Neural Network Model for Boiling Heat Transfer of R22 and Its Alternative Refrigerants inside Horizontal Smooth Tubes

Accurate prediction of refrigerant boiling heat transfer coefficients is important for the design of evaporators. The generalized correlations have different forms, and could not provide satisfactory results for R22 and its alternative refrigerants R134a, R407C and R410A. This study proposes to use artificial neural network (ANNs) as a generalized correlation model, selects the input parameters of ANNs on the basis of the dimensionless parameter groups of existing correlations, and correlates the in-tube boiling heat transfer coefficients of the above four refrigerants. The results show that the ANNs model with the input and output based on the Liu-Winterton correlation has the best result. The root-mean-square deviations in training and test are 15.5% and 20.2% respectively, and approximately 85% of the deviations are within ±20%, which is much better than that of the existing generalized correlations.

基于Transformer和卷积神经网络的齿轮故障诊断方法

针对部分齿轮的运行环境复杂,导致采集的样本数据不够的问题,提出了一种基于Transformer和卷积神经网络(CNN)的迁移学习齿轮故障诊断方法。首先,采用高斯滤波对原始振动信号进行了预处理,使信号变得平滑,降低了噪声信号的干扰;再将信号处理成带有位置信息的补丁序列以作为Transformer的输入,并增强了Transformer特征提取的能力,提高了诊断精度;然后,将信号输入到CNN继续提取特征信息,在模型中添加了一个残差块以防止网络退化;接着,划分了实验室采集的齿轮数据集和东南大学齿轮箱数据集的源域和目标域,采用了源域数据预训练模型,选择了每种类型的齿轮各100个样本为目标域;最后,以不同数据集为源域共进行了4组10次重复实验,测试了模型的准确率。研究结果表明:以不同数据集为源域的4组10次迁移实验的齿轮故障诊断准确率较高,均在90%以上,最高准确率可达100%;与其他不含Transformer的卷积神经网络、多尺度卷积神经网络和二维卷积神经网络相比,Transformer-CNN的齿轮故障诊断平均准确率更高,其平均准确率可达到99.64%。因此,基于Transformer-CNN的迁移学习方法能在小样本下诊断齿轮的故障。

抗差Vondrak滤波方法在时间频率传递中的应用

时间频率传递的结果会受到非模型化误差和观测噪声的影响,其噪声常为高频信号,构建低通滤波器可在一定程度上消除观测值序列中的高频噪声信号.本文对Vondrak滤波函数的本质进行剖析,通过IGG3算法对钟差序列进行定权并采用频率响应法选择适合的滤波因子;对不同的链路分别进行卫星双向时间频率传递(two-way satellite time and frequency transfer,TWSTFT)、基于软件接收机的卫星双向时间传递(two-way satellite time and frequency transfer based on software defined receiver,SDR-TWSTFT)和短基线共视时间频率传递实验,并对钟差结果采用抗差Vondrak滤波进行平滑去噪.结果表明:滤波后的钟差序列能够很好地反映原始钟差序列的趋势;平滑后的TWSTFT钟差结果,日波动效应得到了有效的抑制,精度有明显提升;对于共视钟差结果,精度有明显提升,与精密单点定位(precise point positioning,PPP)时间传递结果的差值保持在−1.0~1.0 ns范围内.

Application of Geodetic Receivers to Timing and Time Transfer

Two methods for smoothing pseudorange observable by Carrier and Doppler are discussed. Then the procedure based on the RINEX observation files is tested using the Ashtech Z-XII3T geodetic receivers driven by a stable external frequency at UNSO. This paper proposes to adapt this procedure for the links between geodetic receivers, in order to take advantage of the P codes available on L 1 and L 2. This new procedure uses the 30-second RINEX observations files, the standard of the International GPS Service (IGS), and processes the ionosphere-free combination of the codes P 1 and P 2; the satellite positions are deduced from the IGS rapid orbits, available after two days.

Construction of human eukaryotic expression plasmid vascular endothelial growth factor 165 and its expression in transfected vascular smooth muscles

BACKGROUND: The highly specific vascular endothelialgrowth factor (VEGF) induces the growth of vascular en-dothelial cell. This study was to construct the eukaryoticexpression plasmid of vascular endothelial growth factorl65(VEGF165) and observe its expression in vascular smoothmuscles (VSMCs).METHODS: The primers were designed and synthesizedaccording to the gene sequences of human VEGF165. TheVEGF165 gene was obtained from umbilic artery tissue bythe method of RT-PCR, then it was cloned to eukaryoticexpression plasmid pBudCE4.1 by recombination strategy.The eukaryotic expression plasmid named pBudCE4.1/VEGF165 was identified by restriction enzyme digestion,and was sequenced. The pBudCE4.1/VEGF165 was trans-fected into VSMCs by using lipofection. The VEGF165 ex-pression of mRNA and protein was detected by RT-PCRand Western blot respectively.RESULTS: VEGF165 was shown about 576bp by RT-PCR.Sequencing revealed the amplified VEGF165 gene was iden-tical with that in the GeneBank. Restrictive enzyme (HindBam HI) digestion analysis showed that recombinantexpression plasmid pBudCE4. l/tVEGF165 had been con-structed successfully. The expression of VEGF165 at mRNAand protein levels in the transformed VSMCs had beendemonstrated by RT-PCR and Western blot.CONCLUSIONS: The recombinant eukaryotic expressionplasmid pBudCE4.1/VEGF165 has been successfully con-structed and expressed in transformed VSMCs. The presentstudy has laid a foundation for VEGF165 gene therapy ofvascular stenosis in the transplant organ.

Computational Study on Melting Process Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

Recently, smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method has become popular in computational fluid dynamic and heat transfer simulation. The simplicity offered by this method made some complex system in physics such as moving interface in multiphase flow, heat conductivity jumping in multiple material boundaries and many geometrical difficulties become relative easy to calculate. We will treat a relative easy example of melting process to test the method in solving fluid motion equation coupled by heat transfer process. The main heat transfer processes are caused by solid-liquid (medium to medium) heat diffusion and convection. System interaction with ambient temperature can be modeled by gas surrounding fluid-solid system. For the ambient temperature, we proposed surface particle heat transfer governed by convectional heat flux. Using local particle number density value as surface detection method, we applied cooling and heating to surface particle on the melting ice cube and water system. The simulation result is also verified by experiment.

STUDY AND ENHANCEMENT ON BUFFER MANAGEMENT FOR SMOOTH HANDOVER IN MIPV6

For improving Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) performance in mobile environment,smooth handover with buffer management has been proposed to realize seamless handovers. However in our simulation, even if smooth handover in Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is implemented, TCP can not always achieve better performance due to packets forwarding burst. Based on the study of buffer management for smooth handover, this paper proposes an enhanced buffer management scheme for smooth handover to improve TCP performance. In this scheme, a packet-pair probing technology is adopted to estimate the available bandwidth of the new path from Previous router (Prtr) to Mobile Node (MN), which will be used by Prtr to control the buffered packets forwarding. The simulation results demonstrate that smooth handover with this scheme can achieve better TCP performance than the original scheme.

技术市场流畅度与高校技术转移效率关系研究

基于三螺旋理论、技术转移理论和市场设计理论,以2009-2018年中国30个省份的面板数据为样本,利用DEA测度高校技术转移效率,从空间视角出发,探究技术市场流畅度对高校技术转移效率的影响作用。实证结果显示:技术市场流畅度显著促进高校技术转移效率;进一步将技术市场流畅度分解后,发现信息流畅度、市场厚度、科技中介服务流畅度以及技术资源流畅度在不同显著性水平下均正向促进高校技术转移效率的提升;从区域层面来看,技术市场流畅度对各地区高校技术转移效率的影响存在“中部地区>东部地区>西部地区”的空间特征。

A Comprehensive Method for Evaluating Precision of Transfer Alignment on a Moving Base

In this study, we propose the use of the Degree of Alignment(DOA) in engineering applications for evaluating the precision of and identifying the transfer alignment on a moving base. First, we derive the statistical formula on the basis of estimations. Next, we design a scheme for evaluating the transfer alignment on a moving base, for which the attitude error cannot be directly measured. Then, we build a mathematic estimation model and discuss Fixed Point Smoothing(FPS), Returns to Scale(RTS), Inverted Sequence Recursive Estimation(ISRE), and Kalman filter estimation methods, which can be used when evaluating alignment accuracy. Our theoretical calculations and simulated analyses show that the DOA reflects not only the alignment time and accuracy but also differences in the maneuver schemes, and is suitable for use as an integrated evaluation index. Furthermore, all four of these algorithms can be used to identify the transfer alignment and evaluate its accuracy. We recommend RTS in particular for engineering applications. Generalized DOAs should be calculated according to the tactical requirements.

基于A^(*)算法的搬运机器人路径规划优化

随着现代物流的不断发展,搬运机器人被越来越多的公司广泛运用。合理地安排搬运机器人的运输路径是降低运输成本、减少运输时间的关键。A^(*)算法是一种常见的搬运机器人路径规划算法,然而当物流工厂内部空间很大时,A^(*)算法的效率会显著下降。文中针对有若干障碍物的工厂路径规划中A^(*)算法存在的问题,提出一种改进型A^(*)算法应用于工厂中实际的搬运机器人路径规划。通过改变总代价计算公式来减少移动路径的长度和转弯次数,引入五点三次平滑法使得移动路径更加平滑,采用前后同时寻路策略进一步优化路径。最后,文中还采用改进型A^(*)算法对搬运机器人路径规划问题进行实验,实验结果表明,提出的改进算法可以明显提升整体效率,尤其是在不规则障碍物平面图上能够使规划路径缩短近50%。该算法可以帮助指导实际的物流公司改进搬运机器人的路径规划,从而降低搬运机器人的搬运时间和能源消耗。

熔融金属吊车能量和光滑整形防摆控制器设计

针对熔融金属转运吊车的防摆问题,提出了一种基于桥式欠驱动吊车无源性设计的能量控制技术与前馈光滑整形技术相结合的控制技术。区别于其它的常规吊车控制策略,由于熔融金属吊车在转运过程当中负载为高温液态金属,实现其防摆控制更具控制难度。基于吊车无源性设计的能量控制器具有良好的控制性能,可降低驱动能耗并保证吊车的快速精准定位;为防止吊运过程中的摆动引起高温液态金属负载重心产生强烈的波动,严重时甚至和吊车固有频率达到一致引发谐振,进而引进了一种光滑整形技术对操作命令进行卷积积分处理,可有效消除由液态负载晃动产生的干扰,既可完成系统的预定消摆又可抑制系统振动,进一步增强了系统的鲁棒性并减小了吊车系统摆幅,增强了系统的鲁棒性。最后通过仿真实验证明该控制方法具有良好的控制性能。

Mel频率倒谱系数平滑的耳机均衡

适当均衡耳机到鼓膜的传递函数可有效提高耳机声重放效果。耳廓与耳道滤波效应引起的幅度峰谷有助于人耳听觉感知,以平直幅频响应为目标的幅度均衡无法保持适当的峰谷。该文提出了基于roex滤波器与Mel频率倒谱系数的耳机到鼓膜的传递函数平滑方法,用于模拟人耳听觉感知特性和平滑耳机到鼓膜的传递函数,使均衡后的幅频响应保持相应的峰谷,避免了幅度峰谷过渡均衡。实验结果表明,进行耳机到鼓膜的传递函数平滑的幅度均衡对提高耳机的音色有显著作用,基于Mel频率倒谱系数平滑的幅度均衡对提高耳机的音色最为显著。

内肋-光滑组合式圆管内流动沸腾换热试验

为探究分段结构对管内流动沸腾过程的影响,采用试验方法分析了制冷剂R245fa在光滑管、内肋管以及采用前肋-后光滑组合管中的流动沸腾换热特性。以质量流速为100~350 kg/(m^(2)·s)、热流密度为9.36~55.84 kW/m^(2)、试验管进口过冷度约为2℃进行试验,并以光滑管的流动换热特性为基准,对比不同试验管的换热系数增强比例(enhancement factor,EF)和价值因子(merit factor,MF)。研究结果表明:内肋管和前肋-后光滑组合管的换热性能均优于全光滑管;在低质量流速时,内肋管的EF高于前肋-后光滑组合管,即内肋管换热效果更好;而随着质量流速的增加,前肋-后光滑组合管的EF逐渐高于内肋管,达到1.7左右;内肋管的MF在低质量流速时高于前肋-后光滑组合管,但在较高质量流速以及较高热流密度条件下,前肋-后光滑组合管的MF要高于内肋管,即前肋-后光滑组合管的综合性能更好。

超临界CFB锅炉灵活运行方式下的流动传热及动态特性试验研究

为了给超临界350 MW循环流化床(CFB)锅炉灵活运行提供指导,对亚临界压力下垂直上升光管内低质量流速汽水工质的流动传热及动态特性进行了试验研究。流动传热试验的压力为12.0~15.0 MPa,质量流速为350~440 kg/(m^(2)·s),内壁热负荷为135~220 kW/m^(2)。在26 MPa稳态试验基础上,通过压力阶跃减小和热负荷阶跃增加研究了垂直上升光管的动态特性。流动传热试验的结果表明:改变压力会影响饱和沸腾区的传热性能和饱和沸腾区的焓值区间;质量流速对传热性能影响仅体现在过冷区,质量流速增大过冷区的传热性能增强;增加热负荷会使饱和沸腾区的传热性能下降。根据流动传热试验数据,拟合得到了亚临界条件下垂直上升光管内汽水工质的传热和摩擦阻力关联式。动态特性试验的结果表明:压力阶跃变化量越大,试验段内的质量流速增量越大,出口比焓和出口壁温变化程度越大;热负荷阶跃仅会影响出口比焓,热负荷阶跃变化量越大,出口比焓和出口壁温变化程度越大。本研究可以为超临界CFB锅炉低负荷、灵活运行过程提供指导。

非等温黏弹性复杂流动的改进SPH方法模拟

非等温黏弹性流体广泛存在于自然界和工业生产中,准确预测黏弹性流体的非等温流动机理和复杂流变特性有着重要的应用价值.文章提出一种改进的光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)方法对非等温黏弹性复杂流动进行了数值模拟,其中流体的黏弹特性通过eXtended Pom-Pom本构模型来表征.为了提高模拟结果的精度,采用了一种核函数梯度的修正算法;为了灵活地施加边界条件,发展了边界粒子和虚拟粒子相联合的边界处理方法;为了消除流动过程中的拉伸不稳定性,施加了粒子迁移技术.运用改进SPH方法数值模拟了液滴撞击固壁和F型腔注塑成型问题,通过与Basilisk软件得到的结果进行比较验证了改进SPH方法求解非等温黏弹性流体的有效性.通过利用不同粒子初始间距进行计算,评价了改进SPH方法的数值收敛性.研究了非等温流动相较于等温流动的不同流动特征,深入分析了不同热流变参数对流动过程的影响.数值结果表明,文章提出的改进SPH方法可稳定、准确地描述非等温黏弹性复杂流动的传热机理、复杂流变特性和自由面变化特性.

基于虚拟同步机的微网逆变器无频差控制

虚拟同步机控制可克服传统并网逆变器无惯性给电网带来的冲击,可提升电网接纳可再生能源的能力,在微电网中受到了广泛关注。但由于虚拟同步机采用传统的有功?频率下垂控制,在孤网模式下存在频率偏移,这会对接入微网中的负载产生不利的影响。提出了一种无频差的有功-频率控制算法,即在转子运动方程中,用频率比例积分反馈代替传统的阻尼环节,消除了孤网模式下的频率偏移,同时能够实现微网逆变器的多模式控制。建立系统降阶小信号模型,以系统的稳态性能、动态性能和微网系统相关参数指标为约束条件对所提控制器参数进行优化设计。最后,仿真和实验结果证实了控制算法的有效性和可行性。

微网稳定运行与模式平滑切换综合控制策略

提出一种基于下垂控制的微电网稳定运行与模式平滑切换综合控制策略。经理论分析和仿真得到结论:(1)所设计LCL-VSC型微源闭环解耦控制系统,由于包含全部LCL滤波参数,高频谐波抑制能力较强;(2)所提基于自适应功率补偿的无功-电压和有功-频率稳定控制策略,能够有效抑制微网孤岛模式下负载对系统电压、频率的扰动;(3)所提微网运行模式平滑切换控制策略,可实现模式切换时电压、频率和功率的平滑过渡。所提并网相位同步控制方法,由于融入了大电网电压锁相控制功能,取消了电网电压锁相环,并且,采取的相位调节方法消除了传统频率调节法对频率下垂控制的影响;所提离网功率同步控制方法,实现了离网瞬间微网输出功率与负载功率的同步,在稳定微网电压和频率的同时,确保电力开关的零负荷分断。

公共服务对城乡收入差距的转化效应——来自全国基础数据的实证检验

城乡收入差距问题是影响当前城乡共生性发展的内生性结构障碍,而公共服务的均等化水平又逆向作用于城乡收入差距,因此有效理顺公共服务对城乡收入差距之间的转化效应是实现城乡共生性发展的必要前提。文章通过梳理城乡收入差距的既有文献,建构出公共服务对城乡收入差距的平滑转移模型,借助于阈值协整检验模型,发现公共服务发展水平在不同转移机制水平下其转化效应呈现出差异性。与此同时,通过建构公共服务与城乡收入差距的动态面板模型,利用GMM估计两步法,研究表明了公共服务对城乡收入差距的显著性呈正向转化效应。为此通过相应的政策路径来优化公共服务水平,旨在进一步地缩小城乡收入差距。

基于频率恢复控制的逆变器主动同步策略研究

随着微电网的提出,运行于独立和并网双模式的并网逆变器受到越来越多的关注。逆变器并网过程中与大电网的同步问题是实现逆变器平滑并网的关键,如何保证并网过程中频率和相角的精确快速控制是主动同步控制的难点。本文提出了一种适用于下垂控制的主动同步控制策略,该策略采用频率恢复控制方法使得并网逆变器工作频率固定为额定值,主动同步过程只需考虑幅值和相角同步,简化了控制策略,解决了采用传统下垂控制时频率和相角难以实现同时同步的问题。仿真和实验验证了该方法的有效性。