Contemporary techniques and outcomes of surgery for locally advanced renal cell carcinoma with focus on inferior vena cava thrombectomy:The value of a multidisciplinary team

Objective:To report the outcomes of surgery for a contemporary series of patients with locally advanced non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma(RCC)treated at a referral academic centre,focusing on technical nuances and on the value of a multidisciplinary team.Methods:We queried our prospective institutional database to identify patients undergoing surgical treatment for locally advanced(cT3-T4 N0-1 M0)renal masses suspected of RCC at our centre between January 2017 and December 2020.Results:Overall,32 patients were included in the analytic cohort.Of these,12(37.5%)tumours were staged as cT3a,8(25.0%)as cT3b,5(15.6%)as cT3c,and 7(21.9%)as cT4;6(18.8%)patients had preoperative evidence of lymph node involvement.Nine(28.1%)patients underwent nephron-sparing surgery while 23(71.9%)received radical nephrectomy.A template-based lymphadenectomy was performed in 12 cases,with evidence of disease in 3(25.0%)at definitive histopathological analysis.Four cases of RCC with level IV inferior vena cava thrombosis were successfully treated using liver transplant techniques without the need for extracorporeal circulation.While intraoperative complications were recorded in 3(9.4%)patients,no postoperative major complications(Clavien-Dindo3)were observed.At histopathological analysis,2(6.2%)patients who underwent partial nephrectomy harboured oncocytoma,while the most common malignant histotype was clear cell RCC(62.5%),with a median Leibovich score of 6(interquartile range 5e7).Conclusion:Locally advanced RCC is a complex and heterogenous disease posing several challenges to surgical teams.Our experience confirms that provided careful patient selection,surgery in experienced hands can achieve favourable perioperative,oncological,and functional outcomes.

Calcification of the Renal Vein and Inferior Vena Cava on a Renal Tumor: An Exceptional Case

Background: A thrombus of the inferior vena cava and renal vein makes the management of renal cancer more difficult. Aim: The aim is to highlight and discuss the management of a case of renal cancer with an unusual thrombus in our context. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 49-year-old female with left kidney cancer, complicated by a calcified thrombus of the renal vein and inferior vena cava. A calcification of renal vein and vena cava was discovered during surgery, even though the diagnosis prior to surgery was a renal tumor with partial thrombus of the IVC. We performed a thrombectomy and left nephrectomy. The post-operative course was marked by the death of the patient a month later. Conclusion: Renal vein and inferior vena cava (IVC) calcifications are uncommon. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult but guided by medical imaging. Renal cancer is one of the causes. A thrombus or calcification of the vena cava worsens the prognosis of cancer.

Anti-programmed cell death ligand 1-based immunotherapy in recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus and metastasis:Three case reports

BACKGROUND Recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus is a great challenge for oncologists and has a poor prognosis.To date,the safety and efficacy of programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1)inhibitors are still unknown.CASE SUMMARY A 59-year-old male was identified as having a tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava 3 years after surgery.The patient underwent a second surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy.However,the level of alpha-fetoprotein was elevated after 2 mo,and lung metastases and mediastinal lymph node metastases were identified.The expression of PD-L1 in HCC and inferior vena cava tumor thrombus tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.Then,the patient received atezolizumab immunotherapy.The level of alpha-fetoprotein dropped to normal,the mediastinal lymph node metastases decreased in size and the lung metastases disappeared after 3 mo of immunotherapy.The patient had no signs of recurrence at 21 mo of follow-up.A 60-year-old male underwent left hepatic tumor resection,inferior vena cava incision and thrombus removal,followed by regular chemotherapy.The patient developed lung and splenic metastases after surgery.Pembrolizumab was used for six courses,and the splenic metastasis shrank,after which splenectomy was performed.The patient continued to receive pembrolizumab for thirteen courses,and the lung metastases showed no progression.A 34-year-old male was diagnosed with liver cancer with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus.The patient underwent right hepatectomy and received tislelizumab for three courses.He is still receiving immunotherapy and in good condition.CONCLUSION Anti-PD-L1 therapy in HCC patients with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus and metastasis is associated with relatively good patient outcomes.

Comparative Effectiveness of Median Sternotomy vs Minimal Access Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Circulatory Arrest for Resection of Renal Cell Carcinoma with Inferior Vena Caval Extension

Introduction: The use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) is an adjunctive surgical technique that can be employed for the resection of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with venous thrombus extension superior to the level of the hepatic veins. Median Sternotomy (MS) or Minimal Access (MA) incisions may be used to establish CPB during the resection of these extensive tumors. We review our experience with both incisional approaches and compareoperative details, perioperative complications, and recurrence free survival. Materials and Methods: From 1986 to 2012, 70 radical nephrectomies with concomitant inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombectomies were performed at our institution using MS (23 patients) and MA (47 patients) techniques. Preoperative patient characteristics, pathologic data, and organ specific postoperative complications and follow-up data were compared between groups. Estimates of overall and recurrence-free survival were constructed using Kaplan-Meier curves and compared using log-rank testing. Results: There were no significant differences with respect to patient demographics or preoperative comorbid conditions between the MA and MS groups. The MA group showed a significant reduction (p 0.05) in the duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation, length of stay, operative time, and number of blood transfusions compared to MS patients. Overall and organ-system specific complications demonstrated a decreased incidence of wound infection (37.9% v. 12.5%, p = 0.0135) and sepsis (14.3% v. 0%, p = 0.0137) in patients undergoing MA approach. Perioperative mortality was significantly reduced in the MA group (30.4% v. 8.5% p = 0.0179). Recurrence-free survival in the MS group was 0.59 years and 1.2 years in the MA group (p = 0.06). Conclusions: Minimal access surgical approaches for CPB and DHCA during the resection of RCC with extensive tumor thrombus provide similar oncologic control with decreased duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay and infection related complications. Our findings suggest that MA techniques provide significant advantages over MS.

Budd-Chiari syndrome secondary to caval recurrence of renal cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND:Renal cell carcinoma(RCC)involves the inferior vena cava(IVC)in a minority of patients.Less commonly,it presents with Budd-Chiari syndrome.If untreated, the condition progresses towards liver failure and death.METHOD:We report a case of Budd-Chiari syndrome due to infiltration of the IVC and right atrium by recurrence of RCC 7 years after successful treatment by primary resection.RESULTS:Surgery was performed with a combined abdominal and thoracic approach with cardio-pulmonary by-pass and cardioplegia.The tumor was removed and a cadaveric iliac vein graft used to re-establish venous continuity between the right atrium and hepatic veins.CONCLUSIONS:Although it is a complex and high-risk procedure,aggressive surgery performed by an experienced team with liver transplant and cardiothoracic skills may enable resection of apparently advanced caval tumors.The case is discussed in the light of the current literature.

Piggyback liver transplant techniques in the surgical management of urological tumors with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus

Background An important characteristic of renal cell carcinomas and adrenal tumors is that these tumors may expand into the renal vein and inferior vena cava, and transform into tumor thrombi. This study was to evaluate the use of piggyback liver transplant techniques for surgical management of urological tumors with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. Methods Nineteen patients with renal cell carcinomas or adrenal tumors with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus were treated from November 1995 to April 2008. Their ages ranged from 29 years to 76 years （mean 54 years）. The extent of tumor thrombus was infrahepatic （level Ⅰ） in 2, retrohepatic （level Ⅱ） in 7, suprahepatic （level Ⅲ） in 6, and intra-atrial （level Ⅳ） in 4 patients. We used cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest to remove the thrombi in 3 cases of level IV and in 2 cases of level Ⅲ. In all level Ⅱ, 4 level Ⅲ, and 2 level IV cases, we used piggyback liver transplant techniques to mobilize the liver off of the inferior vena cava and to separate the inferior vena cava from the posterior abdominal wall. Results Mean operative time was 5.1 hours, mean estimated blood loss was 2289 ml and mean blood transfusion was 12.84 U. One patient with adrenal cortical carcinoma and level Ⅳ thrombus died in the immediate postoperative period. Three patients were lost to follow up, and the other 15 survivors were followed from 5 months to 56 months. Eight of these 15 patients died due to metastasis; however 7 were still alive at the last follow-up. Conclusions An aggressive surgical approach is the only hope for curing patients diagnosed with urological tumors combined with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. The use of piggyback liver transplant techniques to mobilize the liver off of the inferior vena cava provides excellent exposure of the inferior vena cava. Patients with a level Ⅱ or level Ⅲ inferior vena cava thrombus may be treated without using cardiopulmonary bypass.

循环旁路技术在肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓外科治疗中的应用进展

肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma,RCC)合并MayoⅢ~Ⅳ级下腔静脉癌栓的外科治疗难度极高,切除此类癌栓常需阻断肝门血管和下腔静脉。体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)和深低温停循环(deep hypothermic circulatory arrest,DHCA)等循环旁路技术能够建立新的循环通路以维持机体循环系统的正常运转,保护机体重要器官,从而保证手术的安全性。使用CPB和DHCA可能出现出血、神经系统功能障碍等并发症,其应用存在一定局限性。本文对以CPB和DHCA为代表的循环旁路技术在肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓外科治疗中的应用进展进行综述,并讨论其并发症和应对策略。

TempofilterⅡ滤器在肾癌伴静脉癌栓手术治疗中的应用(附18例报告)

目的总结肾癌合并静脉癌栓行根治手术前,预先植入TempofilterⅡ临时滤器预防肺栓塞的效果。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2016年5月18例确诊为肾癌合并静脉癌栓的患者资料,预先植入TempofilterⅡ临时滤器,后行肾癌切除和静脉癌栓取栓术,并于术中或术后取出滤器。肾静脉及下腔静脉癌栓分级：0级4例,Ⅰ级2例,Ⅱ级10例,Ⅲ级2例。结果全部患者先行植入下腔静脉TempofilterⅡ临时滤器,技术成功率100%,无相关围术期并发症发生。术后取出临时滤器时间间隔为0~9天[平均为（4.1±2.5）天]。取出的滤器均形态完整,无滤丝折断、滤器移位发生。1例患者于滤器取出术后3个月发现颈部皮肤转移癌。结论对于肾癌合并静脉癌栓患者,预先植入TempofilterⅡ临时滤器预防肺栓塞是安全、可行的。滤器取出过程需要加以改进,以减少医源性肿瘤脱落种植风险。

双侧腹膜后途径治疗左肾癌伴0b级静脉癌栓手术运用体会

目的探讨腹腔镜下双侧腹膜后途径治疗左肾细胞癌伴0b级(301分级,癌栓超过肠系膜上动脉、未进入下腔静脉)静脉癌栓手术方式的技术要点及临床价值,并对其进行初步经验总结。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2022年4月收治的14例左侧肾细胞癌伴0b级静脉癌栓患者的临床资料。术前行MRI、CT检查明确癌栓的位置,均为左肾静脉0b级癌栓。所有患者均经双侧腹膜后途径行腹腔镜肾癌根治术及癌栓剥除术治疗。结果所有手术均成功,无中转开放,手术时间(155.15±21.01)min,术中出血量(115.71±74.26)ml,术后住院天数中位数为5.50(IQR:5.00,6.25)d,术后引流管拔除时间中位数为3.00(IQR:3.00,4.00)d,术后平均排气时间中位数为1.50(IQR:1.00,2.00)d,术后视觉模拟评分中位数为3.00(IQR:2.75,4.00)分。结论双侧腹膜后途径的手术方式在完成治疗目的的同时,降低手术出血风险及并发症,达到快速康复的目的,是有效的处理方式。

Value of abdominal ultrasound scan, CT and MRI for diagnosing inferior vena cava tumour thrombus in renal cell carcinoma

Background We used abdominal ultrasound scan （USS）, computed tomography （CT） and magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） findings in venous spread of renal cell carcinoma （RCC） to determine the superior extent of inferior vena cava （IVC） thrombus and IVC wall invasion and compared them with surgical and pathological reports. Methods From January 1999 to August 2007, 25 patients were diagnosed with RCC with IVC tumour thrombus. Before their operation, all patients had USS, contrast enhanced CT and MRI to find the superior extent of tumour thrombus and IVC wall invasion. All postprocessing techniques were performed by experienced radiologists. Two pathologists reported on all pathology specimens. The superior extent of tumour thrombus was confirmed by the senior surgeon at each operation, using the levels of thrombus defined according to 2004 Mayo Clinic classification. The radiographic results were compared with surgical and pathological findings. Results All patients had radical nephrectomy and tumour thrombus excision. Eight patients had RCC on the left side and 17 on the right side. According to the clinical and pathological findings, 6 patients had level I tumour thrombus, 9 level II, 5 level III and 5 level IV. Six patients had IVC wall invasion. No patient had evidence of lymph node or distant metastases. Of the 25 patients, USS correctly diagnosed the superior extent of tumour thrombus in 18/25, CT 23/25 and MRI 23/25. USS found 1 case of IVC wall invasion preoperatively. Conclusions Multidectector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are comparable and more effective than abdominal ultrasound in diagnosing inferior vena cava tumour thrombus in renal cell carcinoma. None of the three methods can detect inferior vena cava wall invasion.

Imaging predictors for assessment of inferior vena cava wall invasion in patients with renal cell carcinoma and inferior vena cava tumor thrombus:a retrospective study

Background:Renal cell carcinoma(RCC)has the propensity to lead to venous tumor thrombus(VTT).Nephrectomy with tumor thrombectomy is an effective treatment option but is a technically challenging surgical procedure that is accompanied by a high rate of complications.The aims of this study were to investigate pre-operative imaging parameters for the assessment of inferior vena cava(IVC)wall invasion due to a tumor thrombus in patients with RCC and to identify predictors from the intra-operative findings.Methods:Clinical and imaging data were collected from 110 patients who underwent nephrectomy with IVC tumor thrombectomy(levels Ⅰ-Ⅳ)for RCC and IVC tumor thrombus at the Peking University Third Hospital between May 2015 and March 2018.Univariable and multivariable logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess the correlations between pre-operative imaging features and intra-operative macroscopic invasions of the IVC wall by tumor thrombus.Results:Among the 110 patients,41 underwent partial or segmental resection of IVC.There were univariate associations of pre-operative imaging parameters that could be used to predict the need for IVC resection,including those of the Mayo classification,maximum anterior-posterior(AP)diameter of the renal vein at the renal vein ostium(RVo),maximum AP diameter of the VTT at the RVo and IVC occlusion.For the multivariable analysis,the AP diameter of the VTT at the RVo and IVC occlusion were associated with a significantly increased risk of invasion of the IVC wall by tumor thrombus.The optimum imaging thresholds included an AP diameter of the VTT at the RVo larger than 17.0 mm and the presence of IVC occlusion,with which we predicted invasions of the IVC wall requiring IVC resection.The probabilities of intra-operative IVC resection for patients without both independent factors,with an AP diameter of the VTT at the RVo larger than 17.0 mm,with IVC occlusion,and with both concurrent factors were 5%,23%,56%,and 66%,respectively.Conclusion:An increase in the AP VTT diameter at the RVo and the presence of complete occlusion of the IVC are independent risk factors for a high probability of IVC wall invasion by tumor thrombus.

An experimentalstudy ofinferior vena cavalstentin canine

Objective To investigate the feasibility of our self made inferior vena cave (IVC) stent Methods Self expanding, stainless steel, Z shaped stents were deployed in the IVC of 14 dogs They were randomly divided into four groups, four dogs in the first three groups, and 2 in the fourth group. IVC specimens were taken at 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks following stent deployment No anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy was given Results All stents were widely stretched out and so was the vessel lumen No thrombus was present and the patency was 100% in all groups The stents were completely covered by neointima 2 weeks after stent deployment The neointimal thickness varied significantly: the thinnest at 2 weeks, the thickest at 4 weeks and becoming thinner at 8 weeks and stable until 16 weeks The inflammatory reaction was gradually reduced Under scanning electronic microscopy, the neointima was covered by a layer of endothelial cells 2 weeks following stenting, which were irregularly shaped and aligned The cells became slender,spindle shaped and aligned parallel to the direction of bolld flow 4 weeks afterwards Conclusion Experimental study indicated that our self expanding IVC stent was feasible for clinical application

下肢深静脉血栓患者下腔静脉滤器置入术后发生静脉不畅的影响因素

目的:探讨下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)患者下腔静脉滤器(IVCF)置入术后发生静脉不畅的影响因素。方法:回顾性分析2020年3月至2022年4月该院收治的70例下肢DVT患者的临床资料,患者均行IVCF置入术治疗,术后3个月复查,根据静脉通畅程度将其分为静脉通畅组32例和静脉不畅组38例。收集患者的临床资料,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析下肢DVT患者IVCF置入术后发生静脉不畅的影响因素。结果:两组性别、年龄、体质量指数、DVT分期、D-二聚体水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);静脉不畅组合并糖尿病、高血压占比和白细胞计数(WBC)、血小板计数(PLT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)水平均高于静脉通畅组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Logistic回归分析结果显示,合并糖尿病、高血压和WBC、PLT、FIB水平升高均为下肢DVT患者IVCF置入术后发生静脉不畅的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:合并糖尿病、高血压和WBC、PLT、FIB水平升高均为下肢DVT患者IVCF置入术后发生静脉不畅的危险因素,临床可针对上述危险因素实施针对性干预措施,以改善预后。

高压超短电场脉冲高选择性兔下腔静脉血管平滑肌细胞消融模型建立的探索

目的高压超短电场脉冲通过瞬时、高能的局部电场变化,具有不破坏细胞完整结构、诱导细胞自主凋亡的生物学效应,这在抑制血管重构、管壁增生、血管狭窄方面具有潜在的应用价值。本研究自主研发出一款新型高压超短电场脉冲系统,探究该系统对兔下腔静脉作用后的生物学效应。方法利用1000 V/cm、1 Hz高压超短电场脉冲电刺激实验兔下腔静脉60次,常规饲养后,在术后第3天处死后,解剖分离实验兔下腔静脉血管标本,送HE病理染色常规检查。结果成功制备自主研发新型高压超短电场脉冲系统,高压超短电场脉冲作用点区域平滑肌凋亡,血管壁变薄,局部血管内皮细胞无明显损伤;无电刺激对照区域血管内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞及血管壁结构完整。结论高压超短电场脉冲,具有高选择性消融平滑肌细胞,保持周围血管内皮及平滑肌细胞、组织结构完整性的作用。

改良机器人辅助腹腔镜下右肾癌根治术联合下腔静脉Ⅰ级癌栓切除术一例报道(英文)

下腔静脉癌栓切除术是泌尿系统最复杂和最具挑战性的手术之一。本文报道1例改良的机器人辅助腹腔镜下右肾癌根治术联合下腔静脉I级癌栓切除术。相比常规下腔静脉癌栓切除术,改良的机器人辅助腹腔镜下腔静脉癌栓切除术不需要完全分离下腔静脉,无需结扎腰静脉、肾上腺静脉,不用阻断下腔静脉、左肾静脉,也不需要切开下腔静脉和重建下腔静脉。本例手术先完全分离右肾,然后向侧面抬起右肾,使下腔静脉内的瘤栓降至肾静脉入下腔静脉处,然后用机械臂将瘤栓完全推进右肾静脉内,在不阻断下腔静脉的情况下完整切除瘤栓。此改良手术成功完成,无任何并发症,未进行输血。患者随访4年后无任何复发迹象。这表明此改良手术简单、安全、可行、值得推广,尤其适用于初学者。

机器人辅助肾癌根治联合腔静脉周围转移淋巴结切除术(“大家泌尿网”观看手术视频)

目的 总结机器人辅助肾癌根治联合下腔静脉周围转移淋巴结切除术的手术要点。方法 对2019年1月—2021年12月于我院收治的肾癌合并下腔静脉周围淋巴结转移机器人手术病例进行分析和随访,并以右侧肾癌合并下腔静脉周围巨大淋巴结转移为例阐述手术过程和要点。结果 共有5例患者顺利完成手术,4例为透明细胞癌,1例为乳头状癌,平均手术时间约135 min,平均术中出血300 mL,无重大手术并发症发生。结论 有条件的肾癌合并后腹膜淋巴结转移尤其是腔静脉周围大块淋巴结转移的患者,实施机器人辅助肾癌根治联合淋巴结清扫术是可行的,微创外科手术在肾癌综合治疗中的价值值得进一步重视和研究。

肾癌伴下腔静脉瘤栓合并血栓的多种影像学比较

目的:研究肾癌伴下腔静脉瘤栓合并血栓患者的临床及影像资料,分析下腔静脉超声、泌尿系增强CT及增强磁共振3种影像学检查方法对下腔静脉瘤栓伴血栓的诊断效能。方法:选择北京大学第三医院泌尿外科2014年1月至2018年7月的肾癌伴瘤栓病例56例进行回顾性分析,所有患者术前均同时行下腔静脉超声、泌尿系增强CT及增强磁共振检查并完成手术治疗,且术后病理诊断证实为肾癌伴下腔静脉瘤栓。结果:根据术中观察及术后病理诊断证实下腔静脉瘤栓是否合并血栓为标准,将56例患者分为合并血栓组(n=18)及不合并血栓组(n=38)。比较发现,瘤栓合并血栓的患者,瘤栓长度更长[(10.50±5.55)cmvs.(6.66±3.73)cm,P=0.014];瘤栓直径/下腔静脉(inferior vena cava,IVC)冠状最大径比值更接近1[1.0(0.7,1.0)vs.0.9(0.2,1.0),P=0.004];出现下肢水肿的比例更高[66.7%(12/18)vs.5.3%(2/36),P=0.005];行下腔静脉节段性切除或下腔静脉横断术的比例更高[66.7%(12/18)vs.15.8%(6/38),P<0.001]。对比下腔静脉超声、泌尿系增强CT及增强磁共振3种影像检查方法,鉴别瘤栓合并血栓,灵敏度最高的是增强磁共振(77.8%),特异性最高的是下腔静脉超声和增强CT(97.4%),准确性最高的是增强CT及增强磁共振(83.9%),阳性预测值最高的是增强CT(90.9%),阴性预测值最高的是增强磁共振(89.2%)。结论:肾癌伴下腔静脉瘤栓合并血栓的患者,下腔静脉瘤栓长度更长,瘤栓直径/IVC冠状最大径比值更接近1,更易出现下肢水肿。术前需综合多种影像方法,提高诊断的准确率。

MRI对肾细胞癌静脉瘤栓侵犯下腔静脉壁的术前评估

目的:评价MRI对肾细胞癌下腔静脉瘤栓侵犯下腔静脉壁的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析2010—2018年在北京大学第一医院行肾根治性切除术及下腔静脉取栓术的肾细胞癌患者,术前行1.5T或3.0TMRI检查的56例患者被纳入本研究。由两位影像科医生测量术前MRI图像瘤栓所在水平肾静脉及下腔静脉最大径、下腔静脉瘤栓的长度,并评判瘤栓是否充满下腔静脉腔达两侧缘、瘤栓边缘是否光滑、瘤栓与下腔静脉壁分界是否清晰、下腔静脉壁正常信号是否改变等征象。基于病理证实下腔静脉壁受累与否将患者分为两组,对临床资料及MRI征象进行单因素分析及多因素回归分析。结果:56例患者中男性43例、女性13例,平均年龄(55.64±0.43)岁,有17例(30.4%)病理证实下腔静脉壁受累,大部分为透明细胞癌。下腔静脉壁受累组与非受累组比较,下腔静脉瘤栓的长度更长[(7.91±3.59)cmvs.(5.94±3.57)cm,P=0.049]、瘤栓充满下腔静脉腔(P=0.002)、瘤栓边缘不光滑(P=0.005)、瘤栓与下腔静脉壁分界不清晰(P=0.001)、下腔静脉壁正常信号改变(P<0.001)出现的概率更大,结合这五个指标诊断下腔静脉壁受累的敏感性及特异性为94.12%和79.49%。结论:MRI可作为评估下腔静脉瘤栓侵犯静脉壁的方法,结合下腔静脉瘤栓的长度及MRI征象可以获得较高的诊断敏感性及特异性。

肾癌合并肾静脉或下腔静脉癌栓的诊断和治疗体会

目的总结肾癌合并肾静脉或下腔静脉癌栓的诊断、治疗体会,评价其预后和治疗价值。方法对1994年7月—2006年7月接受诊治的15例肾癌合并肾静脉或下腔静脉癌栓患者的诊断、治疗方法和预后进行回顾性分析。结果14例患者术前CT或MRI检查明确诊断合并肾静脉或下腔静脉癌栓。单纯左肾静脉癌栓2例,下腔静脉癌栓Ⅰ型(肾旁型)9例,Ⅱ型(肝下型)3例,Ⅲ型(肝内型)1例。12例患者接受手术治疗.其中11例完成肾肿瘤切除、静脉癌栓取除和淋巴清扫,1例左肾肿瘤因与周围粘连仅作姑息切除。3例未手术患者因癌症死亡,中位存活时间为7个月。12例手术患者中失访3例,其余9例随访4个月～6年,无瘤生存5年以上者3例.1～3年3例,因癌症转移1年内死亡3例。结论CT、MRI检查是目前无创诊断肾癌合并肾静脉或下腔静脉癌栓的最佳方法。术前肾动脉栓塞可以非常有效地减少术中出血,方便手术完成。无转移患者行根治手术加癌栓切除能获得相对满意的治疗效果。

下腔静脉节段性切除术在肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓中的应用

目的探讨下腔静脉节段性切除术在治疗肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓患者中的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2017年6月收治的10例肾癌合并下腔静脉癌栓而行下腔静脉节段性切除术患者的临床资料。10例患者中,合并MayoⅡ级者5例,Ⅲ级者4例,Ⅳ级者1例。男9例,女1例。年龄31~73岁,平均(53.9±10.9)岁。肿瘤位于右侧者6例,左侧者4例。结果 10例手术均顺利完成,无术中死亡病例。7例患者行开放途径下的下腔静脉癌栓取出术+下腔静脉节段性切除术;2例行腹腔镜下手术;1例患者先采用经后腹腔途径联合经腹腔途径下手术,术中探查肾肿瘤与周围组织粘连较重,遂中转开放手术。手术时间288~556min,平均(399.2±91.5)min。术中出血量300~4 000mL,平均(1 450.0±1 136.5)mL。术后住院时间8~39d,平均(16.7±9.6)d。本组10例患者中,6例发生术后早期并发症。ClavienⅡ级并发症4例。ClavienⅣa级并发症2例。10例患者随访时间2~14个月,中位随访时间8个月。10例患者中发生远处转移1例,为骨转移合并肺转移。1例(10%)出现肿瘤特异性死亡。结论下腔静脉节段性切除术使肿瘤切除更彻底,但存在术后并发症发生的可能。下腔静脉节段性切除术在治疗肾癌伴下腔静脉癌栓患者中较为安全有效。