Empirical Research on the Credit Demand and Credit Behavior of Small and Micro Enterprises

This article uses discriminant sampling method to select 1062 small and micro enterprises from 25 provinces in China. Researches were conducted on their credit demand and credit behavior, with the Probit model to carry out metrologic tests on influential factors of these enterprises' credit demand and credit behavior.The metrologic analysis shows: Literacy level of leader, asset size, annual revenue of the enterprises have significantly positive effects on the credit demand of these small and micro enterprises. Annual revenue has significantly negative influence on overall credit behavior and the occurrence of informal financial behavior, but significantly positive influence on the occurrence of formal financial behavior. Literacy level of staff and asset size of enterprises have significantly positive influence on the occurrence of the overall credit behavior of small and micro enterprises.

Analysis on Risk Prevention Mechanism for Farmers' Default in Small Amount Credit

Through analysis, it is believed that major reasons for default risks in operation of small amount credit include low management level and vacancy of normative system, vacancy of risk sharing mechanism, rating distortion due to imperfect credit investigation system, and uncertainty of borrower's credit. On the basis of these, static and dynamic models are established to analyze the prevention mechanism for default risk in small amount credit. It is concluded that we must establish a restriction mechanism during operation of small amount credit as long as three values increase, namely, N (potential loss of bad credit record due to farmers' default), Q (probability of successful recovery by small amount credit institution), and S (cost of small amount credit institution punishing farmers after successful recovery). Finally, following countermeasures and suggestions are put forward: perfect laws and regulations and credit reward and punishment mechanism for risk management of small amount credit; bring into play proper function of loan officer in small amount credit practice; widely promote rural "Group Credit Union" system.

Risk Control Strategies for Loan of Commercial Banks to Small Agricultural Enterprises

In recent years,the deepening of reform has provided larger development space for small agricultural enterprises. Besides,with flexible operation mechanism and sensitive market perception,small agricultural enterprises have also enriched the reform achievements,improved the market structure and promoted economic development. Therefore,attaching great importance to small agricultural enterprises and supporting their healthy development have become the key tasks of each country. However,at the current stage,small agricultural enterprises in China are facing tremendous survival pressure. Because their capital is limited,the capital turnover is difficult. In this situation,financing has become an important means for small agricultural enterprises to revitalize the capital chain,expand the scale,and ensure normal operation.Compared with large and medium sized enterprises,small agricultural enterprises are small in size,imperfect in operation system,and weak in the ability of coping with market risks. Thus,commercial banks take on more risks when lending to small agricultural enterprises. To cater to state policies,commercial banks have to lend to small agricultural enterprises. In this process,it is particularly important for commercial banks to control risks. Taking some commercial banks in Xiangyang City of Hubei Province as an example,this paper analyzed the loan contracts provided by commercial banks for small agricultural enterprises and the investigation of financial status and credit status of loans before and after lending. It is found that commercial banks seldom check the financial statements when checking the operation status of small agricultural enterprises. They just check electricity fees,water fees,and wages,which are real-time and provided by the authority to accurately grasp the operation conditions. It has also been found that commercial banks will ensure that enterprises can possess the capital flow to reduce loan risks through requiring enterprises to set up fund withdraw accounts,and taking accounts receivable of enterprises as pledges.

A Study on Empowerment of Rural Women Through Microcredit Facilities in Sri Lanka

This study seeks to examine the impact of micro credit facilities on women empowerment in the context of the great importance being given to the entrepreneurs. Access to credit can help women by enabling them to start and expand small businesses, often accompanied by market access. This study has the research problem--whether the micro credit facilitates in empowering women entrepreneurs in the rural areas of Sri Lanka. Therefore, the study has the primary objective to identify the impact of micro credit on empowerment and the sub to assess the relationship among them. The study adopts a causal survey research design through which 337 members of microfinance institutions （MFIs） in the study area of Northern Province in Sri Lanka were selected using stratified random sampling and data collected from them by using a structured questionnaire. Correlation and regression analysis has been used to find out the impact of micro credit facilities on empowerment of women entrepreneurs in the rural areas of Sri Lanka. Linear multiple regression analysis was used to determine the micro credit facilities that affect women empowerment by using SPSS. The model summary indicates that 10.9% of the variation in the women empowerment can be explained for the micro credit facilities and remaining 89.1% influencing by other factors, such as education, experience, income, etc. The study concluded that micro credit facilities alone do not support the entrepreneurs to enhance them and it makes the policy recommendations to guide development of micro credit facilities that are beneficial to the clients and other stakeholders of the MFI institutions.

Trade Credit in the Crisis： Selling or Financing？

The work investigates the use of trade credit in Italy for reasons of a financial nature. The analysis considers Italian small and medium-sized enterprises （SMEs） and investigates, over the years of 2009-2011： the existence of functional relationships between the incidence of trade receivables and payables and corporate profitability; the existence of interdependencies between trade credit policy and trade debt policy; and the coexistence of interchangeable and complementary conditions between trade debts and bank loans and other sources of funding. To verify the research hypotheses, linear regression models on a yearly basis are used and these models are put under observation over the years of 2009-2011. We can conclude that there are interdependencies between trade credit policy and trade debt policy and that trade credit is a source of flexible way of financing, also available in periods of crisis, which has a positive effect on the profitability of SMEs and can be utilized as a complementary and substitute source of financing to bank loans.

数字普惠金融服务小微企业融资研究--以全国首个小微企业数字征信实验区为例

数字普惠金融将数字技术与普惠金融深度融合,为纾解小微企业融资困境提供了可行的新路。根据对全国首个小微企业数字征信实验区的案例剖析和区内588家小微企业的问卷调查结果,小微企业融资行为符合普惠金融“短、小、频、急”的典型特征,融资方式以信用贷款为主,资金用途多样,但是信息和信用不对称制约其融资可得性。实验区以服务小微企业为中心,构建综合金融服务体系、全国首个区块链数字征信平台、金融科技创新监管试点“三位一体”的运行模式,充分发挥了数字普惠金融的赋能效应。但是,要复制、推广实验区的建设经验,仍面临一些制约因素,因此要完善相关法律法规,稳步扩大金融科技创新监管试点,深化数字技术和数据要素融合应用,探索构建全国互联互通的数字征信平台和数字普惠金融“元宇宙”,以期在更大范围更好地服务小微企业融资和实体经济高质量发展。

中小企业融资难背景下的商业银行信用风险缓释行为研究:信用风险转移or贷款出售?

在面临高风险的中小企业贷款时,商业银行如何签订信用衍生产品合约来缓解自身信用风险,进而在支持中小企业和民营企业融资时实现自身的最大效用,成为商业银行支持中小企业融资需要重点考虑的问题。本文将信用风险转移工具与贷款出售相结合,比较了存在道德风险与不存在道德风险情况下商业银行的效用差异。理论模型分析表明,当不存在道德风险时,贷款出售市场会保证商业银行实现贷款的期望收益;但监管成本的存在使得信用风险转移工具的使用效用低于贷款的预期收益,且合约支付没有呈现出状态分离特征,商业银行会倾向于使用贷款出售来转移信用风险。在存在道德风险时,贷款出售市场并没有完全对冲商业银行的信用风险;而对于信用风险转移工具而言,当信用风险缓释工具卖方资产管理能力非常强,且大于监管惩罚的期望值时,商业银行能够获得高于贷款预期收益的效用,信用风险转移工具是更优的选择。

货币政策和小微企业“融资难”——基于央行担保品渠道的实证

为缓解小微企业融资难,央行对中期借贷便利(MLF)担保品进行了扩容。利用MLF担保品扩容这一准自然实验,收集并匹配了银行间债券市场和新三板市场的小微企业数据,使用双重机器学习方法扩展现有三重差分模型,研究MLF担保品扩容对缓解小微企业融资难的效果。研究发现,央行对MLF担保品扩容显著缓解了符合条件的小微企业融资难问题,提高了小微企业信贷的可获得性;MLF担保品扩容对高科技型企业的效果优于非高科技型企业。

数据要素跨部门共享能缓解中小企业融资约束吗?——基于“银税互动”的准自然实验

打破“政府数据孤岛”是新时代建设全国统一大市场的必然要求,数据要素如何服务微观企业成长构成经济社会高质量发展的关键环节。依托“银税互动”平台,数据要素可通过跨部门共享释放金融动能继而影响中小企业的融资约束。借助我国各地市陆续实施“银税互动”的准自然实验,以2009—2022年中小企业板和创业板上市公司为样本,研究政府数据跨部门共享对中小企业融资约束的影响及作用机理,并进行不同产权性质和金融资源发达程度的异质性分析。结果表明:相较于所在地未实施“银税互动”的中小企业,所在地实施“银税互动”的中小企业的融资约束问题得到显著缓解,且该结论在经过一系列稳健性检验和内生性分析后依然成立。机制检验结果表明,“银税互动”通过降低中小企业与银行之间的信息不对称程度、改善中小企业与银行之间的委托代理问题和提振其他利益相关者对中小企业未来发展信心的机制实现缓解效果,且该缓解效果在非国有中小企业和所在地金融资源匮乏的中小企业中更为明显。研究成果表明,以“银税互动”为典型的数据要素跨部门共享实践有助于中小企业高质量发展,不仅对“银税互动”和企业融资约束的学术研究作出了重要拓展,同时为党和国家不断健全数据要素市场化配置体制机制提供了政策参考。

征信服务平台奖惩机制下小微企业融资三方演化博弈及仿真分析

当前,我国小微企业融资主要以抵押贷款为主。在信用经济的背景下,如何发挥小微企业信用价值,进而以“信用”换贷款是解决小微企业融资难的关键。通过构建“小微企业—商业银行—征信服务平台”的三方演化博弈模型,探究征信服务平台能否改变小微企业融资形势,从而为激发民营经济更多活力提供政策支持。研究结果表明:征信服务平台通过建立合理的奖惩机制,满足对小微企业的奖惩之和大于贷款本金的条件,才能保证演化稳定市场环境下的小微企业获得高效融资。基于此,利用Matlab2022b进行仿真分析,提出相应的政策建议,具体包括:一是建设全国统一的征信服务平台;二是建立守信联合激励和失信联合惩戒长效机制;三是推出多种类、有特色的小额信用贷款产品。

混合增强型机器学习算法在稀土供应链金融中评价中小企业信用风险的研究

稀土是支撑高端技术创新和新能源产业发展的关键原材料之一,研究解决稀土供应链中小企业融资困难的问题,做强我国稀土产业链,更好地维护国家战略利益是当务之急。供应链金融作为创新型融资方式成为实现中小企业融资授信的一种主要手段,但其中信用风险问题成为融资决策中需解决的最关键问题之一。本文提出了一种混合增强型机器学习算法,首先采用动态透镜成像反向学习改进的海洋捕食者算法(IMPA)对支持向量机算法(SVM)进行优化,再采用AdaBoost算法对优化后的SVM进行集成,建立AdaBoost-IMPA-SVM模型。采用该模型对供应链金融风险进行评价,重新建立供应链金融风险体系指标,通过相关性分析进行特效选取,并从计算机通信及其他制造业选取52家中国上市中小企业2019—2021年期间140个样本作为特征变量输入模型。仿真实验结果验证了该模型相较于其他信用风险评价模型具有更好的分类识别性能。

大数据背景下中小企业信用信息平台的建设研究

文章探讨了大数据背景下中小企业信用信息平台的建设策略,强调了数据源多元化、高级数据处理技术、用户体验优化、数据安全与隐私保护以及持续更新与动态监测的重要性。文章指出,通过整合多元化的数据源和应用先进的数据处理技术,可以提高信用评估的准确性和效率。同时,优化用户体验和接口友好性,加强数据安全和隐私保护,以及建立持续更新与动态监测机制,是确保信用信息平台长期有效运行的关键。文章最后强调,构建信用信息平台需要多方共同努力,以确保数据安全和隐私保护,促进中小企业健康发展。

银行数字化发展能助力小微企业纾困解难吗--来自城商行的经验证据

本文选取城商行数据为研究样本,研究了商业银行数字化发展对小微企业信贷供给的影响。研究发现,商业银行数字化发展与小微企业信贷供给之间呈现U型关系,随着商业银行数字化程度加深,其对小微企业的信贷供给呈现先降后升的趋势。究其原因:银行数字化发展初期投入成本高、公众认可度不高等因素抑制了数字化作用的发挥;随着银行数字化程度不断提升,数字化降低贷后风险和拓展服务渠道的作用逐渐显现,从而促进小微企业信贷供给的增加。同时,商业银行数字化发展对小微企业信贷供给的影响存在区域异质性。进一步研究发现:人民银行实施定向降准政策可以使得银行数字化发展对于小微企业信贷供给由抑制作用转为促进作用的拐点提前到来,对U型关系具有正向调节作用。

数字普惠金融对银行小微信贷供给的影响研究

数字普惠金融的发展让小微企业融资难题得到了一定程度的缓解,但其如何影响银行对小微企业的信贷供给、银行对小微企业的信贷供给还受哪些因素的影响有待深入研究。基于2012—2020年31个省份的面板数据,构建双向固定效应模型,对数字普惠金融、区域创新水平、市场化程度、银行小微企业信贷四者之间的关系进行深入研究。研究结果表明:第一,数字普惠金融显著促进了银行小微企业信贷供给,其中,数字普惠金融覆盖广度和使用深度对银行小微企业信贷供给具有显著的正向影响,数字化程度对银行小微企业信贷供给影响不显著,在考虑内生性问题、剔除样本、替换核心被解释变量后这一结论依然稳健;第二,数字普惠金融通过提升区域创新水平促进银行小微企业信贷供给;第三,在市场化程度较低和金融监管强度较高的地区,数字普惠金融对银行小微企业信贷供给促进作用更显著。

一种基于同态加密的小微企业联合信用评估机制

随着数字经济发展,用电数据作为小微企业的重要经营数据,具有时效性强、真实度高、覆盖面广的优势,可以弥补小微企业资金和财务信息的空白,为小微企业征信提供了一种新型解决方案。但高价值的征信数据属于各行业的商业机密,在电力金融跨域联合征信过程中,各方对客户数据都拥有保密心理,造成数据共享与隐私保护两者之间的矛盾。目前的数据共享方案存在计算繁琐、流程复杂度高等问题,需要引入轻量级数据共享隐私保护方案。因此,文章提出一种基于BGN同态加密计算的小微企业联合信用评估机制,通过电力企业与金融企业的数据共享,构建联合信用评估指标体系,以BGN同态加密算法为安全保障,在隐私保护的前提下获得小微企业的信用等级,在小微企业融资风险评估领域具有重要的参考意义与应用价值。

政企关系与小微企业融资可得性研究--基于中国小微企业调查(CMES)的经验证据

基于小微企业融资约束背景,以中国家庭金融调查与研究中心发布的2015年中国小微企业的调研数据为样本数据,实证检验政企关系对小微企业融资可得性的影响。研究发现:良好的政企关系能够显著提高小微企业银行信贷融资可获得性,但不能显著提高小微企业民间信贷融资可获得性。因此,小微企业融资约束影响因素的确认,可为小微企业与政府机构建立新型政商关系提供事实依据。

供应链金融视角下新能源汽车制造业信用风险传导及防范

供应链金融作为中小企业融资的重要途径,能够帮助企业缓解融资困难,但同时存在的信用风险不容忽视。本文通过分析供应链金融视角下新能源汽车制造业中供应链金融的三种融资模式,结合新能源汽车制造业的发展特点,总结不同模式下信用风险的来源,从直接业务关系和间接关系两个角度探讨供应链金融中信用风险的传导机制,并提出提高中小企业风险抵御能力、提高核心企业贷款担保能力、提高三方平台信息共享能力、提高物流企业质押物管理能力、深化金融机构信用风险监管能力的防范建议,进而促进供应链金融健康发展。

信用评价在小水电行业管理中的应用

近年来,社会信用体系建设已成为国家实现治理能力和治理体系现代化水平的有效途径,是完善社会主义市场经济体制的重要举措,研究信用评价体系对于小水电行业监管具有重要意义。文章以小水电安全评价和生态流量监管为基础,涵盖安全评价、生态评价、管理评价、社会评价,创新建立符合行业自身特点的水电信用评价体系,依托数字化平台进行赋分,并积极探索在行业管理、企业经营、金融及社会服务等方面的应用,为信用监管提供更精准的依据。

台湾信保基金发展模式对省域政府性融资担保体系建设的经验与启示

为支持中小企业融资,20世纪70年代我国台湾地区设立了政策性中小企业信用保证基金,其独特的机制设计形成了政府、银行和担保机构合力助推中小企业发展的良性格局,对促进区域经济复苏、应对经济周期波动起到了保障支撑作用。为研究台湾地区信保基金发展模式,总结提炼经验做法,本文系统阐述了台湾信保基金治理结构、业务发展、风险管理、银担合作、配套制度等情况,梳理了典型经验与运营成效,比较了台湾地区和中国内地省域政府性融资担保发展特点,并提出完善省域政府性融资担保体系的政策建议。

地方政府债务治理与中小银行风险承担

地方政府债务治理对于维护金融系统稳定、避免发生系统性金融风险具有重要作用。本文以地方政府债务管理制度框架的建立作为准自然实验,基于2013—2018年全国232家地方性中小银行数据,采用倾向得分匹配双重差分(PSM-DID)模型实证检验了地方政府债务治理对中小银行风险承担的影响及机制。研究结果表明:地方政府债务治理提高了中小银行风险承担水平,并且这种影响存在滞后效应,该结果在经过内生性处理和一系列稳健性检验后仍然成立。异质性分析结果表明,相较于农村商业银行,城市商业银行的风险承担水平受地方政府债务治理的影响更大。机制分析结果表明,地方政府债务治理通过增加中小银行信贷占比提高中小银行风险承担水平。PPP项目进一步强化了地方政府债务治理对中小银行风险承担水平的提升效应。本文的研究为理解地方政府债务治理的影响及其对金融系统稳定的作用提供了经验证据。