General limited information diffusion method of small-sample information analysis in insurance

When analyzing and evaluating risks in insurance, people are often confronted with the situation of incomplete information and insufficient data, which is known as a small-sample problem. In this paper, a one-dimensional small-sample problem in insurance was investigated using the kernel density estimation method （KerM） and general limited information diffusion method （GIDM）. In particular, MacCormack technique was applied to get the solutions of GIDM equations and then the optimal diffusion solution was acquired based on the two optimization principles. Finally, the analysis introduced in this paper was verified by treating some examples and satisfying results were obtained.

Characterization of Small-Scale Farmers and Assessment of Their Access to Crop Production Information in Selected Counties of Kenya

Small-scale farming accounts for 78% of total agricultural production in Kenya and contributes to 23.5% of the country’s GDP. Their crop production activities are mostly rainfed subsistence with any surplus being sold to bring in some income. Timely decisions on farm practices such as farm preparation and planting are critical determinants of the seasonal outcomes. In Kenya, most small-scale farmers have no reliable source of information that would help them make timely and accurate decisions. County governments have extension officers who are mandated with giving farmers advisory services to farmers but they are not able to reach most farmers due to facilitation constraints. The mode and format of sharing information is also critical since it’s important to ensure that it’s timely, well-understood and usable. This study sought to assess access to geospatial derived and other crop production information by farmers in four selected counties of Kenya. Specific objectives were to determine the profile of small-scale farmers in terms of age, education and farm size;to determine the type of information that is made available to them by County and Sub-County extension officers including the format and mode of provision;and to determine if the information provided was useful in terms of accuracy, timeliness and adequacy. The results indicated that over 80% of the farmers were over 35 years of age and over 56% were male. Majority had attained primary education (34%) or secondary education (29%) and most farmers in all the counties grew maize (71%). Notably, fellow farmers were a source of information (71%) with the frequency of sharing information being mostly seasonal (37%) and when information was available (43%). Over 66% of interviewed farmers indicating that they faced challenges while using provided information. The results from the study are insightful and helpful in determining effective ways of providing farmers with useful information to ensure maximum benefits.

Novel detection method for infrared small targets using weighted information entropy

This paper presents a method for detecting the small infrared target under complex background. An algorithm, named local mutation weighted information entropy （LMWIE）, is proposed to suppress background. Then, the grey value of targets is enhanced by calculating the local energy. Image segmentation based on the adaptive threshold is used to solve the problems that the grey value of noise is enhanced with the grey value improvement of targets. Experimental results show that compared with the adaptive Butterworth high-pass filter method, the proposed algorithm is more effective and faster for the infrared small target detection.

Data processing of small samples based on grey distance information approach

Data processing of small samples is an important and valuable research problem in the electronic equipment test. Because it is difficult and complex to determine the probability distribution of small samples, it is difficult to use the traditional probability theory to process the samples and assess the degree of uncertainty. Using the grey relational theory and the norm theory, the grey distance information approach, which is based on the grey distance information quantity of a sample and the average grey distance information quantity of the samples, is proposed in this article. The definitions of the grey distance information quantity of a sample and the average grey distance information quantity of the samples, with their characteristics and algorithms, are introduced. The correlative problems, including the algorithm of estimated value, the standard deviation, and the acceptance and rejection criteria of the samples and estimated results, are also proposed. Moreover, the information whitening ratio is introduced to select the weight algorithm and to compare the different samples. Several examples are given to demonstrate the application of the proposed approach. The examples show that the proposed approach, which has no demand for the probability distribution of small samples, is feasible and effective.

Information acquisition technology for small hydropower stations in remote areas based on high-and low-orbit satellites

With a lack of coverage in private and public power communication networks,especially for collection of information from hydropower stations in remote areas,communication coverage is a significant issue.Satellite communication provides a large coverage area suitable for a variety of services and is less affected by geographical factors;moreover,the costs are independent of the communication distance.This study investigates information acquisition technology for small hydropower stations in remote areas using high-and low-orbit satellites.The information collection needs of small hydropower stations in remote areas are analyzed,and an information acquisition system is designed using high-and low-orbit satellites.For network security protection,network anomaly detection technology based on a support vector machine algorithm is proposed.The effectiveness of information collection was evaluated and verified for small hydropower plants in remote areas.The system provides technical support for“full coverage,full collection,and full monitoring”of the measurement automation information acquisition system.

An Information Diffusion Technique for Fire Risk Analysis

There are many kinds of fires occurring under different conditions. For a specific site, it is difficult to collect sufficient data for analyzing the fire risk. In this paper, we suggest an information diffusion technique to analyze fire risk with a small sample. The information distribution method is applied to change crisp observations into fuzzy sets, and then to effectively construct a fuzzy relationship between fire and surroundings. With the data of Shanghai in winter, we show how to use the technique to analyze the fire risk.

Outage Performance and Optimal Design of MIMO-NOMA Enhanced Small Cell Networks with Imperfect Channel-State Information

This paper focuses on boosting the performance of small cell networks(SCNs)by integrating multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)and nonorthogonal multiple access(NOMA)in consideration of imperfect channel-state information(CSI).The estimation error and the spatial randomness of base stations(BSs)are characterized by using Kronecker model and Poisson point process(PPP),respectively.The outage probabilities of MIMO-NOMA enhanced SCNs are first derived in closed-form by taking into account two grouping policies,including random grouping and distance-based grouping.It is revealed that the average outage probabilities are irrelevant to the intensity of BSs in the interference-limited regime,while the outage performance deteriorates if the intensity is sufficiently low.Besides,as the channel uncertainty lessens,the asymptotic analyses manifest that the target rates must be restricted up to a bound to achieve an arbitrarily low outage probability in the absence of the inter-cell interference.Moreover,highly correlated estimation error ameliorates the outage performance under a low quality of CSI,otherwise it behaves oppositely.Afterwards,the goodput is maximized by choosing appropriate precoding matrix,receiver filters and transmission rates.In the end,the numerical results verify our analysis and corroborate the superiority of our proposed algorithm.

The Challenge of Implementing Information Security Standards in Small and Medium e-Business Enterprises

The dynamic nature of online systems requires companies to be proactive with thwarting information security threats, and to follow a systematic way for managing and evaluating the security of their online services. The existence of security standards is an important factor that helps organisations to evaluate and manage security by providing guidelines and best practices that enable them to follow a standard and systematic way to protect their e-Business activities. However, the suitability of available information security standards for Small and Medium e-Business Enterprises (e-SME) is worth further investigation. In this paper three major security standards including Common Criteria, System Security Engineering-Capability and Maturity Model and ISO/IEC 27001 were analysed. Accordingly, several challenges associated with these standards that may render them difficult to be implemented in e-SME have been identified.

THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR SMALL TOWN (TOWNMIS)——A CASE STUDY AT XIAOLAN TOWN, SOUTH CHINA

Now, GISs are popular at most major cities along the coast in China. The lack of available digital geographic data is a serious bottleneck problem. This article first analyses the development characteristics of urban planning and management information system in China, and proposes a method for establishing a planning and management information system for small town. By using GIS as core and integrating with microcomputer network, office automation (OA), computer aided design (CAD), and multimedia technology, a microcomputer information system (TownMIS) is implemented after 3 year design and development. It may be a first comprehensive system for the planning and management of small towns. Since the January of 1996, TownMIS has been actually used in Xiaolan Town, a coastal rich town in South China. This has provided perfect technical, managerial, operational and institutional references for resolving the contradiction of the fast growing installation of GIS sites and fewer actually running system.

Hierarchical hybrid testability modeling and evaluation method based on information fusion

In order to meet the demand of testability analysis and evaluation for complex equipment under a small sample test in the equipment life cycle, the hierarchical hybrid testability model- ing and evaluation method （HHTME）, which combines the testabi- lity structure model （TSM） with the testability Bayesian networks model （TBNM）, is presented. Firstly, the testability network topo- logy of complex equipment is built by using the hierarchical hybrid testability modeling method. Secondly, the prior conditional prob- ability distribution between network nodes is determined through expert experience. Then the Bayesian method is used to update the conditional probability distribution, according to history test information, virtual simulation information and similar product in- formation. Finally, the learned hierarchical hybrid testability model （HHTM） is used to estimate the testability of equipment. Compared with the results of other modeling methods, the relative deviation of the HHTM is only 0.52%, and the evaluation result is the most accu rate.

Comprehensive security risk factor identification for small reservoirs with heterogeneous data based on grey relational analysis model

Identification of security risk factors for small reservoirs is the basis for implementation of early warning systems.The manner of identification of the factors for small reservoirs is of practical significance when data are incomplete.The existing grey relational models have some disadvantages in measuring the correlation between categorical data sequences.To this end,this paper introduces a new grey relational model to analyze heterogeneous data.In this study,a set of security risk factors for small reservoirs was first constructed based on theoretical analysis,and heterogeneous data of these factors were recorded as sequences.The sequences were regarded as random variables,and the information entropy and conditional entropy between sequences were measured to analyze the relational degree between risk factors.Then,a new grey relational analysis model for heterogeneous data was constructed,and a comprehensive security risk factor identification method was developed.A case study of small reservoirs in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in China shows that the model constructed in this study is applicable to security risk factor identification for small reservoirs with heterogeneous and sparse data.

The Problem of Identifying Possible Signals of Extra-Terrestrial Civilizations in the Framework of the Information-Based Method

Aims: The purpose of this work is to formulate the requirements for future methods of searching for extra-terrestrial civilizations by use of the concepts of information theory and the theoretically grounded method. Methodology: To realize it, the number of dimensionless criteria contained in the International System of Units (SI) has been calculated. This value, without additional assumptions, allows us to present a formula for calculating the comparative uncertainty of the model of any physical phenomenon. Based on these formulas, the magnitude of the inevitable threshold of misunderstanding of two civilizations in the universe is determined. Results: New theoretical recommendations for choosing the most effective methods to search the techno signatures of extra-terrestrial civilizations are formulated. Conclusion: Using the calculated amount of information embedded in the model, we showed that the most promising methods for finding potential residents in the Universe should combine frequency radiation with thermal or electromagnetic quantities.

Pricing Power of Agricultural Products under the Background of Small Peasant Management and Information Asymmetry

From the background of small peasant management and information asymmetry,this paper introduced the middle profit sharing model and discussed influence factors and ownership of pricing power of agricultural products. It obtained following results:( i) the transaction scale has positive effect on farmer's pricing power of agricultural products,while the competitor's transaction scale has negative effect on it,so does the cost for information search;( ii) under the condition of small peasant management system,farmer is in a relatively weak position in the distribution of pricing power of agricultural products,due to factors such as small transaction scale,information asymmetry and farmer's weak negotiation ability;( iii) through cooperative game,farmer and buyers can share cooperative surplus at the agreed ratio;( iv) the introduction of self-organizing specialized farmers cooperatives is favorable for solving the problem of pricing power of agricultural products,and possible problems,such as " collective action dilemma" and " fake cooperatives" in the cooperative development process can be solved by internal and external division of labor and specialization of cooperatives.

Side information refinement in distributed video coding

Side information （SI） is one of the key issues in distributed video coding （DVC） and affects the compression performance of DVC largely. This paper proposes an SI refinement algorithm, in which the Wyner-Ziv （WZ） frame is split into two parts based on checkerboard pattern, and the two parts are encoded independently but decoded sequentially. In the decoding process, the part 1 is first decoded with the initial SI and partially decoded part （PDP） 1 is used to improve the motion vectors （MVs） and SI of both parts. At the next stage, the part 2 is decoded with the improved SI and PDP 2 is used to further refine MVs of the part 2. Then, SI of both parts are further refined. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can improve the peak signal to noise ratio （PSNR） by up to 1.43 dB when compared with traditional DVC codec.

DESIGN OF SPARSE ARRAY FOR MAD IMAGING BASED ON MAXIMIZING INFORMATION CAPACITY

In past years,growing efforts have been made to the rapid interpretation of magnetic field data acquired by a sparse synthetic or real magnetic sensor array.An appealing requirement on such sparse array arranged within a specified survey region is that to make the number of sensor elements as small as possible,meanwhile without deteriorating imaging quality.For this end,we propose a novel methodology of arranging sensors in an optimal manner,exploring the concept of information capacity developed originally in the communication society.The proposed scheme reduces mathematically the design of a sparse sensor array into solving a combinatorial optimization problem,which can be resolved efficiently using widely adopted Simultaneous Perturbation and Statistical Algorithm(SPSA).Three sets of numerical examples of designing optimal sensor array are provided to demonstrate the performance of proposed methodology.

PI数据库及其在电厂SIS中的应用

介绍了电厂信息PI(Plant Information)实时数据库系统的结构特点、功能模块、设计原理及数据流程。指出PI系统可以实现C／S和B／S的结构配置,所使用的智能结构可在多种系统配置下运行。PI系统在电厂监控信息系统SIS(Supervisory Information System)中起到了重要作用。介绍了PI系统在电厂SIS中的实际应用及产生的效果,为电厂管理人员及时掌握生产状况提供了第一手资料。

数据挖掘及其在电厂SIS中的应用

针对电厂运行分析的实际需要,基于数据挖掘技术建立了定量关联规则的数据挖掘算法模型,编制了可用于实时数据分析的应用系统。给出了确定机组最佳运行参数以及评价运行水平等电厂运行数据分析的应用示例,表明数据挖掘方法可以在监控信息系统(SIS)中广泛用于机组运行分析与优化。

小世界网络上随机SIS模型分析

考察小世界网络上疾病传播的随机SIS模型,使用拟平稳分布计算方法得到疾病传播稳态时患病节点数的分布。取分布的均值,得到与平均场方法相同的传播阈值。通过模拟所得的传染曲线解释现实传染过程中存在的波动性,传播稳态结果和平均场结果拟合较好,证实了平均场方法的合理性。

异构数据集成技术在变电站SIS中的应用

对于变电站不同时期开发的分散控制系统,实现其数据共享和集成是全面建设整个变电站监控信息系统(supervisory information system,SIS)的关键。为此,提出了一种基于可扩展标记语言(extensible markuplanguage,XML)的异构数据集成技术,并构造了一个以XML为数据交换格式,使用XML schema建立公共模型、Mediator集成模式的异构数据源集成中间件HDSIM,实现了变电站数据采集、监视、分析和保护一体化。最后给出了系统应用实例,应用结果表明了这种数据集成技术的有效性。

2种改进的数据处理方法及其在SIS的应用

火电厂过程参数测量的精度和可靠性是限制厂级监控信息系统(SIS)应用的决定因素。介绍了多测点和单测点情况下改进的数据修补处理方法。基于概率理论,采用加权处理方法,对多测点数据处理方法进行了改进;根据单测点测量参数连续变化的规律,提出外推剔除法,用外推值替换异常值以提高参数可靠性。2种数据处理方法简捷、高效、精度高,应用于某厂SIS,效果良好。