Small-Scale Household Biogas Digesters as a Viable Option for Energy Recovery and Global Warming Mitigation--Vietnam Case Study

Biogas from livestock waste is considered as clean and renewable energy in Vietnam. In the last 20 years, in rural and remote areas of Vietnam, there has been a significant increase of small-scale household biogas digesters. Biogas digesters create the benefits of replacing energy and mitigation of climate change caused by greenhouse gas （GHG） emission and deforestation for firewood and charcoal. Livestock waste produces approximately 85 million tonnes every year and continues to increase, meaning there are huge feedstocks for biogas digesters to meet the energy demands in households. However, there are also many constraints on the development programme for small-scale household biogas digester. In Vietnam, the socio-economic situation and the lack of a sustainable energy policy for biogas from livestock sector are hindering the growth of the biogas digester industry. Government subsidies are needed to encourage farmers to participate. This paper will be helpful not only for the sustainable development of household biogas in Vietnam, but also for the developing program of biogas generation in developing countries with similar agricultural economies to Vietnam.

Peasant Household Oriented Land Circulation from the Perspective of State Governance

Based on the state governance background of peasant household oriented land circulation,I analyzed characteristics of peasant household oriented land circulation.The characteristics mainly include uncertain definition of rural land circulation,significant off-media feature of land circulation,long-term land circulation contract,farmers' preference of peasant household oriented land circulation,and progressive path of land circulation.The essential feature is the progressive mode of land circulation.Under the existing property right,it realizes the perfect combination of modern production factors and traditional agricultural,and the combination of traditional family safeguarding function and modern social mutual growth spirit.Thus,it shows relative independence and manifests the idea of common prosperity.The opportunity cost of peasant household oriented land circulation is minimal,institutional cost will increase circulation risk,and what's more,the cost for state governance of peasant household oriented land circulation is minimal.It comes to conclusion that building proper and harmonious land circulation mechanism is responsibility of central government and favorable for healthy development of peasant household oriented land circulation.

The Analysis of the Basic features of Peasant Households with Different Income levels——A Case of 259 Peasant Households in Three Villages of Hebei Province,China

According to the urban and rural income levels and the national poverty line,peasant households are classified into poor households,middle-income households and wealthy households.Based on the investigation data of 259 peasant households in three villages of Hebei Province,the features of family structure,economy,ideology and communication of peasant households with different income levels in current status are analyzed.The result shows that there are great differences in family structure,ideology,economy and communication of peasant households with different income levels.The low-income households are featured by unreasonable family structure,heavy burden,conservative behavior and blocking information.While the middle and high income households are good at communicating and willing to take risk and armed with high skills.Based on this,relevant suggestions are put forward to promote the development of peasant households,such as optimizing family structure,cultivating the capacity of the core numbers of the family,guiding households to choose a suitable development path,encouraging farmers to work out,ensuring the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers,flourishing rural culture,and setting up good platform for the communication of households.

Investigation on the Concurrent-Business Behavior of Peasant Households during the Planting Structure Adjustment in Karst Mountainous Area

Based on the survey data of 150 peasant households in typical Karst mountainous area in the year 2009, causations, characteristics and influence factors of the concurrent-business behavior of peasant households during planting structure adjustment are analyzed. Result shows that there is significant positive correlation between the concurrent-business income and the household income of farmers. And the concurrent-business behavior has the tendency to be popular among the young farmers with the characteristics of relative concentration, strong will of farmers and the significant impact of education degree on the concurrent-business income. Information, capital, skill, and market awareness are the main factors affecting the concurrent-business behavior of peasant households. Countermeasures to optimize the concurrent-business behavior of peasant households are put forward, such as strengthening the skills training for farmers to improve the cultural quality of peasant households, establishing modern rural financial service system to offer capital support for the development of peasant households, setting up information base of rural labor force to provide more information and channels for the concurrent-business behavior of peasant households, and enhancing the cultivation of farmers' market awareness to improve their ability to adapt to market economy.

Peasant Household, Government and Genetically Modified Crops --Statistic Analyses on Peasant＇ s Intentions of Planting Genetically Modified Crops in China

The paper analyzes the questionnaire on the peasant＇s intentions of planting genetically modified crops in China, points out the culture education level and the cognition level differences of the inquisition sample, designs four set questions on the intentions of planting genetically modified crops, explains the relationship between peasant＇s planting intentions and their main income sources and relative income levels, and studies what government should do in planting genetically modified crops from the peasants＇ point of view. The author makes appro]ariate comments on the subject.

Research on Reclaimed Land Quality Based on Peasant Households' Behaviors——A Case of the Reclaimed Land in Liuxin Country,Xuzhou,China

The quality of reclaimed land not only relates to the way of reclamation,but also has close relations to farmers' living standard and households' behaviors.Taking the farmland in the reclamation region of the Liuxin County,Tongshan Town,Xuzhou as the survey objects,we conduct a survey on peasant households in the reclamation region by the way of questionnaire.The data collected from the survey are analyzed by using scientific statistical methods,including SPSS software and Excel.The results show that in the investigation of peasant households' perceptual knowledge towards the quality of reclaimed land,42.5% of them holds the satisfactory and extremely satisfactory attitudes,which take relatively high percentage.As a result of the increase of non-agricultural income,6% of peasant households are indifferent to the quality of the reclaimed land.During the investigation of peasant households' rational knowledge towards the quality of the reclaimed land,the nitrogen content and organic content in soil filled by pulverized fuel ash are significantly lower than that in the soil filled by coal gangue and that in soil in the contrast area.The current production and planting pattern of peasant households has not improved the quality of farmland in the reclaimed area effectively and most peasant households still use the traditional way of cultivating.Hence,it is necessary to strengthen the guide on the thought patterns of peasant households,to cultivate scientifically and to enhance the quality of reclaimed farmland.The yields of the reclaimed farmland are low in the primary year,but with the increases of input and the restoration of the land,the annual yields will increase gradually,and gradually approaches to the usual yields.Based on it,the corresponding countermeasures are put forward:for one thing,improving soil alkalescency and enhancing soil fertility;for another thing,attaching much attention to technological directions,scientific cultivation and carry out the standards of reclamation strictly.

数字技术采纳、线上消费习惯与农户消费结构升级——来自CFPS 2014—2020年面板数据的实证研究

数字技术正日益成为撬动农户消费升级、助力乡村振兴、实现农业农村现代化的重要抓手。基于2014—2020年中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS),实证分析农户数字技术采纳对消费结构升级的影响。研究结果表明:首先,农户数字技术采纳能够促进农户消费结构升级,该结论经过内生性处理及稳健性检验后仍然成立。其次,异质性分析发现,处于中等及中低消费层次,位于东、西部地区,拥有高频次家庭内部交流的农户,其数字技术采纳的消费结构升级作用更强。最后,机制分析表明,农户采纳数字技术通过培养并深化农户的线上消费习惯来提升消费结构。因此,应从家庭内外双维度多途径提高农户数字技术采纳意愿;开展消费教育活动向农户传递有益的消费理念;积极引导和推动农村电商发展的同时探索农村物流配送新模式。

非农就业、社会资本对农户农机租赁与雇工支出的影响研究——基于CFPS2018数据的实证分析

随着我国农村优质劳动力的大量外流,农业劳动力稀缺和老龄化问题日渐突出,租赁农机和农业雇工成为克服农户家庭劳动力约束的有效途径。同时,中国乡土社会普遍存在的以血缘和地缘为纽带的社会资本也可能影响农户的农机租赁和雇工支出。该文利用2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据,实证研究非农就业、社会资本对农户农机租赁和雇工支出的影响。研究表明,非农就业能够促进农户农机租赁行为,但会减少其雇工支出,而社会资本则会同时提高农户农机租赁与雇工支出。因此,应努力提高农机服务效率,设立农业雇工平台,构建多层次、多元化农机服务体系,缓解非农就业引致的农地弃耕撂荒问题,实现农户与现代农业的有机衔接。

耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响——以常德市为例

提高水稻生产生态效率是协同实现保障粮食产量稳增长与减少粮食生产环境损耗双目标的关键路径,耕地作为农业生产活动最基本的生产资料之一,探索耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响对促进农业适度规模化经营和耕地可持续利用具有重要意义。本文基于粮食生产微观主体——农户的视角,从理论上揭示耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率的影响,并利用常德市416份农户问卷调查数据,运用随机前沿分析法构建效率测算模型和影响模型进行实证检验。研究表明:农户耕地规模化水平和水稻生产生态效率均有待提升,样本农户中较小规模农户数量最多,占总样本的94.95%,较小规模农户仍是农业生产的主力;农户水稻生产生态效率均值为0.830,还存在0.170的提升空间。耕地经营规模对农户水稻生产生态效率有显著影响,二者并非简单线性关系而是呈“倒U型”关系,且拐点所在区间为1.2~1.4 hm2;农户水稻生产生态效率还受到户主受教育程度、抚养比、农业收入占比的显著正向影响和户主年龄的显著负向影响。因此,应在尊重较小规模农户将长期存在这一现实的基础上,进一步推进耕地适度规模经营并培育新型农户,以促进水稻生产生态效率提高。

农户社会交易网络主要矛盾与对接机制——以小农户对接定向市场为例

如何破解“小农户对接大市场”的问题,使小农户能够直接对接有限市场,现有研究仍比较匮乏。以小农户对接定向市场为例,基于巢状市场理论,采用深度访谈与参与式观察的研究方法,以“小农户为何对接市场、对接什么市场、如何对接市场、何以对接市场”的逻辑思路,探讨农户社会交易网络中的主要矛盾与对接机制,分析小农户有效对接定向市场的形成过程和持续条件。研究表明,通过中间载体,特定生产者与特定消费者间接或直接对接,构建了点对点的市场交易关系,使小农户拥有固定对接的“定向市场”,形成特有的社会交易网络,一定程度上可有效解决小农户难以对接市场的困境。同时,在组织机制、动员机制以及监管机制的共同作用下,实现“定向市场”的持续发展,促进小农户对接的市场可持续发展,成功地将小农户的生计资源和社会资本转化成收入,实现稳定且可持续的增收。

农业信贷担保、农村金融供给与农户家庭增收

基于省际面板数据,构建中介效应面板数据模型,运用逐步回归法与Sobel检验法实证分析农业信贷担保、农村金融供给对农户家庭增收的直接效应与中介效应。实证研究发现,农业信贷担保与农村金融供给均对农户家庭增收有显著的促进效应,且在农业信贷担保影响农户家庭增收过程中,农业信贷担保对农户家庭增收产生的总效应为0.091,其中直接效应为0.067,通过农村金融供给产生的中介效应为0.024,中介效应占总效应比重为26.37%,且该基准估计结果通过了稳定性检验与内生性检验。由此表明农业信贷担保对农户家庭增收有显著的促进效应,且在农业信贷担保驱动农户家庭增收过程中,农村金融信贷供给发挥了一定的促进作用,但中介效应占比较低表明农业信贷担保政策并未充分协同农村金融政策开展涉农信贷融资担保服务,以致于为农户家庭提供的信贷支持相对有限。同时,地区异质性分析表明东部地区农业信贷担保对农户家庭增收有显著的直接效应,且通过农村金融供给的中介效应发挥了增收效果;中部地区农业信贷担保的直接效应与间接效应均不显著;西部地区农业信贷担保的总效应较弱且主要依赖于农村金融供给中介效应的支撑。

就近城镇化背景下“半工半耕”模式的变化及其影响

就近城镇化作为如今中西部地区新型城镇化的战略要求和现实选择,使21世纪以来形成的“以代际分工为基础的半工半耕”模式发生了新的变化。文章以湖南省常德市为例,采用入户深度访谈等质性研究方法,分析农民工回流实现就近城镇化对原有的“半工半耕”家庭分工模式造成的影响。研究发现:就近城镇化过程中出现了以放弃老人农业为特征的“半耕”弱化,以及返乡就业压力和风险下的“半工”非正规化。农户家庭在参与城镇化的行为决策中,正从以经济收益为考量的方式转向以后代教育为导向的家庭分工新方式。就近城镇化正在广大的中西部地区发生,但新“半工半耕”模式带来的社会效应是复杂和不确定的。该模式的健康引导,对于探索本土化的内发型发展道路有着积极的意义。

农户土地流转决策意愿及其影响因素:基于重庆荣昌区的实证

随着脱贫攻坚战的全面胜利和乡村振兴战略的深入,山地丘陵区的土地流转日益引起社会各界的关注。基于农户家庭禀赋的内生视角,探讨了土地流转与农户家庭特征的关系,并利用调查获取的重庆市荣昌区333份农户问卷数据,构建了影响农户土地流转决策意愿的变量指标体系,通过Logistic回归模型分析发现:农户土地流转决策意愿在一定程度上取决于其家庭禀赋特征,影响因素的显著性排序为农户性别>种植业收入比重>农户年龄>人均耕地面积>耕地破碎程度,说明男性在家庭决策中仍然发挥着主导,而户主年龄、家庭种植业收入比重、家庭人均耕地面积、承包耕地破碎程度与土地流转决策意愿均存在较为强烈的反向作用关系。因此,构建稳定长期的土地流转关系,在政策设计上应注意弥补农户家庭禀赋上的短板,并通过收益分配共享机制促进其经济状况或发展能力改善。

人口老龄化对农户创业的影响——基于CLDS 2016年数据的实证分析

基于人口老龄化的视角,以农户创业为研究对象,利用中国劳动力动态调查(CLDS)2016年的数据,构建Logit回归模型,并引入对农户创业有重要影响的外出务工意愿和互联网使用2个关键变量分别作为中介变量和调节变量,探寻人口老龄化对农户创业的影响及其影响机制。结果表明,人口老龄化会显著抑制农户创业,也会抑制农户家庭户主的外出务工意愿,外出务工意愿在人口老龄化与农户创业之间存在部分中介作用,互联网使用在人口老龄化与农户创业之间存在调节作用,使用互联网弱化了老龄化对农户创业的抑制作用,通过更换实证模型和缩小样本进行稳健性检验之后,结论仍然成立。通过分群体、分教育层次和社会网络水平进行异质性分析发现,人口老龄化对农户创业的抑制作用在不同教育层次、不同社会网络水平下存在异质性。为此,要强化农村网络建设,鼓励更多的外出务工者返乡入乡留乡就业创业,为乡村振兴提供人才支撑,共同建设美丽富饶的幸福乡村。

农业产业组织模式研究回顾与展望

在新发展阶段下,构建中国特色农业产业组织与组织体系是加快推进农业农村现代化,实现小农户与现代农业有机衔接,促进农业高质量发展的重要途径。对农业产业组织模式的内涵与理论基础、类型与演化、选择农业产业组织模式的影响因素及其经济效应等方面进行全面的回顾,为进一步提高农业产业组织模式发展中相关利益主体间协同互动和价值实现,提供理论支持与经验参考。按照“模式特征—影响因素—组织绩效”的内在逻辑,运用文献综述法和总结归纳法对相关研究进行综述。现有文献对农业产业组织模式进行系统研究,涵盖农业产业组织模式的内涵与类型,选择农业产业组织模式的行为机制和影响因素及其异质性影响,以及农业产业组织模式的选择效应及其差异化影响等方面。未来应创新关于农业产业组织模式分类的细化研究;进一步完善农业产业组织模式与区域协调性和经济适应性的研究;构建多学科交叉融合下的农业产业组织模式研究新范式。

农户资本禀赋、参与治理与河长制治水绩效研究

沿河农户作为直接利益相关者参与治水有助于弥补“官方河长”的治理效能不足。基于陕西和宁夏的560份农户调研数据,采用结构方程模型,分析“农户资本禀赋→参与治理→河长制治水绩效”的内在作用机理。结果显示:农户的自然资本和文化资本显著正向影响参与行为,物质资本显著负向影响参与行为,经济资本显著正向影响参与意愿,社会资本显著正向影响参与意愿和参与行为;社会资本通过参与治理的部分中介作用显著正向影响治水绩效,且参与治理内部存在“参与意愿→参与行为”的显著正向影响;整体效应上,参与治理作为中介促进农户资本禀赋对治水绩效的影响,且治理效果存在“生态绩效→社会绩效→经济绩效”优先次序。基于结论,为提升河长制治水绩效,建议强化农村生态文明、社会文明、物质文明、精神文明和政治文明建设,为农户参与治水资本赋权;完善农户为“民间河长”的参与制度规范,并构建农户可及的治水信息发布机制、多渠道信访窗口和对策采信投票栏。

数字素养对农户创业活动的影响分析——基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据

【目的/意义】通过实证分析数字素养对农户创业活动的影响,以期释放农户创业潜能,助推乡村振兴发展。【方法/过程】基于2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据,以农户为研究对象,实证分析了数字素养对农户创业活动的影响。【结论/结果】研究表明:数字素养对农户创业活动的开展具有显著的正向促进作用;同时,这种影响在不同代际、城乡区域及收入水平间展现出差异性特征;此外,社会互动在农户的数字素养与创业活动之间扮演着关键的中介桥梁角色。据此,提出完善数字技能教育培训体系、推进数字环境建设、引导规范非正规借贷有序发展等措施。

农户分化、宅基地价值认知对宅基地退出意愿的影响

研究农户宅基地退出意愿及其影响因素,对于因地制宜地制定宅基地退出政策、合理引导农户有序自愿退出宅基地具有重要现实意义。基于江苏省1173份抽样数据,运用Logit模型和多重中介模型实证检验农户分化对宅基地退出意愿的直接和间接影响。研究表明:农户分化(职业分化、经济分化)对宅基地退出意愿有显著的促进作用;农户宅基地价值认知会对其退地积极性产生显著影响;农户宅基地价值认知在农户分化与宅基地退出意愿之间起到了桥梁作用,其间接效应占总效应的比例分别为22.90%、21.94%。鉴于此,应提升农民非农就业能力,拓展非农就业渠道;根据农户经济分化水平建立差别化的宅基地退出机制;加强宅基地退出政策宣传,引领农户形成对宅基地价值的合理认知。

农户粮食储备质量稳定性研究

农户粮食储备在中国粮食储备体系中占有相当重要的地位,同时农户储粮数量占比巨大,因而农户粮食储备质量对国家粮食安全的影响不容小觑。基于农村流通环节的重要性,从生产、收获与干燥、运输和储存环节分析了农户粮食储备质量的影响因素,并通过《中国统计年鉴》《中国农村统计年鉴》等收集相关数据,利用主成分分析法对影响储备稳定性的因素进行了分析,综合得分结果表明:生产资料投入以及国家农业财政支出等在第一主成分影响显著,农业现代化、环境污染和农村户主文化程度在第二主成分和第三主成分影响较大,对于农户储粮质量稳定性的影响因素主要集中在生产环节,需要农业生态与生产安全协同推进,通过科学的培训辅导促进投入品、农用机械的合理运用,且国家财政投入需要向农业基础设施与农机购置倾斜,在减少农户生产成本的同时增强农户对粮食质量安全的责任感。

共同富裕视阈下农户参与电商经营对收入的影响研究

随着农村电商的蓬勃发展,农户倾向于采用电商模式进行销售,促进了农户增收和农村经济发展。本文基于CRRS数据,采用倾向得分匹配法,实证检验农户参与电商对收入的影响。研究表明,农户参与电商帮助其家庭收入实现42.4%~46.8%的增加;不同地区的农户参与电商经营的增收效应具有异质性。针对培育和壮大农村电商市场主体,为政府政策制定与农户参与电商实践方面提供可行的建议。