Review Integration of smartphone technology and artificial intelligence for advanced ophthalmic care:A systematic review

Background:The convergence of smartphone technology and artificial intelligence(AI)has revolutionized the landscape of ophthalmic care,offering unprecedented opportunities for diagnosis,monitoring,and management of ocular conditions.Nevertheless,there is a lack of systematic studies on discussing the integration of smart-phone and AI in this field.Main text:This review includes 52 studies,and explores the integration of smartphones and AI in ophthalmology,delineating its collective impact on screening methodologies,disease detection,telemedicine initiatives,and patient management.The collective findings from the curated studies indicate promising performance of the smartphone-based AI screening for various ocular diseases which encompass major retinal diseases,glaucoma,cataract,visual impairment in children and ocular surface diseases.Moreover,the utilization of smartphone-based imaging modalities,coupled with AI algorithms,is able to provide timely,efficient and cost-effective screening for ocular pathologies.This modality can also facilitate patient self-monitoring,remote patient monitoring and enhancing accessibility to eye care services,particularly in underserved regions.Challenges involving data pri-vacy,algorithm validation,regulatory frameworks and issues of trust are still need to be addressed.Furthermore,evaluation on real-world implementation is imperative as well,and real-world prospective studies are currently lacking.Conclusions:Smartphone ocular imaging merged with AI enables earlier,precise diagnoses,personalized treat-ments,and enhanced service accessibility in eye care.Collaboration is crucial to navigate ethical and data security challenges while responsibly leveraging these innovations,promising a potential revolution in care access and global eye health equity.

Magnetorheological elastomer and smartphone enable microfluidic biosensing of foodborne pathogen

Rapid detection of foodborne pathogens is crucial to prevent the outbreaks of foodborne diseases.In this work,we proposed a novel microfluidic biosensor based on magnetorheological elastomer(MRE)and smartphone.First,micropump and microvalves were constructed by deforming the MRE under magnetic actuation and integrated into the microfluidic biosensor for fluidic control.Then,the micropump was used to deliver immune porous gold@platinum nanocatalysts(Au@PtNCs),bacterial sample,and immunomagnetic nanoparticles(MNPs)into a micromixer,where they were mixed,incubated and magnetically separated to obtain the Au@PtNC-bacteria-MNP complexes.After 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine and hydrogen peroxide were injected and catalyzed by the Au@PtNCs,smartphone was used to measure the color of the catalysate for quantitative analysis of target bacteria.Under optimal conditions,this biosensor could detect Salmonella typhimurium quantitatively and automatically in 1 h with a linear detection range of 8.0×10^(1) CFU/mL to 8.0×10^(4) CFU/mL and a detection limit of 62 CFU/mL.The microfluidic biosensor was compact in size,simple to use,and efficient for detection,and might be used for in-field screening of foodborne pathogens to prevent food poisoning.