A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF SNOW MASS VARIATIONS IN CHINA OVER THE PAST 30 YEARS

Daily snow data for 2300 climate stations covering the period from 1951 through 1980 have been used to monitor and diagnose secular variations,year-to-year fluctuations,and the spatial characteristics of snow variation trends in China.An examination of time series reveals that there is a strong teleconnction to ENSO,to major volcanic eruptions, as well as to the CO_2-induced warming.The country-wide snow mass variations are positively correlated with global mean temperature,increasing during the current warming period and decreasing during the recent cooling period prior to the mid 1960s.A synchronous relationship exists between El Nino/Southern Oscillation and snowy winter in China. The year-to-year snow fluctuations seem to be generally out of phase with volcanic activity.The anomaly map shows that snow mass increased in high altitudes and moist regions,while it decreased in arid lowland and the southern bounda- ry zone during the warming period.The potential CO_2-induced changes in snow mass will further aggravate the regional differentiation between high mountains and lowlands,between moist and arid regions.The number of snow cover days will decrease in the northern lowlands,and snowfall will increase in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,high mountains,and the lower reaches of the Changjiang(Yangtze)River.

文化认同视域下大众冰雪运动发展的价值、困境与纾解

采用文献资料、专家访谈等研究方法从文化认同视角探讨了大众冰雪运动发展的价值与困境。研究认为:在北京冬奥会成功举办对人们形成冰雪运动的文化启蒙之后,需要通过文化认同的方式实现人们对冰雪运动从“形式参与”到“实质参与”的转变。文化认同促进大众冰雪运动发展的价值意蕴体现在引导人们的理念与行为、激发和满足人们多元化体育需求、促进冰雪运动政策和制度的完善等方面。大众冰雪运动发展面临底蕴积淀不够、精神内涵建设乏力、人口质量不高等困境。并提出纾解策略:夯实冰雪运动器物文化基础,强化感性认知;培育冰雪运动精神文化,提升价值共识;丰富冰雪运动实践方式,推进行为认同。

后冬奥时代京津冀地区大众冰雪运动一体化发展理路研究

北京冬奥会的圆满举行,为京津冀地区大众冰雪运动的发展带来新机遇,以实现全民健身为逻辑起点,对后冬奥时代京津冀地区大众冰雪运动的一体化发展理路进行研究。发现当前存在大众对冰雪运动项目认知迟缓、竞技要求与大众冰雪运动目标分离、自然与社会条件制约总体发展、政府与社会组织缺乏联动效应等发展困境。提出发挥政府作用,加强政策导向,建立多部门联动保障机制;把握冬奥机遇,提高场馆利用率,优化冬奥资源的赛后利用;拓宽参与途径,创新参与形式,促进竞技体育的大众化转型;加强宣传引导,凝聚价值体现,提高大众对冰雪运动的正确认知等一体化发展策略。通过加速冰雪产业扩张和商业布局,推动京津冀地区大众冰雪运动实现跨越式发展,为实现体育强国和健康中国奠定坚实基础。

Test of newly developed conceptual hydrological model for simulation of rain-on-snow events in forested watershed

A conceptual hydrological model that links the Xin＇anjiang hydrological model and a physically based snow energy and mass balance model, described as the XINSNOBAL model, was developed in this study for simulating rain-on-snow events that commonly occur in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The resultant model was applied to the Lookout Creek Watershed in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the western Cascade Mountains of Oregon, and its ability to simulate streamflow was evaluated. The simulation was conducted at 24-hour and one-hour time scales for the period of 1996 to 2005. The results indicated that runoffand peak discharge could be underestimated if snowpack accumulation and snowmelt under rain-on-snow conditions were not taken into account. The average deterministic coefficient of the hourly model in streamflow simulation in the calibration stage was 0.837, which was significantly improved over the value of 0.762 when the Xin＇anjiang model was used alone. Good simulation performance of the XINSNOBAL model in the WS 10 catchment, using the calibrated parameter of the Lookout Creek Watershed for proxy-basin testing, demonstrates that transplanting model parameters between similar watersheds can orovide a useful tool for discharge forecastin~, in un^au^ed basins.

Observed and modelled snow and ice thickness in the Arctic Ocean with CHINARE buoy data

Sea ice and the snow pack on top of it were investigated using Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition （CHINARE） buoy data. Two polar hydrometeorological drifters, known as Zeno ice stations, were deployed during CHINARE 2003. A new type of high-resolution Snow and Ice Mass Balance Arrays, known as SIMBA buoys, were deployed during CHINARE 2014. Data from those buoys were applied to investigate the thickness of sea ice and snow in the CHINARE domain. A simple approach was applied to estimate the average snow thickness on the basis of Zeno temperature data. Snow and ice thicknesses were also derived from vertical temperature profile data based on the SIMBA buoys. A one-dimensional snow and ice thermodynamic model （HIGHTSI） was applied to calculate the snow and ice thickness along the buoy drift trajectories. The model forcing was based on forecasts and analyses of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts （ECMWF）. The Zeno buoys drifted in a confined area during 2003-2004. The snow thickness modelled applying HIGHTSI was consistent with results based on Zeno buoy data. The SIMBA buoys drifted from 81. 1°N, 157.4°W to 73.5°N, 134.9°W in 15 months during 2014-2015. The total ice thickness increased from an initial August 2014 value of 1.97 m to a maximum value of 2.45 in before the onset of snow melt in May 2015; the last observation was approximately 1 m in late November 2015. The ice thickness based on HIGHTSI agreed with SIMBA measurements, in particular when the seasonal variation of oceanic heat flux was taken into account, but the modelled snow thickness differed from the observed one. Sea ice thickness derived from SIMBA data was reasonably good in cold conditions, but challenges remain in both snow and ice thickness in summer.

基于FT-ICR MS表征达古冰川冬春季节表层雪中DOM分子组成变化

分析冰川中溶解性有机质(dissolved organic matter,DOM)的迁移转化特征是评估冰川消融对下游生态环境效应的重要依据,但冰川表层雪中DOM在冬春季节的迁移转化特征尚不明确。本文以达古冰川冬春季节表层雪和春季冰川径流为研究对象,使用傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(FT-ICR MS)对表层雪和径流中DOM进行分子层次表征。结果显示:达古冰川冬春季节表层雪中DOM化学组成非常丰富,主要包括脂类、多肽类、不饱和烃类,还含有少量的酚类、多环芳烃类和糖类,来源包括微生物活动和陆源性输入。春季径流中DOM的主要来源是陆源性输入,受人类活动影响较大。分析不同季节表层雪DOM的分子组成变化,发现冬季低温环境有利于表层雪中脂类、多肽类和含S类DOM分子的富集,春季气温升高则有利于表层雪中多肽类、不饱和烃类和含N类DOM分子的富集。比较春季径流和表雪中DOM的分子组成变化,发现径流中杂原子类DOM含量降低,微生物来源的脂类和多肽类DOM含量降低,陆源性的酚类和多环芳烃类含量显著增加,说明径流中DOM的生物活性降低而光反应活性增加。因此随着冰川持续消融大量的冰川融水将DOM带入下游水环境,在微生物活动和光反应过程的共同作用下增加温室气体CO_(2)的排放,增强温室效应。

Glacier Mass-Balance Variation in China during the Past Half Century

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of temperature trend on glacier-mass balance, snow density, snowmelt, snow depth and runoff by using observations of nine glacier stations that covered most of the China over the period of 1979-2013. Trend analysis showed an increasing trend of temperature on all of the selected stations. On an average, temperature was increasing at the rate of 0.46/10a. The increasing trend of temperature showed a negative relationship with annual glacier-mass balance on most of the stations and caused a decrease in annual balance. Results of Pearson’s correlation analysis showed a highly significant negative correlation between temperature and snow density (correlation coefficient (CC = -0.661 at 0.01 significance level). There was a significant positive correlation between temperature and snowmelt (CC = 0.532 at 0.01 significance level). There was a significant negative correlation between temperature and snow depth (correlation coefficient (CC = -0.342 at 0.05 significance level). Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between temperature and runoff (CC = 0.586 at 0.01 significance level). Increasing trend of temperature caused an increasing trend of annual snowmelt and runoff anomaly% at the rate of 24.82/10a and 9.87/10a, respectively. On the other hand, a declining trend in annual snow density and snow depth anomaly% was found at a rate of -5.32/10a and -1.93/10a, respectively. We concluded that the snow density, snowmelt and runoff are significantly sensitive to temperature in China. This contribution has provided information for further understanding of glacier variation and its influencing factors.

新时期东北地区高校与群众冰雪体育文化共同体的建设

在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的指导下,我国冰雪体育事业取得长足发展,冰雪体育文化对于建设体育强国也起到愈加重要的作用。东北地区冰雪文化深厚,高校体育和群众体育作为冰雪运动发展的两个重要分支,前者具有人才资源、专业技术方面的优势,后者具有体量规模、岗位供给方面的潜力,且二者的发展均符合健康中国战略的需要。对此,应尝试建立高校与群众冰雪体育文化共同体,顺应冰雪体育事业发展的要求,提高冰雪体育文化建设效率,实现冰雪体育文化的创新发展。通过促进跨学科交流,实现高校与群众的优势互补;多措并举,构建全社会冰雪体育参与新格局;发挥网络共通性,升级冰雪体育文化与服务等建设思路和具体措施,筑牢国家冰雪体育文化内核,以期推动社会主义冰雪体育事业前进,加快体育强国和健康中国建设。

Variations of trace elements and rare earth elements(REEs)treated by two different methods for snow-pit samples on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and their implications

Although previous investigations of the trace elements in snow and ice from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau obtained interesting information about pollution from human activities on the plateau, most were based on traditional acidification methods.To emphasize the influence of the different sample-preparation methods on the records of trace elements and rare earth elements, snow samples were collected from glaciers on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China and prepared using two methods: traditional acidification and total digestion. Concentrations of 18 trace elements(Al, Ti, Fe, Rb, Sr, Ba, V, Cr, Mn, Li,Cu, Co, Mo, Cs, Sb, Pb, Tl, and U), along with 14 rare earth elements(REEs: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er,Tm, Yb, and Lu), Y, and Th in the snow samples, were measured using inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry(ICP-SFMS). The results showed that the mass fraction of the trace elements(defined as ratio of concentration in the acid-leachable fraction to that in the digested sample) such as Mo, Ti, Al, Rb, and V, varied from 0.06 to 0.5. The mass fraction of other trace elements varied from about 0.6 to more than 0.9; those of the REEs, Y, and Th varied from 0.34 to0.75. Lower mass fractions will lead to an overestimated contribution of other sources, especially human activities, and the underestimated fluxes of these trace elements(especially REEs, Y, and Th, as well as dust) if the REEs are used as the proxy for the crust dust. The two sample-preparation methods exhibited different REE normalized distribution patterns,REE ratios, and provenance-tracing results. The REE normalized distribution patterns and proxies in the digested samples are more reliable and integrated than those found in traditional acidification method for dust-provenance tracing.

The Utility of 1000 - 500 mb Thickness and Weather Type as a Rain-Snow Divide: A 30-Year Study at Albany, NY

Winter synoptic conditions that produce snowfall with bitterly cold temperatures create both social and economic hazards in the capital city of Albany, NY. Sometimes these systems are forecasted in error to produce rain or mixed precipitation. It is beneficial for meteorologists to better understand the commonly used 5400 and 1300 GPM line to better forecast rain versus snow events. Other studies have looked into the use of the 5400 GPM (540 dm) line but none have assessed the validity of this boundary with respect to weather type characterization at Albany. This study aims to determine the reliability of the widely referenced guides for depicting the rain-snow line, and improve forecast aids for the vertical atmosphere during winter precipitation events. The mean daily 500, 850, 925 and 1000 mb heights and weather type frequency of the Spatial Synoptic Classification between November and March of 1980 - 2012 are analyzed. Results indicate that the standard vertical boundaries are inaccurate indicators of a rain versus snow event in Albany. More reasonable rain-snow cut offs for the 1000 - 500 and 1000 - 850 mb thicknesses are 5222 and 1262 GPM. For the 1000 - 925 mb level, 606 GPM is a helpful aid of identifying the rain-snow boundary. Further scrutinizing by weather type indicates that the rain-snow boundary also varies depending on what air mass/weather type is present on a given day. For instance, when the most prominent weather type is observed over Albany (Dry Polar), at the 1000 - 850 mb and 1000 - 500 mb layers, a boundary of 1242 GPM and 5152 GPM is found to be most representative. Results indicate only for the rarest of winter weather types observed over Albany, Moist Tropical, are the standard cut offs useful. Determining the reliability of this precipitation indicator at a specific station, like Albany, could enable meteorologists in other regions of the country to draw parallels between weather type, precipitation, and thickness in their forecast zones.

动员式治理:后冬奥时代我国群众性冰雪项目的发展策略

近年来,我国许多运动项目呈现出快速发展的状况。以北京冬奥周期内的冰雪运动为例,通过文献资料等方法阐释了我国运动项目快速发展中动员式治理的机制,尤其是背后的制度生产过程的政策工具系统和协同运作模式。研究发现:动员式治理由国家体育愿景发起,由政府、社会和市场主体三方互动,通过政策工具和社会动员促进资源有效集中而形成。治理有效性依赖于中央政府体育政策的权威性、地方政府执行力和动员响应程度,尤其是政策工具的复合使用。研究认为,动员式治理为认识新型举国体制下体育发展提供了新视角,尤其是体育产业动员中政府行为与产业政策的可持续性,为提升运动项目的发展格局、创新发展思路、突破发展速度提供了很强的动力,但很难长期保持,群众性冰雪项目普及从根本上依赖于冰雪项目文化滋养。

“北冰南移”,2022冬奥会对江苏省冰雪项目发展的影响

该文运用文献资料法,对江苏地区冰雪运动的综合发展潜力、北方冰雪运动的推广经验以及推动江苏发展的路径进行了深入研究。推广冰雪运动不仅可以普及大众体育运动的参与度,还有助于促进体育产业的蓬勃发展,同时对体育人才开发具有重要意义。江苏冰雪运动经历了缓慢而稳健的发展阶段、快速而迅猛的发展阶段以及加速一体化的发展阶段。目前存在政府重视程度不够、专业人才缺乏以及场馆设施不足等问题。随着2022北京冬奥会的成功举办所带来的广泛影响,国家政策积极推进,同时江苏拥有深厚的区域综合实力和四通八达的交通运输网络,借鉴北方的成功经验,提出了发展冰雪运动产业,培育本土冰雪运动品牌以及实现一体化发展的战略。

后冬奥时代俄罗斯大众冰雪运动发展经验与启示

党的二十大报告提出“促进群众体育和竞技体育全面发展,加快建设体育强国”,为我国体育发展指明了方向,而引导和推动我国大众冰雪运动的可持续、高质量发展,在后冬奥时代具有重要的现实意义。通过对俄罗斯大众冰雪运动的发展现状进行研究,梳理其在赛事活动、大众参与、学校教育、场地设施、管理体系、制度保障、冰雪文化等方面的发展框架,归纳其发展经验中的历史动因、理论基础、实践逻辑与动力源泉,借鉴并探索适合我国现阶段国情的群众冰雪运动发展方式。提出以政府管理部门为主导,探索适宜发展模式;以学校冰雪体育为依托,夯实冰雪人口基石;以社会体育协会为架构,构建实体组织网络;以保护冬奥遗产为契机,传播冰雪运动文化的发展路径,以期推动冰雪运动真正走进大众生活,助力我国冰雪体育强国的建设。

2018年1月江苏省两次暴雪过程积雪效率差异及其机理

2018年1月3~5日江苏省第一次暴雪过程中降雪量大、积雪效率偏低,而1月24~28日第二次暴雪过程降雪量小、积雪效率高。基于ERA-Interim再分析资料和中国气象局积雪、近地气温等观测资料,利用等熵大气质量环流理论从温度、水汽条件差异对2018年1月江苏省两次暴雪过程积雪效率差异进行了深入分析。研究表明:(1)第一次过程前期,深厚且强盛的向极地暖支将大量暖空气输送至江苏南部,导致该地区整层增温;第二次过程中,低层强大的向赤道冷支输送使地面温度在整个降雪期间均低于0°C,低温条件使得积雪效率偏高。(2)第一次过程,江苏地区深厚、强盛的水汽质量流入层配合大范围上升运动,将水汽携带至高层产生更大降雪量,低层经向水汽质量输送强,纬向水汽质量流出较弱,使得近地面比湿相应增加,积雪效率偏低;第二次过程,低层深厚的水汽质量流出层不利于水汽在江苏省汇聚,低湿条件利于积雪累积,贡献于偏高的积雪效率。因此,异常强的经向干冷空气质量输送和弱的经向和纬向水汽质量输送引起的低温、低湿环境条件是造成第二次暴雪过程比第一次过程积雪效率偏高的主要原因。积雪效率与温度和湿度空间分布型的对比分析还表明:在相对高温、高湿的环境条件下,积雪效率对局地温度和湿度的响应更为敏感。

气液混合式人工造雪喷雾场的全貌及粒径分布研究

在北京冬奥会的推动下,国内冰雪产业迅速发展,特别是人造雪场的发展,给人工造雪的雪量和质量提出了更高的要求。目前的研究表明,人工造雪的质量与其喷雾场中液滴粒径分布息息相关,且液滴粒径分布不仅受到液滴碰撞、聚合、分离的影响,还受到人工造雪系统喷嘴间距分布的影响。因此,本文采用PIV系统和粒度仪测定了由气液混合式人工造雪系统经两个喷嘴雾化产生的喷雾场的整体形貌和液滴粒径分布,以此来研究人工造雪系统的气液质量混合比(g_(glr))和喷嘴间距对喷雾场中液滴粒径分布的影响。研究结果表明:随着g_(glr)的增大,喷雾场的整体形貌呈向内收缩的趋势,且在喷嘴正下方液滴平均粒径存在最小值,而当g_(glr)不变时,双喷嘴间的干涉现象随喷嘴间距的减小而增大,液滴的索特平均直径在随轴向距离增大而增大的同时,随径向距离的变化呈m型分布。

我国大众冰雪运动场馆公共服务体系的建设与优化

发展大众冰雪运动是建设冰雪强国、体育强国的重要内容,构建大众冰雪运动场馆公共服务体系,提高冰雪运动场馆公共服务质量,是满足群众参与冰雪运动需求、推动冰雪运动普及发展的重要保障。面对当前我国大众冰雪运动场馆公共服务供给中存在的服务理念局限、智能化服务不健全、管理人才缺失等实际问题,从场馆管理、现实运营、供给模式、决策机制、项目开拓、人才保障等方面提出优化路径。以期对标现状,构建起合理有效的大众冰雪运动场馆公共服务体系,进一步保障和激发群众对于冰雪运动的参与热情,为夯实我国冰雪强国建设的基础提供必要的理论与对策支撑。

元宇宙技术赋能大众冰雪运动参与模式的研究

后冬奥时代,我国大众冰雪运动发展迎来新机遇,但多种因素制约着大众的参与效果。元宇宙作为技术革命的新兴产物,有望形成虚拟世界和现实世界的无缝连接与交互,推动我国大众冰雪运动参与形式的创新。依据元宇宙的功能特征、技术原理及冰雪运动的参与需求,设计冰雪运动参与的总体框架,并从信息共享、责任行为、干预行为三个维度对大众冰雪运动的参与模式进行研究。提出依托元宇宙建立冰雪运动参与的信息平台、结合元宇宙打造普适性的沉浸式体验平台、建立健全冰雪运动参与的信息反馈机制等技术赋能冰雪运动参与的策略。以期充分发挥元宇宙的赋能作用,为广大冰雪爱好者提供相应的信息参考及模式选择,推动我国大众冰雪运动的普及化发展。

祁连山区风吹雪对积雪质能过程的影响

风吹雪是山区积雪水文过程的重要组成部分.采用祁连山区冰沟流域2008年积雪期观测数据,通过对风吹雪实地观测分析、风吹雪的发生概率、风吹雪迁移以及风吹雪升华等分析,从野外观测、计算模拟两个方面对祁连山区风吹雪质能过程进行了详细探讨.结果表明:位于流域海拔较高处(海拔4 146m)的研究区垭口站,风吹雪现象较为显著,因之造成的积雪重新分布极为严重.垭口站风吹雪频发于冬季及初春融雪未发生时,积雪在风速作用下迁移量较大;而进入融雪期之后,因气温上升、雪面融化以及再冻结,风吹雪发生概率急剧减小.风吹雪在积雪升华中占有较大比重,2008年积雪期,垭口站风吹雪升华估算值约占积雪升华(包括雪面升华)的41.5%.

新疆西天山积雪稳定期不同下垫面雪物理特性对比

利用上海精创单双通道温湿度记录仪、Snow Fork雪特性分析仪和雪筛等仪器采集的积雪物理特性数据,对比了天山积雪雪崩站积雪稳定期不同下垫面条件下的积雪物理特性.结果表明:实验区内雪层平均温度林地最高,水泥路面最低;雪层剖面最底层的日平均温度草地最高,水泥路面最低;水泥路面温度梯度最大,林地的雪层温度梯度最小,且林地积雪剖面上层的暖中心出现时间滞后于草地和水泥路面1 h;水泥路面、草地、林地的平均含水率依次递增,分别为0.18%,0.19%,0.20%;雪层日平均相对湿度变化与雪层温度和含水率变化大致相同;草地、水泥路面、森林的上覆积雪的平均密度依次递减,分别为0.15,0.14,0.13g/m^3.林地雪层剖面上部的雪密度最小,但中部和底部的都高于草地和水泥路面的;林地的新雪质量分数最小,粗颗粒雪所占比例最大;而草地底部的深霜发育优于水泥路面和林地.

风吹雪数值模拟的两方程模型方法

采用两相流理论,根据雪颗粒的运动机理,提出了新的两方程数值模型方法,认为跃移层传输方程中的源项与壁面摩擦速度、雪层阀值摩擦速度的相对大小有关,并引入待定系数来确定源项的缩放比例。接着基于数值试验的方法开展参数分析,采用将不同参数条件下的跃移质量浓度与经验公式结果进行比较的方法来确定待定系数。为了验证该方法的适用性,对开阔场地条件下的风致积雪运动进行了模拟,并与实测数据进行了比较。结果显示,数值模拟结果与实测数据吻合较好,能够定量地重现风致积雪运动的重要特性。模拟的跃移层雪质量浓度与实测结果比较一致;而悬移雪质量浓度偏高。总质量传输率的模拟结果落在实测值范围之内。