Intrusion Detection Model Using Chaotic MAP for Network Coding Enabled Mobile Small Cells

Wireless Network security management is difficult because of the ever-increasing number of wireless network malfunctions,vulnerabilities,and assaults.Complex security systems,such as Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS),are essential due to the limitations of simpler security measures,such as cryptography and firewalls.Due to their compact nature and low energy reserves,wireless networks present a significant challenge for security procedures.The features of small cells can cause threats to the network.Network Coding(NC)enabled small cells are vulnerable to various types of attacks.Avoiding attacks and performing secure“peer”to“peer”data transmission is a challenging task in small cells.Due to the low power and memory requirements of the proposed model,it is well suited to use with constrained small cells.An attacker cannot change the contents of data and generate a new Hashed Homomorphic Message Authentication Code(HHMAC)hash between transmissions since the HMAC function is generated using the shared secret.In this research,a chaotic sequence mapping based low overhead 1D Improved Logistic Map is used to secure“peer”to“peer”data transmission model using lightweight H-MAC(1D-LM-P2P-LHHMAC)is proposed with accurate intrusion detection.The proposed model is evaluated with the traditional models by considering various evaluation metrics like Vector Set Generation Accuracy Levels,Key Pair Generation Time Levels,Chaotic Map Accuracy Levels,Intrusion Detection Accuracy Levels,and the results represent that the proposed model performance in chaotic map accuracy level is 98%and intrusion detection is 98.2%.The proposed model is compared with the traditional models and the results represent that the proposed model secure data transmission levels are high.

Chemotherapy combined with bevacizumab for small cell lung cancer with brain metastases:A case report

BACKGROUND Small cell lung cancer(SCLC)is a common and aggressive subtype of lung cancer.It is characterized by rapid growth and a high mortality rate.Approximately 10%of patients with SCLC present with brain metastases at the time of diagnosis,which is associated with a median survival of 5 mo.This study aimed to summarize the effect of bevacizumab on the progression-free survival(PFS)and overall survival of patients with brain metastasis of SCLC.CASE SUMMARY A 62-year-old man was referred to our hospital in February 2023 because of dizziness and numbness of the right lower extremity without headache or fever for more than four weeks.The patient was diagnosed with limited-stage SCLC.He received 8 cycles of chemotherapy combined with maintenance bevacizumab therapy and achieved a PFS of over 7 mo.CONCLUSION The combination of bevacizumab and irinotecan effectively alleviated brain metastasis in SCLC and prolonged PFS.

Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Vulva: Case Report and Literature Review

Background: Neuroendocrine neoplasms are those that develop from a neuroendocrine cell. They most commonly affect the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas, being rare conditions in the female genital tract. When present, these neoplasms often manifest with nonspecific signs and symptoms such as pain, itching, swelling, single-focus lesions, bleeding, and enlargement of inguinal lymph nodes, in addition to the presence of progressively enlarging vulvar nodules. Consequently, the diagnostic investigation involves histopathological examination and confirmation through immunohistochemistry. Objective: To present a comprehensive understanding of this rarely studied pathology. The primary objective is to provide valuable insights that could aid in the future development of universally applicable treatment guidelines. Case Presentation: A 57-year-old female, with no prior comorbidities, menopause at 36, who presented with a left vulvar nodule accompanied by intense pain and swelling, later diagnosed with small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma in the vulva. Conclusion: This case report highlights the importance of enhancing our knowledge regarding small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma in the vulva, given its scarcity in medical literature. The information presented here underscores the need for standardized diagnostic and treatment approaches, paving the way for future consensus on managing this uncommon but challenging neoplasm.

Analysis and Review of Downregulated Actin Cytoskeletal Proteins in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Actin, a highly conserved protein, plays a dominant role in Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Late diagnosis and the aggressive nature of NSCLC pose a significant threat. Studying the clinic pathological properties of NSCLC proteins is a potential alternative for developing treatment strategies. Towards this, 35 downregulated actin cytoskeletal proteins on NSCLC prognosis and treatment were studied by examining their protein-protein interactions, gene ontology enrichment terms, and signaling pathways. Using PubMed, various proteins in NSCLC were identified. The protein-protein interactions and functional associations of these proteins were examined using the STRING database. The focal adhesion signaling pathway was selected from all available KEGG and Wiki pathways because of its role in regulating gene expression, facilitating cell movement and reproduction, and significantly impacting NSCLC. The protein-protein interaction network of the 35 downregulated actin cytoskeleton proteins revealed that ACTG1, ACTR2, ACTR3, ANXA2, ARPC4, FLNA, TLN1, CALD1, MYL6, MYH9, MYH10, TPM1, TPM3, TPM4, PFN1, IQGAP1, MSN, and ZXY exhibited the highest number of interactions. Whereas HSPB1, CTNNA1, KRT17, KRT7, FLNB, SEPT2, and TUBA1B displayed medium interactions, while UTRN, TUBA1B, and DUSP23 had relatively fewer interactions. It was discovered that focal adhesions are critical in connecting membrane receptors with the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, protein kinases, phosphatases, and adapter proteins were identified as key signaling molecules in this process, greatly influencing cell shape, motility, and gene expression. Our analysis shows that the focal adhesion pathway plays a crucial role in NSCLC and is essential for developing effective treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.

Pang Fuwan Uses Yao Medicine to Observe the Therapeutic Effects on the Physical and Mental Symptoms of Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Objective: Investigate the efficacy and safety of Yao Medicine in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma, and explore the best therapeutic measure for clinical benefit. Methods: From July 2020 to July 2022, 84 patients with advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma were selected and randomly divided into the Observation Group and control group, and the control group was treated with routine Western medicine, with 42 cases in each group. The activity of daily living (ADL) was assessed before and after treatment, meanwhile, the self-rating depression scale (SDS) and self-rating anxiety SAS (SAS) were used to assess the improvement of a bad mood, and quality of life SF-36 was used to assess the quality of life, to judge the efficacy and safety. Results: The effective rate of observation group was 91.67%. The effective rate of the control group was 76.19%. The effective rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P 0.05). There were no significant differences in the scores of SDS, SAS and quality of life between the two groups before treatment (P > 0.05), and after treatment, the scores of SDS, SAS and quality of life in the two groups were compared with those in the control group (P > 0.05), the scores of VAS, SDS and SAS decreased significantly, while ESCV, angle of straight leg elevation, ADL, physiological score, emotional score, social score and health status score increased significantly, the difference was statistically significant (P 0.05). Conclusion: Yao Medicine can improve the psychosomatic symptoms of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma better, with better efficacy and higher safety.

Primary Ovarian Small Cell Carcinoma of Pulmonary Type: Analysis of 6 Cases and Review of 31 Cases in the Literatures

Objective Primary ovarian small cell carcinoma of pulmonary type(SCCOPT)is a rare ovarian tumor with a poor prognosis.The platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard treatment.However,there is little research on the clinical characteristics of SCCOPT and the potential benefits of other treatments due to its low incidence.The study aims to investigate clinicopathological characteristics and treatment of SCCOPT.Methods We summarized the clinical,imaging,laboratorical and pathological characteristics of 37 SCCOPT cases,in which 6 cases were admitted to the Gansu Provincial Hospital from the year of 2008 to 2022 and 31 cases reported in 17 English and 3 Chinese literatures.Results The median age of the studied SCCOPT cases(n=37)was 56.00(range,22-80)years.Almost 80%of them had a stageⅢorⅣtumor.All patients underwent an operation and postoperative chemotherapy.Nevertheless,all cases had a poor prognosis,with a median overall survival time of 12 months.Immunohistochemical y,the SCCOPT of all patients showed positive expressions of epithelial markers,such as CD56 and sex-determining region of Y chromosome-related high-mobility-group box 2(SOX-2),and negative expressions of estrogen receptor,progesterone receptor,vimentin,Leu-7,and somatostatin receptor 2.The tumor of above 80%cases expressed synaptophysin.Only a few cases expressed neuron-specific enolase,chromogranin A,and thyroid transcription factor-1.Conclusions SCCOPT had a poor prognosis.SOX-2 could be a biomarker to be used to diagnose SCCOPT.

Envafolimab combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of combined small cell lung cancer: A case report

BACKGROUND Combined small cell lung cancer(C-SCLC) is a special subtype of small cell lung cancer that is relatively rare, aggressive, and prone to early metastasis and has a poor prognosis. Currently, there are limited studies on C-SCLC, and there is no uniform standard treatment, especially for extensive C-SCLC, which still faces great challenges. In recent years, the development and progress of immunotherapy have provided more possibilities for the treatment of C-SCLC. We used immunotherapy combined with first-line chemotherapy to treat extensive-stage C-SCLC to explore its antitumor activity and safety.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of C-SCLC that presented early with adrenal, rib, and mediastinal lymph node metastases. The patient received carboplatin and etoposide with concurrent initiation of envafolimab. After 6 cycles of chemotherapy, the lung lesion was significantly reduced, and the comprehensive efficacy evaluation showed a partial response. No serious drug-related adverse events occurred during the treatment, and the drug regimen was well tolerated.CONCLUSION Envafolimab combined with carboplatin and etoposide in the treatment of extensive-stage C-SCLC has preliminary antitumor activity and good safety and tolerability.

Synchronous multiple lung cancers with hilar lymph node metastasis of small cell carcinoma:A case report

BACKGROUND Synchronous multiple lung cancers are rare and refer to the simultaneous presence of two or more primary lung tumors,which present significant challenges in terms of diagnosis and treatment.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of multiple synchronous lung cancers with hilar lymph node metastasis of small cell carcinoma of unknown origin in a 73-year-old man.Transbronchial lung biopsy revealed squamous cell carcinoma.Although enlargement of lymph node 12u was detected,no distant metastases were observed.The patient was preoperatively diagnosed with T1cN0M0 and underwent thoracoscopic right upper lobectomy with nodal dissection(ND2a).Based on histopathological findings,the primary lesion was squamous cell carcinoma.A microinvasive adenocarcinoma was also observed on the cranial side of the primary lesion.Tumors were detected in two resected lymph nodes(#12u and#11s).Both tumors were pathologically diagnosed as small cell carcinomas.The primary lesion of the small cell carcinoma could not be identified even by whole-body imaging;however,chemotherapy was initiated for hilar lymph node metastasis of the small cell carcinoma of unknown origin.CONCLUSION Multiple synchronous lung cancers can be accompanied by hilar lymph node metastasis of small cell carcinomas of unknown origin.

A Review of the Impact of PD-L1 Expression on the Prognosis of Small Cell Lung Cancer

Small cell lung cancer is an invasive neuroendocrine carcinoma with early metastasis potential. It tends to grow rapidly and metastasize early, with the majority of patients diagnosed as advanced stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). Systemic treatment consisting of platinum drugs and etoposide chemotherapy is the main treatment method, although the objective effective rate of this combination is 60% - 80%. However, most SCLC patients experience disease progression shortly after initial treatment, with a median overall survival of 10 months. There are few second-line treatment drugs available, and immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors has completely changed the treatment of many cancer types. Adding immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) to conventional chemotherapy as first-line treatment can improve the survival rate of widespread small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC), but so far, there are no definitive factors to determine patients who are more likely to benefit from immunotherapy. This review summarizes the results of immunotherapy trials for small cell lung cancer. And a review was conducted on the predictive factors of these trials, with special emphasis on the expression of PD-L1 in small cell lung cancer to determine its clinical value.

Research Progress of Anti-Angiogenic Drugs in First-Line Treatment of Small Cell Lung Cancer

Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) is a low-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor with rapid growth, early metastasis and sensitivity to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. It is highly recurrence rate. And there is lacking effective treatment now. As an active research direction at present, anti-angiogenic drugs are not only widely used in non-small cell lung cancer and other tumors, but also have certain effects in small cell lung cancer combined with chemotherapy. As one of the effective treatment methods for small cell lung cancer, related research is not rare, but there is still inadequacy, such as side effects can not be tolerated, and the timing of treatment can not be accurately assessed. This article will briefly describe the research progress of anti-angiogenic drugs combined with chemotherapy in the first-line treatment of extensive small cell lung cancer.

Small Cell Lymphoma of the Gastrocnemius Muscle: A Case Report

Introduction: The primary localization of non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the muscle is rare. Only the biopsy allows the certainty diagnosis. The aim was to report a first case of small cell lymphoma of the gastrocnemius in Mali and to do a review of the literature. Clinical Observation: It was about a 34-year-old woman who consulted 3 months after the onset of symptoms for swelling and pain in the left calf. On clinical examination there was a hard, painful and warm mass in the left calf, with paresthesias in the tibial nerve territory associated with partial functional impotence of the leg. The ultrasound revealed a hyper echogenic and heterogeneous non-vascularized mass of the left gastrocnemius muscle measuring 65 × 45 × 40 mm non-vascularized on color Doppler and pulsed in favor of myositis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) concluded in a well-limited heterogeneous cystic mass in the left gastrocnemius muscle respecting the bone of benign appearance: remodeled Baker’s cyst? Considering the radioclinical unconformity, thoraco-abdominal CT was performed and revealed pulmonary metastasis. The biopsy carried out concluded with a small cell lymphoma of the gastrocnemial muscle. Marginal resection was performed associated with adjuvant chemotherapy. The advancement at 9 months was satisfactory.

Is there a place for optimizing thoracic radiotherapy in limited-stage small cell lung cancer after twenty years?

Thoracic radiotherapy(TRT)is one of the main treatments in limited-stage small cell lung cancer(LS-SCLC).Hyperfractionated TRT(45 Gy,1.5 Gy twice daily)has been the standard of care(SOC)since Turrisi and colleagues published the results of their clinical trial in 1999.Two meta-analyses have demonstrated the benefits of concurrent chemotherapy and TRT in terms of intrathoracic disease control at 2 years and 3-year overall survival(OS).The phase 2 trial by Grønberg et al(2016)comparing once-daily hypofractionated TRT to twice-daily hyperfractionated TRT in LS-SCLC found similar outcomes in both groups in terms of response rate,progression-free survival(PFS),grade 3-4 adverse effects,and OS.The CONVERT trial,published in 2017,failed to demonstrate the superiority of the conventional scheme(once-daily TRT)vs twice-daily radiotherapy,despite the application of modern radiotherapy techniques and a quality assurance programme,thus confirming the twice-daily hyperfractionated regimen as the SOC.At the 2020 American Society of Clinical Oncology(ASCO)annual meeting,Grønberg et al reported preliminary findings from a phase 2 trial comparing two different TRT dose regimens(45 Gy vs 60 Gy),both administered twice daily.Those data demonstrated a marked improvement in 2-year survival rates in the high dose arm(70.2%vs 46.1%,P=0.002),despite similar objective response rates and PFS outcomes.Those findings provide a new treatment alternative to consider:Hyperfractionated,high-dose TRT.However,the results of that trial will need to be validated in a large,randomized phase 3 study.The results of the phase 2 CALCG 30610 trial will help to clarify the optimal dose and regimen.The potential role of upfront immunotherapy,which early data suggest may improve OS,also needs to be determined.

Optimal timing of thoracic irradiation for limited stage small cell lung cancer:Current evidence and future prospects

Lung cancer is a global health concern as the leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide.Small cell lung cancer(SCLC)poses a formidable challenge to the treating physicians with the worst prognosis among all lung cancers.However,limited stage SCLC(LS-SCLC)has a relatively better outcome with multimodality management.Efforts have been focused on optimal integration of treatment modalities to achieve an improved therapeutic ratio for patients with LS-SCLC.While chemotherapy and thoracic radiation therapy(TRT)are primary components of initial management for LS-SCLC,there is no consensus on optimal timing of TRT.Within this context,we herein provide a concise overview of current evidence and future prospects regarding the optimal timing of thoracic irradiation for LS-SCLC in light of the literature.

移动通信Small Cell基站供电解决方案与趋势分析

小型分布式基站Small Cell数量的快速上升对供电方案提出了"零占地"、易部署等新的需求。针对不同的Small Cell基站应用场景,提出了相应的供电解决方案,包括本地交流(AC)供电、本地直流(DC)48 V供电、本地AC和DC 48 V混合供电、DC拉远供电、以太网供电(POE)供电等。此外,还指出了Small Cell基站供电方案的发展趋势,包括:小型化、模块化、高效节能、绿色、共享、智能互联等。

Clinical Features and Prognostic Factors of Small Cell Lung Cancer:A Retrospective Study in 148 Patients

To better understand the outcomes of small cell lung cancer(SCLC),we examined the clinical features and prognostic factors of SCLC in this study.A total of 148 patients who were diagnosed as having SCLC between January 2009 and December 2013 in Cancer Center of Union Hospital,Wuhan,China,were enrolled and their clinical features and prognostic factors were retrospectively analyzed.Log-rank test and Cox regression model were employed for analysis of prognostic factors.The 1-and 2-year overall survival(OS) rates were 59.7% and 25.7%,respectively,for limited disease(LD) patients whose median survival time(MST) was 16 months.The 1-and 2-year OS rates were 29.5% and 5.3%,respectively,for extensive disease(ED) patients whose MST was 10 months.The univariate analysis and multivariate analysis revealed that age,tumor stage,serum CEA and Ki-67 antigen were significantly correlated to the outcomes of SCLC,and they were significant prognostic factors for SCLC.

10G PON承载LTE Small Cell和WLAN的发展应用

PON技术具有多业务接入能力,利用PON技术承载Small Cell和WLAN有效解决了移动覆盖盲点、数据分流的难点。文章在PON技术承载Small Cell和WLAN技术的基础上,针对用户和业务对高带宽的需求及LTE技术的发展,阐述LTE时代利用10G PON技术承载Small Cell及WLAN,并给出具体的应用场景,分析其应用优势,提出相关应用建议,消除LTE发展带来的PON承载Small Cell及WLAN的带宽瓶颈问题。

Relapse of both small cell lung cancer and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome after a 13-year disease-free survival period

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome(LEMS) is a paraneoplastic syndrome and only 3%of small cell lung carcinoma(SCLC) patients have LEMS.Moreover,the recurrence of SCLC after a disease-free survival(DFS) of more than 10 years is rare.We report a patient who had a recurrence of both SCLC and LEMS after a 13-year DFS period.A 69-year-old man was diagnosed with LEMS and SCLC(cT0N2M0,stage ⅢA) 13 years ago.Chemoradiotherapy was performed and a complete response was achieved.With anticancer treatment,the LEMS symptoms was alleviated.At the age of 82 years,gait disturbance appeared followed by left supraclavicular lymphadenopathy and further examination revealed the recurrence of SCLC.Careful screening for the recurrence of SCLC might be needed when the patient has recurrent or secondary paraneoplastic neurological syndrome even after a long DFS period.

CUL4 E3 ligase regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma

Objective:The E3 ligase,CRL4,plays diverse roles in different cellular processes,such as DNA damage,transcriptional regulation,cell cycle progression,and cell apoptosis.Our previous study showed that CUL4A and CUL4B had a strong association with tobacco smoking risk in lung squamous cell carcinoma(SCC)and small cell lung carcinoma(SCLC).This study aimed to define the potential mechanism underlying the roles of CUL4A and CUL4B in the development of SCC and SCLC.Methods:We determined the role of CUL4A and CUL4B in the cell cycle and apoptosis of SCC and SCLC,and identified the key apoptosis-related gene involved in the oncogenic activity of CUL4B by Western blot,immunohistochemical staining,flow cytometry,and enzyme inhibition experiments.Results:We found that depletion of CUL4A and CUL4B reduced the proliferation of SCC and SCLC cells.cUL4Aknockdown but not CUL4Bknockdown arrested cells in Gl phase while upregulating P21 and cU L4Bknockdown promoted cell apoptosis through upregulation o f FOXO3A.Accordingly,CUL4B decreased FO X03A expression by activating the ERK signaling pathway and mediating FOXO3A degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.Conclusions:These results identified the function of E3 ligase CRL4 in regulating SCC and SCLC cell proliferation,which provides a potential strategy for cancer therapy by targeting FOXO3A and the E3 ligase,CRL4.

Further understanding of an uncommon disease of combined small cell lung cancer： clinical features and prognostic factors of 114 cases

Objective: Combined small cell lung cancer(C-SCLC) is an uncommon subgroup of small cell lung cancer(SCLC) and few clinical data can be referred.Our study is to investigate the clinical features and prognostic factors of C-SCLC, as well as the role of multimodality treatment.Methods: Between January 2004 and December 2012, patients with histologically diagnosed C-SCLC were retrospectively analyzed.The survivals were evaluated with the Kaplan-Meier method.Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate potential prognostic factors.Results: One hundred and fourteen patients were enrolled, with a median age of 59(range: 20-79) years old.The most common combined component was squamous cell carcinoma(52.6%).Among these patients, the disease was stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ in 9.6%, 19.3%, 46.5% and 24.6% of the patients, respectively.Eighty patients(70.2%)received at least two of the three modalities containing chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery.The median follow-up was 32.5 months.The median time of overall survival(OS) was 26.2 months.On univariate analysis,smoking(P=0.029), Karnofsky performance score(KPS) <80(P=0.000), advanced TNM stage(P=0.000), no surgery(P=0.010), positive resection margin(P=0.000), positive lymph nodes ≥4(P=0.000), positive lymph node ratio >10%(P=0.000) and non-multimodality treatment(P=0.004) were associated with poor OS.Multivariate analysis confirmed that smoking, advanced TNM stage, positive resection margin and positive lymph nodes ratio>10% were poor prognostic features.Conclusions: C-SCLC has a relatively early stage and good prognosis, which may due to the underestimated diagnosis in non-surgical patients.Multimodality therapy is recommended, especially for limited disease.Smoking,advanced TNM stage, positive resection margin and positive lymph nodes ratio >10% are poor prognostic factors.

Small Cell标准化研究进展及长期演进策略

介绍Small Cell全球市场快速发展趋势,总结Small Cell类型及部署场景的发展趋势。介绍3GPP从R8起开始Small Cell相关标准化制定工作,特别在R12阶段,Small Cell标准课题在物理层关键技术和高层网络架构有突破性研究进展。物理层关键技术主要包括Small Cell物理层频谱效率增强、关断及发现技术、基于空口的同步方案;而高层网络架构主要研究用户面与控制面分离的候选架构。最后,展望Small Cell技术演进和网络部署前景,提出中国联通LIGHT-Net研究计划,加快宏微协同组网方案的应用部署。