely zinc slag,small slivers,and pitting,are likely to cause local thickening of the coating after galvanizing,leading to the formation of tiny spots.Therefore,resolving the three types of defects can effectively control the generation of tiny spot defects.Among them,due to the hereditary nature of the small sliver defect,focusing on its control and supervision is necessary.

Chemotherapy combined with bevacizumab for small cell lung cancer with brain metastases:A case report

BACKGROUND Small cell lung cancer(SCLC)is a common and aggressive subtype of lung cancer.It is characterized by rapid growth and a high mortality rate.Approximately 10%of patients with SCLC present with brain metastases at the time of diagnosis,which is associated with a median survival of 5 mo.This study aimed to summarize the effect of bevacizumab on the progression-free survival(PFS)and overall survival of patients with brain metastasis of SCLC.CASE SUMMARY A 62-year-old man was referred to our hospital in February 2023 because of dizziness and numbness of the right lower extremity without headache or fever for more than four weeks.The patient was diagnosed with limited-stage SCLC.He received 8 cycles of chemotherapy combined with maintenance bevacizumab therapy and achieved a PFS of over 7 mo.CONCLUSION The combination of bevacizumab and irinotecan effectively alleviated brain metastasis in SCLC and prolonged PFS.

基于YOLOv7-Tiny的改进型城市植物检测算法

城市路边植物的检测与识别是智能洒水车的关键技术。针对路边植被图像检测中的小目标漏检和遮挡问题,提出一种改进型YOLOv7-Tiny的植物检测算法。在创建数据集时,使用相机实景拍摄和图片爬虫抓取方法获取原始数据集,通过LabelImg进行人工标注,并采用mosaic数据增强方法扩充数据集。为兼具准确率和较高检测速度,首先将YOLOv7-Tiny网络作为baseline,在网络的Head部分引入无参数SimAM注意力机制,使网络在不增加模型复杂度的情况下聚焦更多重要的特征信息;其次在网络的Head部分将ACmix替换部分传统卷积,以实现更高效的特征融合;最后在算法中使用SIOU替换原YOLOv7-Tiny网络模型的CIOU来优化损失函数,以减少损失函数的自由度并提升网络鲁棒性。实验表明,改进算法在测试集上的均值平均精度mAP@50:95达到67.2%,相较于YOLOv7-Tiny算法提升3.1%,在保证模型轻量化的同时具有较高的检测精度,可满足智能洒水车轻量化植物检测的准确度和速度要求。

基于改进YOLOv7-tiny的橡胶密封圈缺陷检测方法

针对橡胶密封圈表面缺陷传统检测效率低下的问题,提出一种改进YOLOv7-tiny的橡胶密封圈表面缺陷检测算法。在主干特征提取网络中引入PConv优化ELAN结构,增强算法特征提取能力,并减少参数量;在特征融合网络中引入全局注意力机制(GAM),利用每一对三维通道、空间宽度和空间高度之间的注意力权重,在3个维度上捕捉重要特征来提高效率,增强算法特征融合能力;使用WIoU损失函数优化原边界框损失函数,通过符合情况的梯度增益分配策略,增强算法对检测目标的定位能力;增加P2小目标检测层,加强深层与浅层特征信息的融合,增强算法对小目标缺陷的检测能力。在O-Rings数据集进行实验对比,改进后的算法与YOLOv7-tiny算法比较,mAP提升了7.8%,达到了90.9%的检测精度,能够满足实际工业生产需求。

改进YOLOv7-tiny的轻量级红外车辆目标检测算法

为了解决红外场景下车辆检测算法参数量与计算量大、识别精度低、小目标检测难度大的问题,提出了一种改进YOLOv7-tiny的轻量级红外车辆目标检测算法:KD-YOLO-DW。通过融合深度可分离卷积提出了ELAN-DW模块,极大地降低了网络参数量与计算量。通过在特征融合层引入GhostNet V2模块,提高了不同尺度特征的融合能力。采用动态非单调FM的WIoU损失函数,解决了红外数据集难易样本不平衡的问题,提高了轻量级算法对红外弱小目标的检测能力。联合残差思想提出跨尺度融合策略,提高了轻量级算法对不同尺度目标的检测效果,降低了小目标的漏检率。通过知识蒸馏对轻量化模型再次浓缩,进一步提高了模型对检测红外目标的准确性。实验结果表明,KD-YOLO-DW模型在参数量与计算量方面分别较YOLOv7-tiny模型下降了24.6%和16.7%,模型大小仅为9.2 MB,mAP分别提高了3.27和3.15个百分点,拥有更小的模型体积与更好的检测效果。

基于改进YOLOv7-tiny的番茄叶片病虫害检测方法

为解决自然环境中番茄叶片病虫害检测场景复杂、检测精度较低,计算复杂度高等问题,该研究提出一种SLPYOLOv7-tiny的深度学习算法。首先,将主干特征提取网络中部分3×3的卷积Conv2D(2D convolution)改为分布偏移卷积DSConv2D(2D Depthwise Separable Convolution),以减少网络的计算量,并且使计算速度更快,占用内存更少;其次,将无参数注意力机制(parameter-free attention module,SimAM)融合到骨干特征提取网络中,加强模型对病虫害特征的有效提取能力和特征整合能力;最后,将原始YOLOv7-tiny的CIOU损失函数,更替为Focal-EIOU损失函数,加快模型收敛并降低损失值。试验结果表明,SLP-YOLOv7-tiny模型整体识别精准度、召回率、平均精度均值mAP_(0.5)(IOU阈值为0.5时的平均精度)、mAP_(0.5~0.95)(IOU阈值从0.5到0.95之间的平均精度)分别为95.9%、94.6%、98.0%、91.4%,与改进前YOLOv7-tiny相比,分别提升14.7、29.2、20.2、30个百分点,同时,计算量降低了62.6%。与YOLOv5n、YOLOv5s、YOLOv5m、YOLOv7、YOLOv7-tiny、Faster-RCNN、SSD目标检测模型相比,mAP_(0.5)分别提升了2.0、1.6、2.0、2.2、20.2、6.1和5.3个百分点,而计算量大小仅为YOLOv5s、YOLOv5m、YOLOv7、Faster-RCNN、SSD的31.5%、10.6%、4.9%、4.3%、3.8%。结果表明SLP-YOLOv7-tiny可以准确快速地实现番茄叶片病虫害的检测,且模型较小,可为番茄叶片病虫害的快速精准检测的发展提供一定的技术支持。

基于改进YOLO v7-tiny的甜椒畸形果识别算法

甜椒在生长发育过程中容易产生畸形果,机器代替人工对甜椒畸形果识别和摘除一方面可提高甜椒品质和产量,另一方面可解决当前人工成本过高、效率低下等问题。为实现机器人对甜椒果实的识别,提出了一种基于改进YOLO v7-tiny目标检测模型,用于区分正常生长和畸形生长的甜椒果实。将无参数注意力机制(Parameter-free attention module,SimAM)融合到骨干特征提取网络中,增强模型的特征提取和特征整合能力;用Focal-EIOU(Focal and efficient intersection over union)损失替换原损失函数CIOU(Complete intersection over union),加快模型收敛并降低损失值;使用SiLU激活函数代替原网络中的Leaky ReLU,增强模型的非线性特征提取能力。试验结果表明,改进后的模型整体识别精确度、召回率、平均精度均值(Mean average precision,mAP)mAP0.5、mAP0.5-0.95分别为99.1%、97.8%、98.9%、94.5%,与改进前相比,分别提升5.4、4.7、2.4、10.7个百分点,模型内存占用量为10.6 MB,单幅图像检测时间为4.2 ms。与YOLO v7、Scaled-YOLO v4、YOLOR-CSP等目标检测模型相比,模型在F1值上与YOLO v7相同,相比Scaled-YOLO v4、YOLOR-CSP分别提升0.7、0.2个百分点,在mAP0.5-0.95上分别提升0.6、1.2、0.2个百分点,而内存占用量仅为上述模型的14.2%、10.0%、10.0%。本文所提出的模型实现了小体量而高精度,便于在移动端进行部署,为后续机械化采摘和品质分级提供技术支持。

基于改进YOLOv4-Tiny模型的红外弱小目标检测

针对复杂环境下红外弱小目标检测查准率与查全率低的问题,采用改进的YOLOv4-Tiny模型提出一种新的红外弱小目标检测方法。以轻量化的目标检测神经网络YOLOv4-Tiny模型为基础,该模型在训练难度与检测性能2方面取得了较好的权衡。对YOLOv4-Tiny模型的特征提取部分进行了修改,通过增加卷积层数与卷积核尺寸来增加红外图像特征提取的信息量,避免忽略弱小目标的有用信息;对YOLOv4-Tiny模型的激活函数进行了修改,提高对弱小目标的细节学习能力。在多个红外弱小目标数据集上的实验结果表明,相较于原YOLOv4-Tiny模型和其他对比模型,所提方法对红外弱小目标的检测取得了明显的性能提升,可较好地兼顾检测性能与检测效率。