Objective:Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most important microvascular complications of diabetes,which mainly refers to glomerular capillary sclerosis.Podocytes are an important part of glomerular capillaries.Previ...Objective:Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most important microvascular complications of diabetes,which mainly refers to glomerular capillary sclerosis.Podocytes are an important part of glomerular capillaries.Previous clinical and basic studies have shown that fibrosis is the main factor of diabetic nephropathy.This study aimed to assess the protective mechanism of glycyrrhizic acid(GA)on glomerular podocytes induced by high glucose as we hypothesized that GA may have antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects on podocytes through regulation of the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)/sucrose nonfermenting AMPK-related kinase(SNARK)signaling pathway.Methods:SNARK siRNA was used to transfect podocytes.Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence staining assays were used for molecular and pathological analysis.The expression levels of key pathway proteins(including TGF-β1,α-SMA,SITR1,AMPKα,LKB1,PGC-1α,NF-κB,IL-6,and TNF-α)were verified by Western blotting.The expression of inflammatory factors in podocytes was detected by ELISA.Results:We demonstrated that GA decreased the expression of podocyte fibrosis signaling pathway-related factors by upregulating the AMPK pathway and its related factors.However,after transfection of podocytes with SNARK siRNA,there was an increased expression of fibrosis-related factors and inflammation-related factors.Conclusion:GA can protect podocytes and alleviate fibrosis and inflammation induced by high glucose,which is related to the AMPK signaling pathway.Meanwhile,knockdown of SNARK protein can inhibit the AMPK signaling pathway,aggravate fibrosis,and increase inflammation.展开更多
In this paper, we are dealing with the study of the metric dimension of some classes of regular graphs by considering a class of bridgeless cubic graphs called the flower snarks Jn, a class of cubic convex polytopes c...In this paper, we are dealing with the study of the metric dimension of some classes of regular graphs by considering a class of bridgeless cubic graphs called the flower snarks Jn, a class of cubic convex polytopes considering the open problem raised in [M. Imran et al., families of plane graphs with constant metric dimension, Utilitas Math., in press] and finally Harary graphs H5,n by partially answering to an open problem proposed in Ⅱ. Javaid et al., Families of regular graphs with constant metric dimension, Utilitas Math., 2012, 88： 43-57]. We prove that these classes of regular graphs have constant metric dimension.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia Province(No.2021AAC03296).
文摘Objective:Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most important microvascular complications of diabetes,which mainly refers to glomerular capillary sclerosis.Podocytes are an important part of glomerular capillaries.Previous clinical and basic studies have shown that fibrosis is the main factor of diabetic nephropathy.This study aimed to assess the protective mechanism of glycyrrhizic acid(GA)on glomerular podocytes induced by high glucose as we hypothesized that GA may have antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects on podocytes through regulation of the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)/sucrose nonfermenting AMPK-related kinase(SNARK)signaling pathway.Methods:SNARK siRNA was used to transfect podocytes.Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence staining assays were used for molecular and pathological analysis.The expression levels of key pathway proteins(including TGF-β1,α-SMA,SITR1,AMPKα,LKB1,PGC-1α,NF-κB,IL-6,and TNF-α)were verified by Western blotting.The expression of inflammatory factors in podocytes was detected by ELISA.Results:We demonstrated that GA decreased the expression of podocyte fibrosis signaling pathway-related factors by upregulating the AMPK pathway and its related factors.However,after transfection of podocytes with SNARK siRNA,there was an increased expression of fibrosis-related factors and inflammation-related factors.Conclusion:GA can protect podocytes and alleviate fibrosis and inflammation induced by high glucose,which is related to the AMPK signaling pathway.Meanwhile,knockdown of SNARK protein can inhibit the AMPK signaling pathway,aggravate fibrosis,and increase inflammation.
基金supported by National University of Sceinces and Technology (NUST),Islamabadgrant of Higher Education Commission of Pakistan Ref.No:PMIPFP/HRD/HEC/2011/3386support of Slovak VEGA Grant 1/0130/12
文摘In this paper, we are dealing with the study of the metric dimension of some classes of regular graphs by considering a class of bridgeless cubic graphs called the flower snarks Jn, a class of cubic convex polytopes considering the open problem raised in [M. Imran et al., families of plane graphs with constant metric dimension, Utilitas Math., in press] and finally Harary graphs H5,n by partially answering to an open problem proposed in Ⅱ. Javaid et al., Families of regular graphs with constant metric dimension, Utilitas Math., 2012, 88： 43-57]. We prove that these classes of regular graphs have constant metric dimension.
