Background The genes encoding adiponectin receptor 1 （ADIPOR1） and small ubiquitin-like modifier 4 （SUM04） have been linked to anti-atherogenic effects, but little is known about whether polymorphisms in the two g...Background The genes encoding adiponectin receptor 1 （ADIPOR1） and small ubiquitin-like modifier 4 （SUM04） have been linked to anti-atherogenic effects, but little is known about whether polymorphisms in the two genes, acting separately or interacting, affect risk of coronary artery disease （CAD） without diabetes. Methods We genotyped 200 CAD patients without diabetes and 200 controls without CAD or diabetes at three single-nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） in ADIPOR1 and one SNP in SUM04, which were chosen based on previous studies. Potential associations were also explored between these SNPs and clinical characteristics of CAD without diabetes. Results Risk alleles at three SNPs inADIPOR1 （rs7539542-G, rs7514221-C and rs3737884-G） and the G allele at SNP rs237025 in SUM04 significantly increased risk of CAD without diabetes, with ORs ranging from 1.79 to 4.44. Carriers of any of these four risk alleles showed similar adverse clinical characteristics. Compared with individuals with a CC or GC genotype, those with a GG genotype at rs3737884 were at significantly higher risk of CAD that affected the left anterior descending coronary artery （OR： 6.77, P = 0.009）, the right coronary artery （OR： 4.81, P = 0.028） or a relatively large number of vessels （P = 0.04）. Individuals carrying a risk allele at one or more of the three SNPs in ADIPOR1 as well as a risk allele at the SNP in SUM04 were at significantly higher risk of CAD without diabetes than individuals not carrying any risk alleles （OR： 5.82, 95% CI： 1.23-27.7, P= 0.013）. Conelusions SNPs in ADIPORl and SUMO4 are associated with elevated risk of CAD without diabetes, and SNPs in the two genes may interact to jointly affect disease risk.展开更多
High frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) is well proved to have over the horizon (OTH) detection capability to weak aerial targets, such as concealed airplanes or cruise missiles. The most important problem of detect...High frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) is well proved to have over the horizon (OTH) detection capability to weak aerial targets, such as concealed airplanes or cruise missiles. The most important problem of detection of fast and small targets using HFSWR is earlier warning, i.e. enlargement of detection range oftargets. Therefore, the detection threshold should be decreased as low as possible, but numerous false alarms are brought about at the same time. On this condition, conventional track initiation techniques, which normally require the probability of false alarm to be at the level of 10-6, will initiate enormous false tracks and lead to abnormal operation of tracking system. An adaptive modified hough transform (AMHT) track initiator is proposed accordingly and the relation of detection range to the performance of track initiator is analyzed in this paper. Simulations are performed to confirm the capability of track initiation to fast and small targets in dense clutter by AMHT track initiator. The tolerable probability of false alarm of detector can reach the level of 10 -3 . And it performs better than track initiator based on modified hough transform (MHT).展开更多
Two kinds of regression equations are used to reproduce the sediment flux of the 26 small coastal watersheds in southeastern China.The first kind is the global equations suggested by Milliman and Syvitski(1992),Mulder...Two kinds of regression equations are used to reproduce the sediment flux of the 26 small coastal watersheds in southeastern China.The first kind is the global equations suggested by Milliman and Syvitski(1992),Mulder and Syvitski(1996),Syvitski et al.(2003),and Syvitski and Milliman(2007).The second kind is the modified equations revised by the characteristics of the coastal watersheds,including the drainage area,mean water discharge,and mean sediment discharge.Compared with the observations of the hydrometric stations,the global equations overestimate the sediment flux by 1–2 orders of magnitude.By using the modified equations,the accuracy of the estimated sediment flux is significantly improved,with the relative error in the range of 7%–24%.The reason for the overestimation mainly caused by different parameters’domain and regression coefficients between global rivers and study coastal watersheds.This study demonstrates that modification needs to be considered when using global regression equations to reproduce the sediment flux of the small coastal watersheds in southeastern China.展开更多
Reliability assessment of the braking system in a high?speed train under small sample size and zero?failure data is veryimportant for safe operation. Traditional reliability assessment methods are only performed well ...Reliability assessment of the braking system in a high?speed train under small sample size and zero?failure data is veryimportant for safe operation. Traditional reliability assessment methods are only performed well under conditions of large sample size and complete failure data,which lead to large deviation under conditions of small sample size and zero?failure data. To improve this problem,a new Bayesian method is proposed. Based on the characteristics of the solenoid valve in the braking system of a high?speed train,the modified Weibull distribution is selected to describe the failure rate over the entire lifetime. Based on the assumption of a binomial distribution for the failure probability at censored time,a concave method is employed to obtain the relationships between accumulation failure prob?abilities. A numerical simulation is performed to compare the results of the proposed method with those obtained from maximum likelihood estimation,and to illustrate that the proposed Bayesian model exhibits a better accuracy for the expectation value when the sample size is less than 12. Finally,the robustness of the model is demonstrated by obtaining the reliability indicators for a numerical case involving the solenoid valve of the braking system,which shows that the change in the reliability and failure rate among the di erent hyperparameters is small. The method is provided to avoid misleading of subjective information and improve accuracy of reliability assessment under condi?tions of small sample size and zero?failure data.展开更多
Background： The criterion of two target lesions per organ in the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors （RECIST） version I. 1 is an arbitrary one, being supported by no objective evidence. The optimal number ...Background： The criterion of two target lesions per organ in the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors （RECIST） version I. 1 is an arbitrary one, being supported by no objective evidence. The optimal number of target lesions per organ still needs to be investigated. We compared tumor responses using the RECIST 1.1 （measuring two target lesions per organ） and modified RECIST I. 1 （measuring the single largest lesion in each organ） in patients with small cell lung cancer （SCLC）. Methods： We reviewed medical records of patients with SCLC who received first-line treatment between January 2004 and December 2014 and compared tumor responses according to the two criteria using computed tomography. Results： There were a total of 34 patients who had at least two target lesions in any organ according to the RECIST 1.1 during the study period. The differences in the percentage changes of the sum of tumor measurements between RECIST 1.1 and modified RECIST 1.1 were all within 13%. Seven patients showed complete response and fourteen showed partial response according to the RECIST I.I. The overall response rate was 61.8%. When assessing with the modified RECIST 1.1 instead of the RECIST 1.1, tumor responses showed perfect concordance between the two criteria （k= 1.0）. Conclusions： The modified RECIST 1.I showed perfect agreement with the original RECIST 1.I in the assessment of tumor response of SCLC. Our result suggests that it may be enough to measure the single largest target lesion per organ for evaluating tumor response.展开更多
The small angle X-ray scattering of organically modified MSU-X silica prepared by co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) show negative deviation from Debye’s theory due to the ...The small angle X-ray scattering of organically modified MSU-X silica prepared by co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) show negative deviation from Debye’s theory due to the existence of the organic interface layer. By exerting correction of the scattering negative deviation, Debye relation may be recovered, and the average wall thickness of the material may be evaluated.展开更多
Small ubiquitin-like modifier （SUMO） conjugation affects a broad range of processes in plants, including growth, flower initiation, pathogen defense, and responses to abiotic stress. Here, we investigate in vivo and...Small ubiquitin-like modifier （SUMO） conjugation affects a broad range of processes in plants, including growth, flower initiation, pathogen defense, and responses to abiotic stress. Here, we investigate in vivo and in vitro a SUMO conjugating enzyme with a Cys to Ser change in the active site, and show that it has a dominant negative effect. In planta expression significantly perturbs normal development, leading to growth retardation, early flowering and gene expression changes. We suggest that the mutant protein can serve as a probe to investigate sumoylation, also in plants for which poor genetic infrastructure precludes analysis via loss-of-function mutants.展开更多
Background Non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） is one of the most common malignant tumors.Despite the advances in therapy over the years,its mortality remains high.The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression...Background Non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） is one of the most common malignant tumors.Despite the advances in therapy over the years,its mortality remains high.The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of small ubiquitin-like modifier （SUMO） proteases 1 （SENP1） in NSCLC tissues and its role in the regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） expression.We also investigated the association between the expression level of SENP1 and the clinicopathological features and survival of the patients.Methods A SENP1 small interfering RNA （siRNA） was constructed and transfected into the NSCLC cells.VEGF gene expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）.Immunohistochemistry staining was used to assess the expression of SENP1 in 100 NSCLC patients and its association with the clinicopathological features and survival was analyzed.Results VEGF expression was significantly higher in NSCLC tissues than in normal lung tissues.Inhibition of SENP1 by siRNA was associated with decreased VEGF expression.SENP1 was over-expressed in 55 of the 100 NSCLC samples （55％） and was associated with a moderate and low histological tumor grade （3.6％,38.2％,and 58.2％ in high,moderate and low differentiated tumors,respectively,P=0.046）,higher T stage （10.9％ in T1,and 89.1％ in T2 and T3 tumor samples,P ＜0.001）and TNM stage （10.9％ in stage Ⅰ,and 89.1％ in stages Ⅱ and Ⅲ tumor samples,P ＜0.001）.The rate of lymph node metastasis was significantly higher in the SENP1 over-expression group （76.4％） than that in the SENP1 low expression group （33.3％,P ＜0.001）.Sixty three patients received postoperative chemotherapy,including 34 with SENP1 over-expression and 29 with SENP1 low expression.Among the 34 patients with SENP1 over-expression,22 （64.7％） patients developed recurrence or metastasis,significantly higher than those in the low expression group 27.6％ （8/29） （P=0.005）.Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that lymph node metastasis （P=0.015）,TNM stage （P=-0.001）,and SENP1 expression level （P=0.002） were independent prognostic factors for the survival of NSCLC patients.Conclusions SENP1 may be a promising predictor of survival,a predictive factor of chemo-sensitivity for NSCLC patients,and potentially a desirable drug target for lung carcinoma target therapy.展开更多
基金Acknowledgments This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （81570323, 30972709, 81061120527, 81241082） and the 12th Five-Year National Program of the Ministry of Scientific Technology （2012BAI10B01）. We thank Liu M and Zhou L from Beijing Hospital for providing experimental data, the nurses from Beijing Anzhen Hospital for collecting specimens, and the study volunteers.
文摘Background The genes encoding adiponectin receptor 1 （ADIPOR1） and small ubiquitin-like modifier 4 （SUM04） have been linked to anti-atherogenic effects, but little is known about whether polymorphisms in the two genes, acting separately or interacting, affect risk of coronary artery disease （CAD） without diabetes. Methods We genotyped 200 CAD patients without diabetes and 200 controls without CAD or diabetes at three single-nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） in ADIPOR1 and one SNP in SUM04, which were chosen based on previous studies. Potential associations were also explored between these SNPs and clinical characteristics of CAD without diabetes. Results Risk alleles at three SNPs inADIPOR1 （rs7539542-G, rs7514221-C and rs3737884-G） and the G allele at SNP rs237025 in SUM04 significantly increased risk of CAD without diabetes, with ORs ranging from 1.79 to 4.44. Carriers of any of these four risk alleles showed similar adverse clinical characteristics. Compared with individuals with a CC or GC genotype, those with a GG genotype at rs3737884 were at significantly higher risk of CAD that affected the left anterior descending coronary artery （OR： 6.77, P = 0.009）, the right coronary artery （OR： 4.81, P = 0.028） or a relatively large number of vessels （P = 0.04）. Individuals carrying a risk allele at one or more of the three SNPs in ADIPOR1 as well as a risk allele at the SNP in SUM04 were at significantly higher risk of CAD without diabetes than individuals not carrying any risk alleles （OR： 5.82, 95% CI： 1.23-27.7, P= 0.013）. Conelusions SNPs in ADIPORl and SUMO4 are associated with elevated risk of CAD without diabetes, and SNPs in the two genes may interact to jointly affect disease risk.
文摘High frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) is well proved to have over the horizon (OTH) detection capability to weak aerial targets, such as concealed airplanes or cruise missiles. The most important problem of detection of fast and small targets using HFSWR is earlier warning, i.e. enlargement of detection range oftargets. Therefore, the detection threshold should be decreased as low as possible, but numerous false alarms are brought about at the same time. On this condition, conventional track initiation techniques, which normally require the probability of false alarm to be at the level of 10-6, will initiate enormous false tracks and lead to abnormal operation of tracking system. An adaptive modified hough transform (AMHT) track initiator is proposed accordingly and the relation of detection range to the performance of track initiator is analyzed in this paper. Simulations are performed to confirm the capability of track initiation to fast and small targets in dense clutter by AMHT track initiator. The tolerable probability of false alarm of detector can reach the level of 10 -3 . And it performs better than track initiator based on modified hough transform (MHT).
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41625021,41676079 and 41906021the Project of Enhancing School with Innovation of Guangdong Ocean University under contract No.Q18307the Program for Scientific Research Start-up Funds of Guangdong Ocean University under contract No.060302112010
文摘Two kinds of regression equations are used to reproduce the sediment flux of the 26 small coastal watersheds in southeastern China.The first kind is the global equations suggested by Milliman and Syvitski(1992),Mulder and Syvitski(1996),Syvitski et al.(2003),and Syvitski and Milliman(2007).The second kind is the modified equations revised by the characteristics of the coastal watersheds,including the drainage area,mean water discharge,and mean sediment discharge.Compared with the observations of the hydrometric stations,the global equations overestimate the sediment flux by 1–2 orders of magnitude.By using the modified equations,the accuracy of the estimated sediment flux is significantly improved,with the relative error in the range of 7%–24%.The reason for the overestimation mainly caused by different parameters’domain and regression coefficients between global rivers and study coastal watersheds.This study demonstrates that modification needs to be considered when using global regression equations to reproduce the sediment flux of the small coastal watersheds in southeastern China.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51175028)Great Scholars Training Project(Grant No.CIT&TCD20150312)Beijing Recognized Talent Project(Grant No.2014018)
文摘Reliability assessment of the braking system in a high?speed train under small sample size and zero?failure data is veryimportant for safe operation. Traditional reliability assessment methods are only performed well under conditions of large sample size and complete failure data,which lead to large deviation under conditions of small sample size and zero?failure data. To improve this problem,a new Bayesian method is proposed. Based on the characteristics of the solenoid valve in the braking system of a high?speed train,the modified Weibull distribution is selected to describe the failure rate over the entire lifetime. Based on the assumption of a binomial distribution for the failure probability at censored time,a concave method is employed to obtain the relationships between accumulation failure prob?abilities. A numerical simulation is performed to compare the results of the proposed method with those obtained from maximum likelihood estimation,and to illustrate that the proposed Bayesian model exhibits a better accuracy for the expectation value when the sample size is less than 12. Finally,the robustness of the model is demonstrated by obtaining the reliability indicators for a numerical case involving the solenoid valve of the braking system,which shows that the change in the reliability and failure rate among the di erent hyperparameters is small. The method is provided to avoid misleading of subjective information and improve accuracy of reliability assessment under condi?tions of small sample size and zero?failure data.
文摘Background： The criterion of two target lesions per organ in the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors （RECIST） version I. 1 is an arbitrary one, being supported by no objective evidence. The optimal number of target lesions per organ still needs to be investigated. We compared tumor responses using the RECIST 1.1 （measuring two target lesions per organ） and modified RECIST I. 1 （measuring the single largest lesion in each organ） in patients with small cell lung cancer （SCLC）. Methods： We reviewed medical records of patients with SCLC who received first-line treatment between January 2004 and December 2014 and compared tumor responses according to the two criteria using computed tomography. Results： There were a total of 34 patients who had at least two target lesions in any organ according to the RECIST 1.1 during the study period. The differences in the percentage changes of the sum of tumor measurements between RECIST 1.1 and modified RECIST 1.1 were all within 13%. Seven patients showed complete response and fourteen showed partial response according to the RECIST I.I. The overall response rate was 61.8%. When assessing with the modified RECIST 1.1 instead of the RECIST 1.1, tumor responses showed perfect concordance between the two criteria （k= 1.0）. Conclusions： The modified RECIST 1.I showed perfect agreement with the original RECIST 1.I in the assessment of tumor response of SCLC. Our result suggests that it may be enough to measure the single largest target lesion per organ for evaluating tumor response.
文摘The small angle X-ray scattering of organically modified MSU-X silica prepared by co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) show negative deviation from Debye’s theory due to the existence of the organic interface layer. By exerting correction of the scattering negative deviation, Debye relation may be recovered, and the average wall thickness of the material may be evaluated.
基金supported by the Max Planck Societythe German Research Foundation DFG (SFB 635 to G.C., and SPP 1365 and grant BA1158/3–1 to A.B.)+1 种基金the Austrian Research Foundation FWF (grant P 21215 to A.B.)pre-doctoral fellowships from the International Max Planck Research School to R.B. and R.H
文摘Small ubiquitin-like modifier （SUMO） conjugation affects a broad range of processes in plants, including growth, flower initiation, pathogen defense, and responses to abiotic stress. Here, we investigate in vivo and in vitro a SUMO conjugating enzyme with a Cys to Ser change in the active site, and show that it has a dominant negative effect. In planta expression significantly perturbs normal development, leading to growth retardation, early flowering and gene expression changes. We suggest that the mutant protein can serve as a probe to investigate sumoylation, also in plants for which poor genetic infrastructure precludes analysis via loss-of-function mutants.
文摘Background Non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） is one of the most common malignant tumors.Despite the advances in therapy over the years,its mortality remains high.The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of small ubiquitin-like modifier （SUMO） proteases 1 （SENP1） in NSCLC tissues and its role in the regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） expression.We also investigated the association between the expression level of SENP1 and the clinicopathological features and survival of the patients.Methods A SENP1 small interfering RNA （siRNA） was constructed and transfected into the NSCLC cells.VEGF gene expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）.Immunohistochemistry staining was used to assess the expression of SENP1 in 100 NSCLC patients and its association with the clinicopathological features and survival was analyzed.Results VEGF expression was significantly higher in NSCLC tissues than in normal lung tissues.Inhibition of SENP1 by siRNA was associated with decreased VEGF expression.SENP1 was over-expressed in 55 of the 100 NSCLC samples （55％） and was associated with a moderate and low histological tumor grade （3.6％,38.2％,and 58.2％ in high,moderate and low differentiated tumors,respectively,P=0.046）,higher T stage （10.9％ in T1,and 89.1％ in T2 and T3 tumor samples,P ＜0.001）and TNM stage （10.9％ in stage Ⅰ,and 89.1％ in stages Ⅱ and Ⅲ tumor samples,P ＜0.001）.The rate of lymph node metastasis was significantly higher in the SENP1 over-expression group （76.4％） than that in the SENP1 low expression group （33.3％,P ＜0.001）.Sixty three patients received postoperative chemotherapy,including 34 with SENP1 over-expression and 29 with SENP1 low expression.Among the 34 patients with SENP1 over-expression,22 （64.7％） patients developed recurrence or metastasis,significantly higher than those in the low expression group 27.6％ （8/29） （P=0.005）.Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that lymph node metastasis （P=0.015）,TNM stage （P=-0.001）,and SENP1 expression level （P=0.002） were independent prognostic factors for the survival of NSCLC patients.Conclusions SENP1 may be a promising predictor of survival,a predictive factor of chemo-sensitivity for NSCLC patients,and potentially a desirable drug target for lung carcinoma target therapy.
