APPLICATION OF DIAMOND TWIST DRILL FOR DRILLING HARD-BRITTLE MATERIALS

A new conception, which combines the advantages of both twist drill and diamond grit, is proposed to develop a new tool for drilling hard brittle materials. The manufacturing process of the drill is introduced, and drilling experiments are carried out by using of the drill developed. As a result, not only it can drill holes with a high efficiency, but also a good quality of hole inlet and outlet can be obtained for such materials as glasses, marble, granite, Al 2O 3, etc. The prospect in practical application of the technique developed is also discussed.

Enhancing diamond drilling performance by the addition of non-ionic polymer to the flushing media

Drilling is a most important and crucial operation in the excavation industries.With the objective of looking into the enhancement of diamond drilling performance detailed laboratory investigations were carried out on phosphate rock.The effect of Poly（Ethylene Oxide）（PEO） added to the drilling water was studied by varying machine parameters and PEO concentration.The responses were rate of penetration and torque at the bit rock interface.Slake durability tests were also performed to understand the slaking behavior of phosphate rock in PEO solutions.

THE LUBRICATING MECHANISMS OF LUBRICATINGDRILLING FLUIDS ON SYNTHETIC DIAMOND BIT

The functions of lubricants in diamond drilling were discussedin this paper. The influences of lubricant on drilling efficiency and bit′s life were compared and analyzed with simulated drilling test and lubrication test apparatus. Lubricating mechanisms were also discussed.

Discussion of reasonable drilling parameters in impregnated diamond bit drilling

The impregnated diamond(ID)bit drilling is one of the main rotary drilling methods in hard rock drilling and it is widely used in mineral exploration,oil and gas exploration,mining,and construction industries.In this study,the quadratic polynomial model in ID bit drilling process was proposed as a function of controllable mechanical operating parameters,such as weight on bit(WOB)and revolutions per minute(RPM).Also,artificial neural networks(ANN)model for predicting the rate of penetration(ROP)was developed using datasets acquired during the drilling operation.The relationships among mechanical operating parameters(WOB and RPM)and ROP in ID bit drilling were analyzed using estimated quadratic polynomial model and trained ANN model.The results show that ROP has an exponential relationship with WOB,whereas ROP has linear relationship with RPM.Finally,the optimal regime of mechanical drilling parameters to achieve high ROP was confirmed using proposed model in combination with rock breaking principal.

Nano-synthesis and nano-mechanics of diamond composites and its petroleum drilling applications

We perform synthesis, characterization, and application of nanostructured diamond composites. The enhancements of the thermomechanical performance of bulk diamond compacts in terms of hardness, fracture toughness, wear resistance, impact strength, and thermal stability are our project objectives. It is to aim at applying an advanced nanosynthesis process for the manufac-turing of superhard and ultratough diamond/SiC nanocomposites with the implementation of nanofiber reinforcement. The R&D re-sults can be used in multi-industrial applications, particularly, for drill bits designed to encounter dynamic impacts for high speed oil/gas drillings, thus to achieve high efficiency and energy saving. Science and technology (S&T) researches on precursors, cata-lyst, reactive sintering, and in-situ/real-time characterization of high P-T neutron/X-ray diffraction studies on phase stability, syn-thesis kinetics, residual strain, and yield strength have been applied to help optimizing the nanomanufacturing process. Our R&D ef-fort in high P-T nanosynthesis of TSP diamond/SiC composites is to achieve superior performance of nanomechanics in resisting dy-namic impact and thermal degradation, while still maintaining the super-hardness and super-abrasiveness of diamond and silicon-car-bide. The improved polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit inserts for drilling, boring, and cutting will be applied in harsh envi-ronments so as to meet the demands of the mining, petroleum, and machinery industries. With success of the proposed project, the expected energy savings and reduction of CO2 emission will be significant and the economic advantages are going to be enormous.

Investigation of active vibration drilling using acoustic emission and cutting size analysis

This paper describes an investigation of active bit vibration on the penetration mechanisms and bit-rock interaction for drilling with a diamond impregnated coring bit. A series of drill-off tests(DOTs) were conducted where the drilling rate-of-penetration(ROP) was measured at a series of step-wise increasing static bit thrusts or weight-on-bits(WOBs). Two active DOTs were conducted by applying 60 Hz axial vibration at the bit-rock interface using an electromagnetic vibrating table mounted underneath the drilling samples, and a passive DOT was conducted where the bit was allowed to vibrate naturally with lower amplitude due to the compliance of the drilling sample mountings. During drilling, an acoustic emission(AE) system was used to record the AE signals generated by the diamond cutter penetration and the cuttings were collected for grain size analysis. The instrumented drilling system recorded the dynamic motions of the bit-rock interface using a laser displacement sensor, a load cell, and an LVDT(linear variable differential transformer) recorded the dynamic WOB and the ROP, respectively. Calibration with the drilling system showed that rotary speed was approximately the same at any given WOB, facilitating comparison of the results at the same WOB. Analysis of the experimental results shows that the ROP of the bit at any given WOB increased with higher amplitude of axial bit-rock vibration, and the drill cuttings increased in size with a higher ROP. Spectral analysis of the AEs indicated that the higher ROP and larger cutting size were correlated with a higher AE energy and a lower AE frequency. This indicated that larger fractures were being created to generate larger cutting size. Overall, these results indicate that a greater magnitude of axial bit-rock vibration produces larger fractures and generates larger cuttings which, at the same rotary speed, results in a higher ROP.

Research on Fe-based impregnated diamond drill bits strengthened by Nano-NbC and Nano-WC

In order to improve the matrix performance of impregnated diamond drill bit to better meet the drilling needs,the effects of the addition of nano-WC and nano-NbC particles on the matrix material together with the mechanical properties and microstructure of the diamond-matrix composite material of the Fe-based diamond drill bit were studied by using the method of uniform formula design,regression analysis and solution finding.An indoor drilling test was also carried out using the fabricated impregnated diamond drill bit.The results showed that after the addition of nano-NbC and nano-WC,the hardness and flexural strength of the matrix material got improved,as the flexural strength of the diamond composite material increased to 4.29%,the wear-resistance ratio increased to 8.75%,and the tighter the chemical bonding between the diamond and the matrix.This,indicates that the addition of nanoparticles has a positive significance in improving the performance of the diamond composite.The results of the drilling test showed that the mechanical drilling speed of the impregnated diamond drill bit after nanoparticle strengthening is 25.85%higher than that of the conventional drill bit,and the matrix wear was increased by 17.5%.It proves that nanoparticles can improve the drilling performance and efficiency of drill bit.

Development of Diamond-Coated Drills

Compared with the sintered polycrystalline diamond, the deposited thin film diamond has the great advantage on the fabrication of cutting tools with complex geometries such as drills. Because of their low costs for fabrication equipment and high performance on high speed machining non-ferrous metals and alloys, metal-compound materials, and hard brittle non-metals, diamond-coated drills find great potentialities in the commercial application. However, the poor adhesion of the diamond film on the substrate becomes the main technical barriers for the successful development and commercialization of diamond-coated tools. In this paper, diamond thin films were deposited on WC-Co based drills by the electron aided hot filament chemical vapor deposition (EACVD). A new multiple chemical pre-treatment technology including microwave oxidation, reaction in alkaline solution and cleaning by ultrasonic treatment in acid solution was developed and affects on the diamond adhesion strength, nucleation and surface morphology were investigated. At the same time, a special setup to fabricate diamond-coated drills was also developed and then the novel CVD process based on the varied parameters controlling model was presented, therefore the uniform quality and homogenized thickness of diamond coating could be available. From practical utilization viewpoint, the cutting performance of the diamond-coated drill was studied by drilling SiC particle reinforced aluminum matrix composite. The satisfied wear resistance and decrease of torque and thrust led to the long life of this kind of drill. This paper exhibited the meaningful work for the development of cutting tools with complex geometries and further extended the application of diamond material.

A NEW METHOD FOR CLASSIFICATION OF ROCK DRILLABILITY

A New method of rock drillability classification for impregnated diamond drilling is recommended. The essence of the method is comparing the area of the slots cut respectively on a standard synthetic rock sample and the rock sample being classified by one diamond saw to determine the rock drillability in diamond core drilling. This method has the advantages of good in simulation and stable in comparison standard.

降低井底岩石抗钻能力的钻速提高方法研究及钻头设计

为解决深部地层岩石硬度大、研磨性强、地应力高及可钻性差导致的钻头破岩效率低、钻井速度慢的问题,在分析现有提速技术的基础上,提出了释放地层应力、降低井底岩石抗钻能力的钻井提速新思路,基于该思路设计了井底应力诱导卸荷钻头、聚能攻击卸荷井底应力钻头、差压式钻头、中心差压式钻头、诱导卸荷与磨料射流联合作用钻头、阶梯式钻头和自激轴冲与诱导卸荷耦合破岩钻头等7种新式钻头。通过室内试验、现场试验,验证了其中2种钻头的提速效果:中心差压式钻头在室内试验中提速30.01%,现场试验最高提速318.11%;诱导卸荷与磨料射流联合作用钻头在室内试验中钻进石灰岩和红砂岩时分别提速59.0%和336.0%。该方法的提出及钻头的研制,为解决深部难钻地层的提速问题提供了新途径。

低透煤层瓦斯超前排放钻孔布置方式优化研究

目的为有效解决低透气性煤层瓦斯突出问题,有效消除阵列布孔方式带来的瓦斯排放盲区以及对角圆相切布孔方式造成的钻孔数量增加、重复排放等问题。方法通过理论分析,在超前排放钻孔有效排放半径一定的情况下提出阵列菱形法优化超前排放孔的布置方式(R为有效排放半径,煤层走向排放孔的间距为√3R),其钻孔数量约为对角圆相切法的3/4,重复排放面积减少至11%,减少了对角圆相切布孔方式的重复排放面积,减少了钻孔的数量。结果运用COMSOL Multiphysics对阵列菱形法布孔方式进行数值模拟运算,结果表明,阵列菱形法布孔方式排放20 d后,钻孔有效排放半径内整体瓦斯压力低于0.5 MPa,排放100 d后瓦斯压力低于0.30 MPa,卸压效果优于对角圆相切布孔方式的。将阵列法和对角圆相切法两种布孔方式排放100 d时钻孔周围的瓦斯压力分布情况与阵列菱形法布孔方式排放20 d时的分布情况交叉对比,发现阵列菱形法布孔方式卸压速率更快,卸压范围更广。结论提出阵列菱形法设计钻孔布孔方式,并运用COMSOL Multiphysics对3种钻孔布孔方式的卸压情况进行数值模拟运算,对比发现,阵列菱形法钻孔布孔方式比阵列法和对角圆相切法布孔方式更具优势,且在相同时间内卸压速率更快、卸压范围更广,对低透煤层预防瓦斯突出具有重要的意义。

钻探设备结构原理及金刚石钻进虚拟仿真实验系统建设与实验教学实施

为解决地质工程专业课程实验教学设备结构庞大复杂、难以真实体现、实验费用高和安全风险大的实验教学难题,基于计算机虚拟仿真技术构建钻探设备结构原理及金刚石钻进虚拟仿真实验系统,开发地质工程专业课程的虚拟仿真实验教学项目,包括钻探设备与钻具结构原理和拆装实验、绳索取心金刚石钻进的交互操作实验。实践表明,虚拟仿真实验系统的交互性好,可解决地质工程专业课程真实实验教学的难题,提高大学生的实践能力和创新能力,为地质工程专业创新型人才的培养提供实验教学的新模式。

水平定向钻进坚硬地层孕镶金刚石钻头的研究与应用

针对水平定向钻进坚硬地层效率低的问题,通过利用FeCoCu预合金胎体的硬脆性以及硬质颗粒碳化硅弱化胎体的特点,提高钻头的自锐性。采用分层结构设计,将高、低耐磨性胎体层沿钻头径向方向交替排布,其中高、低耐磨性胎体层厚度分别为2.5~3.5 mm和1.0~1.5 mm,可实现高、低耐磨性胎体层同步磨损,提高钻进效率。将FeCoCu预合金胎体和分层式胎体结构相结合,研制的孕镶金刚石钻头成功应用于水平定向钻进勘察工程坚硬钾长花岗岩地层,平均机械钻速0.8~1.5 m/h,钻头使用寿命为30~40 m。与普通同心圆尖齿钻头相比,机械钻速提高约1倍,寿命提高30%以上。

超硬材料在地质钻探中的应用与发展

超硬材料和钻探工程有着密不可分的联系,目前已成为钻探行业的重点研发材料。超硬材料在推动钻探行业向深井、超深井领域发展方面发挥了至关重要的作用。本文以金刚石、立方氮化硼和复合超硬材料为基础,介绍了超硬材料的分类及其特点。随后对钻探行业中超硬材料产品的应用和发展进行了详述,并分析钻探行业对超硬材料的需求,进而对其未来发展趋势进行展望,以期能为超硬材料在地质钻探领域的应用与发展起一定的指导作用。

广谱性金刚石钻头国内外研究现状及发展趋势分析

随地球浅层资源消耗殆尽,资源勘探开发不断向深部进军,所遇地层条件愈加复杂,坚硬致密地层、强研磨性地层等复杂地层条件成为深部钻探的重大阻碍。金刚石钻头广泛应用于地质资源开发,因此对金刚石钻头综合性能要求也随之提高,然而现有的金刚石钻头只能适用于某一地层,需要经常更换,因此,研发地层适用性好、钻进效率高、钻头寿命长的广谱性金刚石钻头是克服深部钻探任务的重要内容。近年来,金刚石钻头发展迅速,在结构、品类与性能等方面都得到了较大提升,同时也存在一定提升空间。本文介绍了近年来广谱性金刚石钻头的研究现状与取得的重要进展,包括钻头结构及胎体性能方面的提升及应用,随后针对现有的广谱性金刚石钻头研究成果,提出了金刚石钻头的研究难题以及未来发展方向。通过本文对广谱性金刚石钻头的发展趋势总结,揭示了金刚石钻头制作技术和应用领域的新型研究方向,对我国油气勘探及矿产资源开发领域广谱性金刚石钻头研究有一定借鉴意义。

钻探施工中孕镶金刚石钻头的适应性选择

孕镶金刚石钻头是进行地质岩心钻探必不可少的利器之一。本文总结全球3大知名公司金刚石钻头的特性及其与不同地层的对应选择关系,认为他们在钻头对地层的适应性及钻头分类方式方面较国内有一定的优势。在此基础上,针对国内目前存在的钻头胎体分类繁杂、选择困难、对地层的适应性较差的问题,本研究从钻头胎体类型、地层岩性和施工案例等3个方面,提出钻井施工中切实有效的钻头与地层对应选择方案,并研发出4种胎体配方能够满足从软岩层、中硬岩层—硬岩层、极硬岩层钻进需求,采用“字母+数字方式”对衍生的K系列、S系列钻头胎体进行标注,并在工程实践中取得良好应用效果。

基于超磁分离技术的金刚石钻探超细岩粉清除实验研究

为解决金刚石钻探工艺冲洗液中超细岩粉难以清除的难题,探究了基于超磁分离技术清除超细岩粉的效果。设计了不同加药种类和加量情况下的冲洗液超细岩粉清除实验,通过比较超细岩粉去除率和磁种回收率得出最优加药方案。实验结果表明:在3‰浓度的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺无固相冲洗液中加入0.5‰的硫酸铝能达到最佳岩粉清除效果,具有96.76%的超细岩粉去除率以及96.03%的磁种回收率。通过皮尔逊相关系数分析证明了适量加药范围内超细岩粉去除率和磁种回收率呈正相关性。以上研究成果为超磁分离技术在金刚石钻探工艺冲洗液中超细岩粉清除的成功应用奠定了一定的基础。

大型金刚石薄壁钻头行波振动分析及优化

针对大型金刚石薄壁钻头在钻切中出现的振动和噪声问题,用Ansys Workbench有限元软件对无开孔、开孔、开孔且夹层和安装定位轮的薄壁钻头进行模态分析,进一步用行波振动理论计算薄壁钻头共振裕度δ,分析避开行波共振的效果,研究开孔、夹层对行波振动的影响。结果表明:钻切转速为187.32 r/min时,无开孔薄壁钻头的共振裕度δ为0,出现后行波共振;在无开孔薄壁钻头出现后行波共振固有模态变形大的区域开8组圆孔(每组3个)和8个S形孔,薄壁钻头的共振裕度δ为5.18%,避开行波共振效果良好;开孔且夹层的薄壁钻头的共振裕度δ为6.11%,避开行波共振效果最好。为提高孔的加工精度,在薄壁钻头周围安装定位轮,分析定位轮数对行波振动的影响,发现安装6个和12个定位轮的薄壁钻头的共振裕度δ分别为4.59%和4.79%,避开行波共振效果好。比较2~12个定位轮薄壁钻头的共振裕度δ,而且考虑安装方便,最后确定最佳安装定位轮数为6个。

坚硬打滑地层钻进技术研究

打滑地层的岩石坚硬致密、研磨性弱,因其造岩矿物颗粒细、结构致密和石英含量高或硅化程度高,具有硬度大的特点,岩石可钻性为9~12级,岩石压入硬度可达5000~7000 MPa。由于在打滑地层中金刚石钻头胎体难以磨耗,金刚石不易出刃,钻进效率低,回次进尺少,是金刚石钻进工艺的一大技术难题。本文基于地层打滑的原因分析,开展了金刚石钻头的结构参数优化和钻进方法参数优化研究,探索了坚硬打滑地层钻进取心技术,并在霍邱李楼矿区四个孔的主矿层钻进中进行应用。应用效果表明,平均时效由0.35 m/h增至0.45 m/h,平均回次进尺由0.65 m增至0.88 m,分别提高29%和35%,取得了较好的应用效果。

绳索取心钻头在钾盐勘探的应用及优化技术——以JG-2井为例

JG-2井是中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所为进一步查明思茅盆地勐野井组钾盐资源而布置于景谷凹陷盆地的地质调查井,设计井深1800 m。全孔取心分别采用金刚石和PDC绳索取心工艺技术,施工中出现岩盐、泥岩、砂岩及泥砾岩互层频繁、反复交替,致使岩石可钻性及研磨性变化快,钻头机械钻速快-慢不均、泥包及岩心磨损严重等问题,对钻头选型带来较大的困难、影响了钻进效率。本文针对上述问题,分析总结了钻遇地层岩性特征和使用钻头类型、结构后,优选了八刀翼PDC绳索取心钻头类型、同时优化了孕镶金刚石钻头结构与钻进参数,改善泥浆流变及清洁性能,较好地解决了上述问题,提高了钻头时效及取心质量。最后终孔深度1829.44 m,终孔直径133 mm,钻获了直径≥78 mm的优质岩盐矿心,岩矿心平均采取率达到97.51%,为类似地质条件钾盐调查勘探提供一定的借鉴依据。