Study on pyrolysis and gasification of wood in MSW

In order to develop municipal solid waste（MSW） pyrolysis/gasification and melting technology with low emission and high efficiency, it was planed that all the main components in MSW and some typical kinds of MSW were pyrolyzed/gasified to propose an expert system for raw MSW. In this paper, wood, which was a prevalent component in MSW, was pyrolyzed and gasified in fluidized-bed reactors at different apparent excess air ratios （EARs）, temperatures and fluidizing velocities. For pyrolysis, with tem- perature increasing from 400℃ to 700℃, the yield of pyrolysis char decreased while that of pyrolysis gas increased （in this paper respectively from 28% to 20% and from 10% to 35%）, and when temperature was 500℃, the yield of pyrolysis tar reached the highest, up to 38% in this paper. It was the optimum for gasification when temperature was 600℃ and apparent EAR was 0.4. Under the experimental conditions of this paper, gasification efficiency achieved 73%, lower heat value（LHV） reached 5800 kJ/（Nm^3） and yield of syngas was 2.01 Nm^3/kg. Lower fluidizing velocity was useful to upgrade gasification efficiency and LHV of syngas for wood gasification. Based on the results, the reactive courses and mechanism were analyzed respectively for wood pyrolysis and gasification.

Experimental Researches on Milled Wood Lignin Pyrolysis Based on Analysis of Bio-oil

The structure of milled wood lignin（MWL）, isolated via the Bjrkman procedure, was studied by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and then its pyrolytic product distribution was investigated on a pyrolysis device. MWL obtained from Manchurian Ash（MA） contained more methoxyl and free phenolic hydroxyl groups per C9 unit than MWL from Mongolian Pine（MP） due to the existence of both guaiacyl and syringyl units, which have a major influence on the pyrolysis behavior of lignin. The results of pyrolysis show that MWL from MA generated a higher yield of bio-oil, mainly composed of phenols, guaiacols, syringols and catechols, and a less yield of char, in addition to the gaseous products CO, CO2, methane and methanol, compared with MWL from MP. Guaiacol and syringol were the typical products from G-lignin and S-lignin, probably attributed to the easier cleavage of the aryl-alkyl linkage in the side chain compared with the C―OCH3 bond in the benzene ring. The degradation of MWL from MP was dominated by the demethylation reaction and the cleavage of aliphatic ―CH2OH at the γ-position, followed by the cracking of the Cα―Cβ and C4―Cα bonds.

Kinetics and FTIR characteristics of the pyrolysis process of poplar wood

The pyrolysis characteristics of residues of poplar （Populus sp.） wood were investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with a Fourier transform infrared （TG-FTIR） spectrometer. The pyrolysis process was sub- divided into four stages at a rate of 10℃.min-1, varying from 30 to 650℃. Below 180℃, a mass loss occurred for drying and preheating the sample and the onset temperature of pyrolysis ranged between 180-260℃. A significant mass loss 3f 61.4 wt.% occurred between 260-380℃, followed by a slow and continuous mass change with lignin devolatilization. The analysis of kinetic reactions showed that the activation energy （78.29 kJ.mol-1） in the low-temperature section was much larger than that （6.40 kJ-mol-1） in the high-temperature section. The evolved gases formed by thermal degradation 3f poplar wood were simultaneously analyzed by FTIR. It was observed from the main peaks that the emissions evolved during poplar wood pyrolysis were acetic acid, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, water, some volatile com- 3ounds of esters, alcohols and aldehydes. The emissions gradually increased with rising temperatures before a strong 3eak around 360℃ and then decreased. Most gaseous products were emitted in the 320-380℃ range, while CO2 was =ontinuously emitted in a wide range from 140-550℃.

Importance of oxygen-containing functionalities and pore structures of biochar in catalyzing pyrolysis of homologous poplar

Biochar and bio-oil are produced simultaneously in one pyrolysis process,and they inevitably contact and may interact,influencing the composition of bio-oil and modifying the structure of biochar.In this sense,biochar is an inherent catalyst for pyrolysis.In this study,in order to investigate the influence of functionalities and pore structures of biochar on its capability for catalyzing the conversion of homologous volatiles in bio-oil,three char catalysts(600C,800C,and 800AC)produced via pyrolysis of poplar wood at 600 or 800℃or activated at 800℃,were used for catalyzing pyrolysis of homologous poplar wood at 600℃,respectively.The results indicated that the 600C catalyst was more active than 800C and 800AC for catalyzing cracking of volatiles to form more gas(yield increase by 40.2%)and aromatization of volatiles to form more light or heavy phenolics,due to its abundant oxygen-containing functionalities acting as active sites.The developed pores of the 800AC showed no such catalytic effect but could trap some volatiles and allow their further conversion via sufficient aromatization.Nevertheless,the interaction with the volatiles consumed oxygen on 600C(decrease by 50%),enhancing the aromatic degree and increasing thermal stability.The dominance of deposition of carbonaceous material of a very aromatic nature over 800C and 800AC resulted in net weight gain and blocked micropores but formed additional macropores.The in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy characterization of the catalytic pyrolysis indicated superior activity of 600C for removal of -OH,while conversion of the intermediates bearing C=O was enhanced over all the char catalysts.

Wood Pyrolysis in Pre-Vacuum Chamber

Climate change, global warming, and energy crisis are critical issues to be solved urgently in a global framework. Alternative energy and renewable energy technologies must be quickly developed to be substituted for fossil fuels like oil, gases, and coal. USA, UE, and Japan invested huge budgets to develop biomass renewable energy technology. Their target is to develop a commercial base large-scaled plant. On the other hand, in developing countries, especially in rural areas, people who can access electricity is still less than 70%, To decelerate or prevent global warming and improve electrification in rural areas, a new technology for wood pyrolysis, which requires low manufacturing cost and less maintenance, and of which gases are directly applicable to the gas engine generator, is developed in a laboratory scale. This paper reports the performance of this new plant and effects of several parameters on the performance. It is concluded that the new technology is quite feasible in rural areas, and upgrading of the plant is easily possible.

Charcoal Production via Multistage Pyrolysis

Interests in charcoal usage have recently been re-ignited because it is believed that charcoal is a muchbetter fuel than wood. The conventional charcoal production consumes a large amount of energy due to the prolonged heating time and cooling time which contribute to the process completing in one to several days. Wood py-rolysis consists of both endothermic and exothermic reactions as well as the decomposition of the different components at different temperature range （hemicellulose： 200-260℃; cellulose： 240-350℃ and lignin： 280-500℃）. Inthis study we propose a multistagepyrolysis which is an approach to carry out pyrolysis with multiple heating stages so as to gain certain processing benefits. We propose a three-stage approach which includes rapid stepwise heating stage to a variable target temperatures of 250 ℃, 300℃, 350 ℃ and 400 ℃, slow and gradual heatingstage to a tinal temperature of 400℃ and adiabatic with cooling stage. The multi-stage pyrolysis process can save 30% energy and the processing time by using a first temperature target of 300 ℃and heating rate of 5℃.min-1 to produce a fixed-carbon yield of 25.73% as opposed to the base case with a fixed-carbon yield of23.18%.

Experimental and Modelling Studies of Biomass Pyrolysis

The analysis on the feedstock pyrolysis characteristic and the impacts of process parameters on pyrolysis outcomes can assist in the designing,operating and optimizing pyrolysis processes.This work aims to utilize both experimental and modelling approaches to perform the analysis on three biomass feedstocks—wood sawdust,bamboo shred and Jatropha Curcas seed cake residue,and to provide insights for the design and operation of pyrolysis processes.For the experimental part,the study investigated the effect of heating rate,final pyrolysis temperature and sample size on pyrolysis using common thermal analysis techniques.For the modelling part,a transient mathematical model that integrates the feedstock characteristic from the experimental study was used to simulate the pyrolysis progress of selected biomass feedstock particles for reactor scenarios.The model composes of several sub-models that describe pyrolysis kinetic and heat flow,particle heat transfer,particle shrinking and reactor operation.With better understanding of the effects of process conditions and feedstock characteristics on pyrolysis through both experimental and modelling studies,this work discusses on the considerations of and interrelation between feedstock size,pyrolysis energy usage,processing time and product quality for the design and operation of pyrolysis processes.

Smoldering charcoal detection in forest soil by multiple CO sensors

Cleaning up residual fires is an important part of forest fire management to avoid the loss of forest resources caused by the recurrence of a residual fire.Existing residual fire detection equipment is mainly infrared temperature detection and smoke identification.Due to the isolation of ground,temperature and smoke characteristics of medium and large smoldering charcoal in some forest soils are not obvious,making it difficult to identify by detection equipment.CO gas is an important detection index for indoor smoldering fire detection,and an important identification feature of hidden smoldering ground fires.However,there is no research on locating smoldering fires through CO detection.We studied the diffusion law of CO gas directly above covered smoldering charcoal as a criterion to design a detection device equipped with multiple CO sensors.According to the motion decomposition search algorithm,the detection device realizes the function of automatically searching for smoldering charcoal.Experimental data shows that the average CO concentration over the covered smoldering charcoal decreases exponentially with increasing height.The size of the search step is related to the reliability of the search algorithm.The detection success corresponding to the small step length is high but the search time is lengthy which can lead to search failure.The introduction of step and rotation factors in search algorithm improves the search efficiency.This study reveals that the average ground CO concentration directly above smoldering charcoal in forests changes with height.Based on this law,a CO gas sensor detection device for hidden smoldering fires has been designed,which enriches the technique of residual fire detection.

Naturally Nitrogen-Doped Biochar Made from End-of-Life Wood Panels for SO_(2) Gas Depollution

Reconstituted wood panels have several advantages in terms of ease of manufacturing,but their shorter life span results in a huge amount of reconstituted wood panels being discarded in sorting centers yearly.Currently,the most common approach for dealing with this waste is incineration.In this study,reconstituted wood panels were converted into activated biochar through a two-step thermochemical process:(i)biochar production using pilot scale fast pyrolysis at 250 kg/h and 450℃;and(ii)a physical activation at three temperatures(750℃,850℃ and 950℃)using an in-house activation furnace(1 kg/h).Results showed that the first stage removed about 66% of the nitrogen from the wood panels in the form of NO,NH3,and trimethylamine,which were detected in small amounts compared to emitted CO_(2).Compared to other types of thermochemical conversion methods(e.g.,slow pyrolysis),isocyanic acid and hydrogen cyanide were not detected in this study.The second stage produced activated biochar with a specific surface area of up to 865 m^(2)/g at 950℃.The volatile gases generated during activation were predominantly composed of toluene and benzene.This two-step process resulted in nitrogen-rich carbon in the form of pyrrolic and pyridinic nitrogen.Activated biochars were then evaluated for their SO_(2) retention performance and showed an excellent adsorption capacity of up to 2140 mg/g compared to 65 mg/g for a commercial activated carbon(889 m^(2)/g).End-of-life reconstituted wood panels and SO_(2) gas are problematic issues in Canada where the economy largely revolves around forestry and mining industries.

基于林木热解产物的燃料电池制备与性能研究

生物质热解可产生热解炭和热解油,其中热解炭存在丰富的表面官能团和孔隙结构,热解油中含有多种可以发生氧化还原的组分,其可分别用于制备燃料电池电极材料和燃料。文章优化了林木热解油作为碱性燃料电池燃料的工作条件,并以林木热解炭为原料,采用K2CO3活化和金属负载的方法制备了林木活性炭(AC)和3种林木热解炭复合电极(AC/Fe,AC/Mn,AC/Fe/Mn),通过傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜和电化学工作站分析了电极材料的微观结构、表面性质和电化学活性。结果表明:在以AC为阴极电极时,较优的林木热解油质量分数和环境温度分别为30%和60℃,此时电流为3.10 mA;在优化条件下,AC/Fe,AC/Mn和AC/Fe/Mn的电流分别为8.02,12.57,15.25 mA,较AC分别提升159%,305%,392%;在优化条件下,以AC/Fe/Mn为阴极电极,加入12 mL林木热解油作为燃料时,基于林木热解产物的燃料电池可持续工作408.6 min,总放电量为40.61 mAh。

木材热解特性和动力学研究

选取杉木、花梨木和水曲柳为样品 ,对其在不同升温速率下进行了 TG、DTG和 DSC分析。将木材的热解过程分为四个阶段 ,分析了每个阶段的化学物理变化以及热效应的变化 ,研究了不同升温速率对热解过程的影响 ,并建立试样的热解模型 ,求出了其动力学参数 ,有助于着火机理、火蔓延机理、阻燃机理的研究。

木材热分解动力学的研究

用ＴＧ－ＤＴＡ热分析联用技术测定了４种常用木材的ＴＧ－ＤＴＡ－Ｔ曲线，井用热动力学方法处理了ＴＧ曲线，获得了相应的热动力学参数。发现各种木材在于燥阶段和煅烧阶段的热性质大致相似，而炭化阶段的热性质则因木材的化学组成不同而有较大差异。

阴燃材料受热升温过程分析

阴燃材料在受热升温过程中会发生热解吸热反应和氧化放热反应。通过将实验过程与无反应固体受热模拟过程进行对比,来分析阴燃反应的特点。分析显示,材料中的水分蒸发在低于100℃时发生;温度达到约180℃时材料开始发生热解;温度达到约280℃时氧化反应超过热解反应开始放热;温度达到约305℃时材料内部的总放热量开始大于总吸热量。分析的结论同一些文献中的结果也是一致的。

不同热解温度下生物质废弃物制备的生物质炭组成及结构特征

以玉米秸秆、树枝和树叶3种生物质废弃物为原料,分别采用差热/热重分析(TG/DTG)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、Boehm滴定及X射线衍射(XRD)方法考察热解温度为350,550,750℃时制备的生物质炭结构及组成特征.结果表明:玉米秸秆原料的热稳定性最低,热解过程中质量损失最大,其次是树枝和树叶;玉米秸秆原料的XRD谱弥散程度最大,构成炭的微晶层数相对较少;不同原料在相同温度制备的生物质炭,其单位质量含有的表面官能团种类和总量相近,但pH值差别较大,其中玉米秸秆制成的生物质炭pH最大;随着温度的升高,相同原料制备生物质炭的芳香化程度增加,表面官能团总量减少,pH值升高,纤维素和半纤维素特征峰消失,结构趋于石墨微晶.

生物质的多组分热裂解动力学模型

热重试验结果表明组分不同的生物质的差分失重曲线存在明显差异,用传统的单组分热裂解动力学模型不能解释此现象,结合生物质的组分建立相关的动力学模型来阐述这种差异.花梨木由于其较高的半纤维素质量分数使得纤维素和半纤维素的热失重峰出现明显分离,导致其差分失重曲线在到达失重率最大值前存在一个明显的“肩状峰”, 而水曲柳和杉木的半纤维素质量分数相对较低使得差分失重曲线较为光滑.基于生物质的组分独立热分解的假设建立了多组分反应动力学模型,并依据花梨木的试验数据得到了优化后的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的热裂解动力学参数.利用该模型对杉木和水曲柳的热失重行为进行模拟,得到了与试验结果较为吻合的计算结果.

基于TG-FTIR的落叶松木材热失重与热解气相演变规律研究

采用热重红外光谱联用分析法考察了落叶松木材在不同升温速率下的热失重特性及气相演变规律,并与其组分模混物的热解特性进行了对比分析。结果表明,落叶松的主要失重区域相对于模混物较宽,落叶松残炭率(18.97%)相对于模混物(29.83%)较低;在低温段,模混物的活化能高于落叶松木材,而在高温段二者差别不大;落叶松木材热解过程经历了水分析出、主成分热分解、后期炭化等阶段,气体析出主要集中在375℃左右;落叶松在热解反应过程中,主要气体产物生成量顺序为CO2>H2O>CH4>CO,随着升温速率的增加,上述气体产物的生成量明显增多;模混物与落叶松木材热解生成气体规律基本相似,但模混物中各气体析出强度均相对较高。

卷烟阴燃过程的数值模拟

为了描述卷烟阴燃过程的二维数学模型，用Fluent软件模拟了卷烟的阴燃过程，包括卷烟燃烧过程中发生的水分蒸发反应，烟草热解和氧化反应，以及质量传递、能量传递和动量传递。分析了不同时刻温度分布，烟气中氧气、一氧化碳、二氧化碳和水蒸气的浓度分布，并将模拟得到的卷烟阴燃线性燃烧速度（LBR）和最高阴燃温度值与实验值进行对比，其中实验测得的LBR为0．38cm／min，而模拟值为0．44cm／min，最高温度的实验值和模拟值均在900～1000K之间，说明模拟值与实验值基本相符。

基于Py-GC-MS的杨木和松木快速热解比较研究

以杨木(典型阔叶木)和松木(典型针叶木)为原料,采用快速热解-气相色谱-质谱联用(Py-GC-MS)技术进行实验研究,考察两者化学组成的差别对快速热解产物分布的影响。结果表明,两种原料木质素的差别决定了松木热解产物中不含紫丁香酚类物质;杨木由于半纤维素的乙酰化程度高于松木,导致其热解形成的酸类产物的GC含量高达11.22%,而松木的酸类产物的GC含量仅为4.28%;此外,两种原料中少量的灰分对呋喃类和酚类产物没有显著影响,但能够显著抑制脱水糖类产物的生成,经脱灰预处理后,杨木和松木形成的脱水糖产物的GC含量分别增加了86.4%和52.4%。

生物质快速热裂解制取生物油试验研究

本文在快速热解试验装置中对片状的白松样品进行制取生物油的试验研究。考察了运行参数对热解产物分布的影响,重点研究了各个参数对热解气体和生物油组分的影响规律。结果表明,气体产物中主要以CO、CO2、H2和CH4为主,CO、H2和CH4的浓度随着温度升高而上升,生物油主要含有有机酸类、苯酚类和糖类等化合物。在同一载气流量下,随着辐射源温度的增加,大分子产物的产量逐渐减少,小分子产物的产量有所增加。在同一辐射源温度下,随着载气流量的减小,小分子产物的产量呈增加趋势。