Experimental study of seismic cyclic loading effects on small strain shear modulus of saturated sands

The seismic loading on saturated soil deposits induces a decrease in effective stress and a rearrangement of the soil-particle structure, which may both lead to a degradation in undrained stiffness and strength of soils. Only the effective stress influence on small strain shear modulus Gmax is considered in seismic response analysis nowadays, and the cyclic shearing induced fabric changes of the soil-particle structure are neglected. In this paper, undrained cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on saturated sands with the shear wave velocity measured by bender element, to study the influences of seismic loading on Gmax. And Gmax of samples without cyclic loading effects was also investigated for comparison. The test results indicated that Gmax under cyclic loading effects is lower than that without such effects at the same effective stress, and also well correlated with the effective stress variation. Hence it is necessary to reinvestigate the determination of Gmax in seismic response analysis carefully to predict the ground responses during earthquake more reasonably.

Computation of strain and rotation tensor as well as their uncertainties for small arrays in spherical coordinate system

Based on Taylor series expansion and strain components expressions of elastic mechanics, we derive formulae of strain and rotation tensor for small arrays in spherical coordinates system. By linearization process of the formulae, we also derive expressions of strain components and Euler vector uncertainties respectively for subnets using the law of error propagation. Taking GPS velocity field in Sichuan-Yunnan area as an example, we compute dilation rate and maximum shear strain rate field using the above procedure, and their characteristics are preliminarily car- ried on. Limits of the strain model for small array are also discussed. We make detailed explanations on small array method and the choice of small arrays. How to set weights of GPS observations are further discussed. Moreover relationship between strain and radius of GPS subnets is also analyzed.

The Application of a Small Strain Model in Excavations

The importance of soil small strain effect on soil-structure behavior was investigated by researchers in last decades. The finite element method （FEM） is always used to predict the excavation behavior, whereas there are not many soil models available to consider this effect in analysis. This paper introduces a simple small strain soil model--hardening small-strain （HSS） in PLAXIS 8.5 and exhibits its application in excavation problems via studying the history of two cases. The analyses also use two familiar soil models： hardening-soil （HS） model and Mohr-Coulomb （MC） model. Results show that the HSS predicts more reasonable magnitudes and profiles of wall deflections and surface settlements than other models. It also indicates that the small strain effect relies on the strain level which is induced by excavation.

Discrete element modeling of the effect of particle size distribution on the small strain stiffness of granular soils

Discrete element modeling was used to investigate the effect of particle size distribution on the small strain shear stiffness of granular soils and explore the fundamental mechanism controlling this small strain shear stiffness at the particle level. The results indicate that the mean particle size has a negligible effect on the small strain shear modulus. The observed increase of the shear modulus with increasing particle size is caused by a scale effect. It is suggested that the ratio of sample size to the mean particle size should be larger than 11.5 to avoid this possible scale effect. At the same confining pressure and void ratio, the small strain shear modulus decreases as the coefficient of uniformity of the soil increases. The Poisson＇s ratio decreases with decreasing void ratio and increasing confining pressure instead of being constant as is commonly assumed. Microscopic analyses indicate that the small strain shear stiffness and Poisson＇s ratio depend uniquely on the soil＇s coordination number.

Numerical analysis on zone-divided deep excavation in soft clays using a new small strain elasto–plastic constitutive model

Accurate prediction of displacements associated with deep excavations is essential to ensure safety and stability of the excavation and to prevent any damage and distress to the adjoining infrastructures.This paper presents a numerical approach for prediction of ground displacements related to a zone-divided deep excavation construction executed in Shanghai soft clays based on a new elasto–plastic con-stitutive model(small-strain Shanghai model)that incorporates small strain stiffness.This model can describe the mechanical properties and structural and over-consolidated characteristics of natural clays.The model is implemented into a finite element analysis software.Numerical analysis on the deep excavation in Shanghai using zone-divided method is conducted.A comparison between monitored and simulated results of horizontal displacements along the diaphragm wall,the settlements in the surroundings,and the effects on the adjoin-ing metro tunnel due to excavation construction is carried out.Special attention is paid to the stiffness degradation of representative elements in the ground.The simulated displacements show a good agreement with the monitored data.Overall,this study provides an integrated solution for predicting displacements related to deep excavation in soft clays.

Development of highly sensitive mechanoluminescent sensor aiming at small strain measurement

This paper was focused on the elasticoluminescence(ELS)characteristics,especially a response to small strain(below 1000μst),of mechanoluminescence(ML)sensor using strontium aluminate doped with small amount of europium(SrAl_(2)O_(4):Eu)synthesized by different methods.By using nitrate decomposition method as a synthetic method of SrAl_(2)O_(4):Eu,the response to small strain of the ML sensor was enhanced in comparison with using a conventional solid-state reaction method.Based on SEM observation and thermoluminescence(ThL)measurement,we proposed a hypothesis that the sensing characteristic of small strain affect the platelike shape of SrAl_(2)O_(4):Eu grain and/or shallower carrier trap levels formed by nitrate decomposition method.

The Small Deformation Strain Tensor as a Fundamental Metric Tensor

In the general theory of relativity, the fundamental metric tensor plays a special role, which has its physical basis in the peculiar aspects of gravitation. The fundamental property of gravitational fields provides the possibility of establishing an analogy between the motion in a gravitational field and the motion in any external field considered as a noninertial system of reference. Thus, the properties of the motion in a noninertial frame are the same as those in an inertial system in the presence of a gravitational field. In other words, a noninertial frame of reference is equivalent to a certain gravitational field. This is known as the principle of equivalence. From the mathematical viewpoint, the same special role can be played by the small deformation strain tensor, which describes the geometrical properties of any region deformed because of the effect of some external agent. It can be proved that, from that tensor, all the mathematical structures needed in the general theory of relativity can be constructed.

颗粒表面粗糙度对材料小应变动力特性的影响

土体的小应变剪切模量和阻尼比是表征土体动力学特性的重要参数,不仅受到土体密实度和应力状态的影响,还受到土体颗粒级配、形状等颗粒特征的影响。颗粒表面粗糙度是重要的土体颗粒特征之一,然而关于颗粒表面粗糙度对土体小应变动力特性影响的研究较为匮乏。利用能量注入式虚拟质量共振柱设备,系统地测试了颗粒表面粗糙度不同的玻璃珠所成试样的小应变剪切模量和阻尼比;采用三维干涉显微镜测量了玻璃珠的表面粗糙度,并量化表征粗糙度对试样小应变剪切模量和阻尼比的影响。试验结果表明,在相同孔隙比和有效应力条件下,试样的小应变剪切模量随颗粒表面粗糙度增大而减小,而小应变阻尼比受颗粒表面粗糙度影响的规律不明显。研究结果表明,当材料的颗粒形状、级配等因素相近时,颗粒表面粗糙度对材料小应变剪切模量的影响不应被忽略。

考虑小应变刚度特性的软土边界面模型与应用

基坑开挖导致周边土体经历复杂的加卸载应力路径,传统的本构模型难以同时反映此过程中土体的超固结和小应变刚度特性。在现有的边界面模型中,引入土体小应变刚度特性,提出软土边界面模型小应变刚度修正方法。基于一种高效的半隐式应力更新算法,将改进后的边界面模型采用UMAT子程序二次开发嵌入有限元软件ABAQUS中,并应用于某地铁车站深基坑开挖工程的数值模拟。分析结果表明,采用改进模型准确地反映了上海地区典型土层的小应变状态本构关系和土体的应变刚度相关性;由于改进的边界面模型能够同时反映土体超固结和小应变刚度特性,计算的围护结构变形与现场监测数据吻合较好。

Small Structures and Concentrated Strain in Full-Extraction Area

The traditional methods of surface movement and deformation prediction seldom take account of the effects of small structures. However, because of the effects of small structures, the buildings located at the bottom of subsidence trough for full-extraction can not be protected by the flat bottom, but destroyed severely by concentrated strains in the fault-half-trough. Under this coudition, if tbere is an important building at the bottom of subsidence trough, it is significant to accurately determinate the directions and values of concentrated strains and the location of concentrated strain zone. The mechanical method can calculate the maximum principal strain, including bi-directional horizontal deformation, shearing strain and their directions, which are necessary to reinforce the buildings. The mechanical method has more advantages than the method of scalar quantity horizontal deformation. This paper dwells on the effects of small structures on surface movement and deformation using the mechanical method in Pingdingshan mining area.

基于身管应变的小口径火炮弹丸速度测试方法

针对传统火炮弹丸速度测试方法中存在难以获取整条速度曲线、易受环境影响、体积庞大、成本较高、操作复杂等问题,提出了一种基于身管应变的小口径火炮弹丸速度测试方法。基于30 mm口径火炮设计了应变测试仪,实现身管外壁应变测试。根据厚壁圆筒理论计算得出火炮膛压曲线,通过弹底压力解算模型得出弹底压力曲线,与弹载存储测试方法得到的弹底压力曲线进行对比。结合弹丸运动方程得出弹丸速度曲线,采用四阶龙格库塔算法建立弹丸速度仿真模型,将应变测试、弹载存储测试得到的弹丸速度曲线与仿真曲线进行对比。结果表明:应变测试、弹载存储测试与仿真弹丸速度曲线趋势基本吻合,最大速度误差分别为1.1%和0.5%,验证了应变测试方法的可行性,为小口径火炮弹丸测速开辟了新途径。

软土深基坑变形及环境影响分析方法与控制技术

随着基坑规模日益增大以及邻近环境设施愈加复杂,合理评估并控制基坑变形及对周边环境影响成为软土基坑工程面临的重要挑战。基于理论分析与工程应用,对软土深基坑变形与环境影响分析方法及控制技术进行了系统研究。首先,在统筹考虑安全与经济的前提下,提出了软土深基坑环境保护等级和变形控制指标,为基坑周边不同类型环境设施的保护提供了依据。其次,系统建立了便于工程应用的基坑变形影响简化分析方法,并提出了基于土体小应变特性的基坑开挖对环境影响的计算分析方法以及确定全套小应变本构模型参数的实用方法,为复杂环境下深基坑环境影响分析提供了重要手段。同时,针对承压水降水影响难以准确量化评估的难题,提出了根据群井抽水试验反演确定关键水文地质参数并评估深层承压水降水对地层和环境变形影响的计算方法,满足了复杂地层承压水降水影响分析的工程需求。此外,还提出了包括支护结构与主体地下结构相结合、数字化微扰动搅拌桩加固、混凝土支撑主动变形控制、承压水控制超深隔渗帷幕等绿色、低碳、环境低影响的基坑变形控制新技术。成果在全国大量工程中成功应用,促进了软土深基坑工程全过程变形影响精细化分析和系统化控制技术的发展,为大规模地下空间的开发利用提供了技术支撑。

厦门地区典型地层HS-small模型小应变参数敏感性分析

小应变硬化模型(HS-small模型)是以HS模型为基础提出的一种能反应土体小应变特性的本构模型,除了包含HS模型参数外,还包含两个小应变参数和,可以反映土体在小应变状态下呈现高度的非线性、高模量等特性。为了研究小应变参数对深基坑数值分析结果的敏感性,针对厦门地区典型土层,采用HS-small模型,通过有限元模拟某深基坑工程的施工过程,开展小应变参数对地表沉降及围护墙弯矩的敏感度分析,并研究参数随基坑开挖的演化规律。结果表明:在厦门地区在深基坑数值分析中,取值对地表沉降和围护墙弯矩值的影响较大,的取值影响相对小;粉质黏土和残积砂质黏性土的小应变参数对结果起到重要的影响;前期开挖,粉质黏土起控制作用,后期开挖,残积砂质黏性土起控制作用。

武汉软土小应变硬化模型参数试验研究

小应变硬化(HSS)模型考虑了土体在非常小的应变条件下刚度的高度非线性,在深基坑工程变形分析中得到广泛应用,其中如何确定土体的各个模型参数是应用该模型的关键。针对武汉软土地区,结合国内外文献中对HSS模型的研究成果,总结了HSS模型中各个参数的确定方法,并以武汉市两个软土深基坑工程为背景,利用三轴固结剪切仪和GDS动三轴仪进行了三轴固结排水剪切试验和动三轴试验研究,获得了HSS模型所需的土体强度、小应变刚度等参数。在此基础上,构建了HSS模型中各个参数的经验关系,并根据国内外学者的研究成果,结合本文室内试验的结果,提出了一套完整的武汉市软土深基坑工程HSS模型参数的获取方法。研究成果可为武汉市类似工程地质条件下的深基坑工程变形分析提供参数和技术支撑。

江苏大丰海域海洋土HSS模型主要参数试验研究

小应变硬化土(hardening soil with small strain stiffness,HSS)模型能反映土体在小应变范围内的非线性,广泛应用于土工变形分析。海上风电基础对变形控制要求高,需考虑土体的小应变特性。通过固结试验、三轴固结排水试验、三轴固结排水加卸载试验与共振柱试验,获得了江苏大丰海域海洋土HSS模型主要参数,并建立了HSS模型相关模量参数与土体物理参数之间的关系。试验成果可为海洋土HSS模型分析及参数取值提供重要参考,具有一定的工程价值。

地铁车站狭长基坑支撑异常轴力分析

【目的】研究地铁车站狭长型基坑施工过程中第一道支撑轴力过大的问题。【方法】通过土体小应变刚度硬化模型(HSS)有限元分析,对车站基坑土方的开挖方式、钢支撑安装质量差、钢支撑未及时受力等情况进行精细化模拟,分析其对第一道支撑轴力的影响。【结果】结果表明:采用盆式开挖对第一道支撑的轴力影响显著,相较分层开挖的情况增大45%,应及时安装对应位置的钢支撑;安装钢支撑的预应力未达到设计值时,会导致开挖到底时的顶层支撑轴力增大,增大幅度在10%以内,底层支撑轴力减小。【结论】在地铁车站狭长基坑开挖过程中应限制盆式超挖;温度变化对支撑轴力的影响不能忽视;安装下层钢支撑预应力达不到设计值时,会导致开挖到底时的顶部支撑轴力偏大。

杭州淤泥质粉质黏土小应变硬化土模型参数试验及工程应用

小应变硬化土(HSS)模型被广泛用于软土地区分析基坑开挖对周边环境的影响。淤泥质粉质黏土是一种高灵敏性土,对基坑开挖工程有很大影响。本文介绍HSS模型13个参数及其确定方法。选取杭州淤泥质粉质黏土,开展标准固结试验、三轴固结排水试验、三轴固结排水加载—卸载—再加载试验和弯曲元试验等一系列室内试验,确定杭州淤泥质粉质黏土HSS模型参数的取值及其比例关系。依托杭州2个典型工程案例,分别建立基坑开挖三维有限元模型,分析围护结构深层水平位移和支撑轴力,并对比实测数据和数值模拟结果,验证杭州淤泥质粉质黏土HSS模型参数取值合理性。该研究可为淤泥质粉质黏土地层基坑开挖数值模拟HSS模型参数取值提供参考。

紧邻基坑群坑开挖相互影响三维数值模拟

随着城市化的发展,基坑施工条件日趋复杂,特别是基坑群开挖面临着复杂的相互影响问题。本文以国内某基坑群工程为例,基于小应变硬化土(HSS)模型,采用三维数值模型对基坑群的开挖进行模拟,并结合实测数据对基坑群开挖的相互影响进行了分析。结果表明:数值模拟计算结果与实测结果趋势基本吻合,说明HSS模型适用于基坑工程的数值分析;随着相邻基坑的开挖,后开挖基坑会引起已开挖基坑周边土体产生附加沉降、支护结构产生附加变形;对于已开挖至坑底的基坑,邻近基坑的开挖相当于坑外卸土,会引起先挖开基坑的支护结构产生向后开挖基坑方向的附加侧向变形。因此,群坑基坑设计中,考虑群坑之间的相互影响是必要的。

小应变土体硬化模型参数的敏感性分析及确定方法

小应变土体硬化(hardening soil model with small strain stiffness,HSS)模型能够反映土体小应变阶段的非线性特性和应力相关性,在深基坑工程领域已被广泛应用。但由于模型参数众多,目前对参数确定方法尚缺乏系统研究。分析了HSS模型各参数的意义及常规确定方法,采用数值模拟方法开展了HSS模型参数的敏感性分析,基于统计的大量研究成果,建立了土体参数与孔隙比之间的非线性关系,进一步通过2处深基坑工程的变形分析进行验证。结果表明:在基坑数值分析中,参考动剪切模量G_(0)^(ref)的敏感性最高,参考切线模量E_(oed)^(ref)的敏感性最低,建立的非线性关系能够较好地反映土体模量与孔隙比的相关性,围护结构侧移的计算值及实测值较为吻合,验证了提出的参数确定方法的适用性,可为相关工程提供参考。

结构性黄土的小应变刚度特性研究

由于存在以粉粒为主的土骨架和大量孔隙形成的架空结构以及粒间胶结作用,原状黄土表现出显著的结构特性。为研究结构性对黄土小应变刚度的影响,以典型的结构性黄土为研究对象,利用固定–自由型Stokoe共振柱试验系统,开展了原状与重塑黄土试样在不同围压下的共振柱试验。结果表明,在小应变范围内,原状与重塑黄土的刚度特性均表现出非线性特征,其剪切模量–剪应变(G-γ)关系可以采用Hardin-Drnevich双曲线模型进行拟合。结构性显著控制黄土的小应变刚度特性,表现在原状土相较于重塑土具有更高的剪切模量、更低的刚度对围压的敏感性。研究还对结构性对黄土小应变刚度的控制作用开展了定量评价,并与包括伦敦黏土、渥太华砂在内的多种黏性土、砂土进行了比较,加深了对结构性黄土力学行为的理解,为相关工程设计提供技术参考。