Comparison of Small Modular Reactor and Large Nuclear Reactor Fuel Cost

Small modular reactors (SMRs) offer simple, standardized, and safe modular designs for new nuclear reactor construction. They are factory built, requiring smaller initial capital investment and facilitating shorter construction times. SMRs also promise competitive economy when compared with the current reactor fleet. Construction cost of a majority of the projects, which are mostly in their design stages, is not publicly available, but variable costs can be determined from fuel enrichment, average burn-up, and plant thermal efficiency, which are public parameters for many near-term SMR projects. The fuel cost of electricity generation for selected SMRs and large reactors is simulated, including calculation of optimal tails assay in the uranium enrichment process. The results are compared between one another and with current generation large reactor designs providing a rough comparison of the long-term economics of a new nuclear reactor project. SMRs are predicted to have higher fuel costs than large reactors. Particularly, integral pressurized water reactors (iPWRs) are shown to have from 15% to 70% higher fuel costs than large light water reactors using 2014 nuclear fuels market data. Fuel cost sensitivities to reactor design parameters are presented.

Technology and Market Prospect Analysis of Low Cost Small-lift Launch Vehicles for Small Satellites

The technological development status of new generation low cost small-lift launch vehicles applied to small satellite launch is investigated in this paper. The development trends are summarized, including low cost and rapid response capability, utilization of mature rocket and missile technology, the development of mobile launch technology adopting air-based platforms and use of innovative technology. Moreover, the external power and internal demand of the small-lift launch vehicle are analyzed and the market prospect is forecasted. Finally, proposals for the development of small-lift launch vehicles are put forward, including exploration of the potential of existing rocket and missile technology, development of multi-platform mobile launch technology and further application of innovative technology and ideas.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Atezolizumab plus Pemetrexed and Platinum in First-Line Treatment of Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in China

Objective: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of atezolizumab plus pemetrexed and platinum-based (APP) in the first-line treatment of non-squamous non- small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: A partitioned survival model (PSM) was constructed based on the IMpower132 clinical trial. Total cost, quality- adjusted life years (QALY), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) were the main outputs of the model. Deterministic sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were adopted to test the uncertainty of the parameters. Results: The results of the base-case analysis illustrated that compared with PP, the incremental cost of APP was CNY 591040.94, the incremental utility was 0.46 QALY, and the ICER was CNY 1291414.83/QALY. Deterministic sensitivity analysis results illustrated that atezolizumab and other parameters have a greater impact on ICER. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis results show that no matter how each parameter changes, under the willingness to pay threshold of 3-times Chinese per capita GDP, the probability of APP has cost-effectiveness is 0. Conclusion: From the perspective of the Chinese health system, APP is not cost-effective for first-line treatment of non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer without sensitizing EGFR or ALK genetic alterations.

投服中心行权会影响企业劳动投资效率吗?——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

中证中小投资者服务中心(以下简称“投服中心”)推出的持股行权政策是资本市场的重要制度创新,为解决中小投资者保护难题提供了政策思路。基于2014—2020年中国A股上市公司数据,构建多期双重差分模型检验了投服中心行权对企业劳动投资效率的影响。研究发现,投服中心行权能够显著提升企业劳动投资效率。机制检验结果显示,投服中心行权通过降低信息不对称和缓解代理问题进而提升企业劳动投资效率。异质性分析结果表明,在劳动投资不足、治理水平较低的企业中,以及行权方式为专项行动、股东大会和网上行权时,投服中心行权对企业劳动投资效率的提升效应显著。进一步研究发现,投服中心行权通过提升劳动投资效率,提高了企业业绩和企业价值。因此,应充分发挥投服中心行权对企业劳动投资效率的提升作用,提高公司治理水平,以保护中小投资者合法权益。

数字经济与中小企业生存:促进或抑制?

数字经济发展浪潮下,促进中小企业生存是中国经济高质量发展的重要路径。本文在理论分析基础上,结合采用因子分析法构建的2014—2021年城市数字经济发展指数和中小企业生存能力指数,实证检验了数字经济对中小企业生存的影响及其机制。研究发现,数字经济发展对中小企业生存具有显著的正向作用。这一结论在进行多种稳健性检验后仍成立。机制分析发现,数字经济发展具有融资约束缓解效应和代理成本节约效应,即数字经济通过优化中小企业自身融资能力和外部融资环境缓解融资约束,通过减少信息不对称和管理者决策过程中的非理性降低代理成本,进而促进中小企业生存。异质性分析发现,数字经济发展对东中部地区、制造业和管理效率高的中小企业的正向促进作用更显著。

数字普惠金融发展、资源错配抑制与中小企业景气提升

金融歧视下的资源错配,已成为中小企业健康可持续发展的掣肘。如何突破这一约束,融合“普”与“惠”的数字普惠金融被寄予厚望。本文基于数字普惠金融的内涵与中小企业健康可持续发展对金融资源的诉求进行理论分析,然后构建链式多重中介效应模型,利用江苏省13个地级市的数字普惠金融指数及中小企业发展调研数据,检验数字普惠金融发展对中小企业景气提升的作用及其机制。结果发现:数字普惠金融对中小企业景气提升具有显著的正向作用,覆盖广度、使用深度和数字化程度的提高都能促进中小企业景气指数上升。机制分析表明,数字普惠金融的发展能降低中小企业融资成本,从而提高融资匹配度,由此提升中小企业景气指数。特别地,数字普惠金融发展对中小企业景气的提升作用具有“均衡器效应”,景气状况较差的中小企业能够从中获益更多。为此,应当持续推动数字普惠金融发展,借助其抑制金融资源错配功能,破解中小微企业融资约束,提升其发展中的景气度。

Screening for lung cancer with chest computerized tomography: Is it cost efficient?

Despite lung cancer(LC) screening by low-dose computerized tomography(LDCT) gaining many proponents worldwide, for many years it was not recognized as a life-prolonging and cost-effective procedure, until recently. Prospective observational studies had not been able to prove that this screening prolongs survival, but they helped to specify the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Long-awaited results of a prospective, randomized trial finally provided the evidence that LC screening with LDCT can prolong survival of the screened population. Several costeffectiveness analyses were performed to justify mass introduction of this screening. Results of these analyses are equivocal, although conclusions highly depend upon inclusion and exclusion criteria, methods of analysis and prices of medical procedures which differ between countries as well as the incidence of other pulmonary nodules, especially tuberculosis. Therefore, costeffectiveness analysis should be performed separately for every country. Cost-effectiveness depends especially upon the rate of false-positive results and the rate of unnecessary diagnostic, screening and treatment procedures. To ensure high cost-effectiveness, LC screening should be performed in accordance with screening protocol, in dedicated screening centers equipped with nodule volume change analysis, or as a prospective non-randomized trial, to ensure compliance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. To ensure high cost-effectiveness of LC screening, future research should concentrate on determination of highrisk groups and further specifying the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Reclamation of Smaller Volumes of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil Using an Innovative Reactor System: A Case Study Evaluation of the Design

Petroleum products contamination is a world-wide problem that threatens polluting groundwater and surface water systems. However, the problem is not only large-scale in scope when viewed from a case-by-case basis. Many fueling, construction, agricultural, and industrial activities result in the problem of managing smaller quantities of these soils from an ecological safety perspective. Landfilling has been the disposal method of choice in the US;however, this option is becoming economically prohibitive and it does not really offer a true degradation fate for the pollutants. This study focused on the proving of an innovative biocell design that afforded a high level of petroleum degradation within a simple and cost effective design. Additionally, the design offered a remediation solution for sites not easily accessed. Soil contaminated with both diesel fuel and gasoline collected from a former filling station was used in this on-site remediation case study. Rapid biodegradation of the petroleum products were observed at the initiation of the study with rates leveling off as the study progressed with the final total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration being 10 mg/kg at Day 90. Oxygen uptake rates were monitored and found to nicely track both microbial activity and pollutant removal dynamics. The biocell design met all expectations by being effective, yet simple to build and operate.

Pricing Power of Agricultural Products under the Background of Small Peasant Management and Information Asymmetry

From the background of small peasant management and information asymmetry,this paper introduced the middle profit sharing model and discussed influence factors and ownership of pricing power of agricultural products. It obtained following results:( i) the transaction scale has positive effect on farmer's pricing power of agricultural products,while the competitor's transaction scale has negative effect on it,so does the cost for information search;( ii) under the condition of small peasant management system,farmer is in a relatively weak position in the distribution of pricing power of agricultural products,due to factors such as small transaction scale,information asymmetry and farmer's weak negotiation ability;( iii) through cooperative game,farmer and buyers can share cooperative surplus at the agreed ratio;( iv) the introduction of self-organizing specialized farmers cooperatives is favorable for solving the problem of pricing power of agricultural products,and possible problems,such as " collective action dilemma" and " fake cooperatives" in the cooperative development process can be solved by internal and external division of labor and specialization of cooperatives.

安罗替尼三线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的药物经济学评价

目的以中国卫生体系为研究角度,评价安罗替尼对比安慰剂三线治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的经济性,为安罗替尼的临床合理应用以及医保循证决策提供参考依据。方法利用临床试验数据和相关文献数据,应用TreeAge Pro 2022软件建立安罗替尼治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的Markov模型,模型以3周为一循环周期,模拟时限为10年,成本和效用值采用5%的贴现率进行贴现,确定两方案各自的成本、寿命年、质量调整生命年(QALYs),模型以增量成本-效用比(ICUR)为评价指标。采用2022年我国3倍人均GDP(257094元/QALY)作为药物经济学评价的意愿支付阈值(WTP),以判断两种方案的经济性。进行单因素敏感性分析和概率敏感性分析以判断参数改变对模型结果稳健性的影响。结果经模型模拟10年后,安罗替尼组成本为79919.41元,安慰剂组总成本为21938.43元,安罗替尼组可获得1.78个寿命年,0.8个QALYs,安慰剂组可获0.96个寿命年,0.39个QALYs,两组相比的ICUR值为141417.02元/QALY,远低于我国的意愿支付阈值(257094元/QALY)。单因素敏感性分析的结果显示无进展状态效用值和安罗替尼的价格是对结果影响最显著的因素。概率敏感性分析结果显示当阈值为257094元/QALY时,安罗替尼组具有经济性的概率为100%。结论安罗替尼对比安慰剂三线治疗我国晚期非小细胞肺癌患者时更具有经济性。

阿美替尼对比奥希替尼二线治疗EGFR T790M阳性的晚期非小细胞肺癌的成本-效用分析

目的 从中国卫生体系的角度,对于阿美替尼二线治疗EGFR T790M阳性的晚期非小细胞肺癌患者的经济性开展药物经济学评价,为临床用药选择提供参考。方法 采用三状态分区生存模型,采用成本效用分析,生存数据来源于APOLLO和AURA3临床试验,成本和效用等参数信息来自公开发表的文献,对EGFR T790M阳性的晚期非小细胞肺癌患者使用阿美替尼和奥希替尼进行药物经济学评价,并对结果进行敏感性分析。结果 在基础分析中,阿美替尼相比奥希替尼可改善生存获益并增加成本,ICER为218 926.80元/QALY。单因素敏感性分析表明,阿美替尼和奥希替尼的成本对ICER的影响较大。概率敏感性分析显示,阿美替尼方案随着WTP阈值的升高,具有经济性的概率增加。结论 从中国卫生体系角度来看,以3倍我国人均GDP为WTP,阿美替尼对比奥希替尼二线治疗EGFR T790M阳性的晚期NSCLC具有经济性,并随着WTP阈值的提高,经济性优势增加。

基于运营成本的城际铁路列车编组和停站方案综合优化研究

针对城际铁路开通初期客流时空分布不均衡导致的单一列车编组模式造成运能浪费的问题,从列车运营成本出发,研究多种停站模式的大小编组列车开行方案。以列车运营成本最小化为目标函数,以大小编组列车的开行列数、列车停站方案为决策变量,综合考虑列车区间断面满载率、OD服务频率等约束条件,构建大小编组列车开行方案模型;采用遗传算法求解,得到全日大小编组列车开行方案。以广清城际铁路和广州东环城际铁路为例,与现行列车开行方案相比,多停站模式的大小编组列车开行方案可使列车运营成本减少59%,日断面满载率平均值由0.288 8提高到0.866 5,说明采用多停站模式的大小编组列车开行方案能够有效降低列车运营成本,提高断面满载率。

现代农业小微企业财务管理优化路径探索

现代农业小微企业的财务管理优化对于乡村企业的发展而言至关重要。本研究从财务管理体系、融资渠道、成本控制、财务管理信息化和财务风险意识五个方面进行深入研究,并在此基础上提出农业小微企业财务管理的优化路径,包括建立健全财务管理体系、拓宽融资渠道、优化成本控制与创新经营模式、推进财务管理信息化、加强财务风险意识。通过这些措施的合理实施,将有助于农业小微企业优化企业财务管理,提高自身财务管理水平,从而促进农业企业的可持续发展。

财务决策与中小企业降本增效的关系分析

文章主要探讨了中小企业降本增效的关键问题以及财务决策在其中的作用。通过分析中小企业的特点和面临的挑战,以及降本增效对企业的意义和发展机会,提出了一系列推荐措施和实施路径。这些措施将有助于中小企业降低成本、提高效率,并增强竞争力。文章还强调了加强内部控制和风险管理,以及通过多元化的融资渠道和技术培训来缓解资金压力和提升技术能力的重要性。

小卫星综合电子系统设计

针对小卫星综合电子系统非标准化、互联性能较低、接口关系复杂多变、不易进行软件开发和不利于推广应用的问题,研究了目前国内外小卫星综合电子系统及概念,详细比较了各种综合电子架构的优缺点.并结合小卫星空间使用环境,提出了一种基于3U尺寸OpenVPX标准架构的小卫星综合电子系统方案.该方案有效克服了传统小卫星综合电子系统非标准化和互连性能较差等缺点,可以满足小卫星综合电子系统标准化、软件化、低成本及易于批生产的需求,具有良好的应用和推广价值.

一种电子雷管总线电流采集方法

介绍了一种电子雷管总线电流采集方法的专利技术,使用低成本的硬件方案,实现高精度、宽范围的电流采集。应用于电子雷管的工作电流、通讯电流、充电电流、雷管总线电流负载的采集,实现电子雷管的状态监测、数据通讯、总线保护等。重点论述低成本电路设计思想,实现高精度、高分辨率、宽范围的电流采集方法。电子雷管控制模块的工作电流一般为10~30 uA,通过电流载波方式向起爆控制器发送数据,通讯电流一般为0.5~2 mA,并通过总线为发火储能电容充电,充电峰值电流1~2 mA。起爆控制器通过采集总线电流,判断电子控制模块的工作状态、采集通讯数据、充电情况等。电子雷管总线电流采集方法,使用低边电阻对电流采样,通过3路低成本的运算放大器代替差分比较器,使用MCU内部集成的12 bit AD转换器代替外部16 bit AD转换器,硬件成本降低80%以上。通过将电流分段采集,既满足了小电流采样精度,又扩展电流采样范围30倍,电流采样可覆盖总线额定电流。因无需外部AD转换模块,采样效率显著提高。

小颜色控制管理探讨

针对某车厂油漆车间小颜色的高浪费率和高返工率问题,采取了合理安排车间的小颜色生产计划,以及改进调漆间加料与循环系统等方法。与此同时,制定了小颜色控制管理流程,从而有效控制了小颜色易产生的喷涂缺陷,如色差、黑点、结漆等,大大减少了返工率,降低了生产成本。

帕博利珠单抗与铂类化疗方案在晚期非小细胞肺癌一线治疗中的药物经济学评价

目的在程序性死亡配体-1(PD-L1)肿瘤比例得分(TPS)≥1%的人群中,对帕博利珠单抗和铂类化疗作为晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)一线治疗方案进行成本效果分析,为其临床用药提供参考。方法基于Pubmed数据库,检索与帕博利珠单抗相关的随机对照试验,结合某三甲医院治疗方案建立Markov模型,模拟患者20年的成本和健康效果,并使用单因素敏感性分析和概率敏感性分析检验模型的稳定性。结果帕博利珠单抗组与化疗组的成本效果比为58517.60元/质量调整生命月(QALM)和41213.08元/QALM。与化疗组相比,帕博利珠单抗组的增量成本效果比(ICER)为104485.36元/QALM。结论当意愿支付(WTP)为30902元/QALM时,帕博利珠单抗方案与铂类化疗方案相比不具有成本效果优势,敏感性分析显示模型的结果较为稳定。

基于少量数据的火电厂设备检修周期决策研究

对火电厂设备检修维护数据的分析与处理,可以提高设备的可靠性和安全性,降低故障率和维修成本,提高设备的利用率和运行效率,从而为火电厂的生产经营提供有效的支持。本文介绍了火力发电厂设备系统的维护调度,以降低整个运行期的维护成本,同时保持设备系统当前的可靠性水平。降维法用于解决将一些可用数据和其他与设备故障有关的因素一起使用的问题,与平均故障时间相比,可用数据被限制在较短的运行周期范围内,这一问题通过使用可用的实际数据外推故障周期的整个分布来解决。

伏美替尼对比吉非替尼单药一线治疗表皮生长因子受体突变晚期非小细胞肺癌的成本-效果分析

目的从我国卫生体系角度出发,评价伏美替尼对比吉非替尼单药一线治疗表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)突变阳性晚期非小细胞肺癌的成本效用。方法基于Ⅲ期临床试验FURLONG研究,构建三状态的分区生存模型,并结合治疗成本、效用值、不良反应发生率、贴现率等参数,模拟得到总的增量成本效用比值(ICER),将ICER值与意愿支付值(WTP)进行比较,从而判断伏美替尼相较于吉非替尼单药一线治疗EGFR突变阳性晚期非小细胞肺癌的经济性。结果基础分析结果显示,伏美替尼组比吉非替尼组多支出成本85786元,但多获得了0.62个质量调整生命年(QALY),增量成本效用比值为138306元,小于我国3倍人均国内生产总值(GDP)。单因素敏感性分析显示,最佳支持治疗成本、无进展生存期(PFS)效用值和进展生存期(PD)效用值对ICER结果影响较大。概率敏感性分析结果显示,当WTP为3倍我国人均GDP时,伏美替尼组相比吉非替尼组具有经济性的概率为100.0%。情境分析结果验证了基础分析结果的稳健性。结论在2022年中国3倍人均GDP的意愿支付阈值下,选择伏美替尼单药用于一线治疗EGFR突变阳性晚期非小细胞肺癌相比吉非替尼更具经济性。