Impact of Climate Change on Mountaineering Activities in Haba Snow Mountain Reserve and the Development of Surrounding Communities

In the context of global climate change, this study reviews and discusses the three aspects of ecology, economic development of surrounding communities, ecological balance and snow mountain activities in the Haba Snow Mountain Reserve through literature collation and research. 1) The Hengduan Mountain Plate of Haba Snow Mountain is affected by the high altitude temperate monsoon and is sensitive to climate change. There has been continuous glacier melting and snow line fluctuations. Although there is no forest line movement, the vegetation at the junction of the forest line has increased. 2) Human activities in the Haba Snow Mountain Reserve have shown an active trend, and the Biomass in various ecosystems in the region is inversely correlated. 3) Climate change will have a negative impact on landscape attraction and tourism safety in snowy mountain areas. 4) Haba Snow Mountain Reserve needs more perfect biological species statistical research and dynamic vegetation research to support the establishment of a perfect ecological protection strategy and ecological early warning in the region. 5) As the frequency of tourist activities in the Haba Protected Area increases, corresponding environmental protection signage, garbage cleaning methods, and tourist education have not been synchronizedly improved.

Recreational value of glacier tourism resources：A travel cost analysis for Yulong Snow Mountain

Glaciers, with their unique and spectacular appearances and rich and varied terrain, have received widespread attention and become important tourist attractions. This paper uses the travel cost method to estimate the recreational value of the glacier tourism resources of Yulong Snow Mountain(also called Jade Dragon Snow Mountain), which is the most developed glacier tourist attraction in China. First-hand information was obtained through field surveys, and the travel costs of visitors visiting the Yulong Snow Mountain glacier were calculated before the method was applied to evaluate the recreational value of the focal glacier resource. The results show that the Yulong Snow Mountain consumer surplus associated with its glacier resources in 2016 ranged from 645.59-3439.10 million CNY, and the total recreational value ranged from 1.97-8.17 billion CNY. Approaches allocating travel costs across multiple recreational sites, however, can vary, and there is large difference in estimated results depending on used approaches. Nevertheless, the results of the analysis can help understand the socio-economic value of glacier resources and provide a reference for their development and protection.

Conflicts and Countermeasures between Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve and Development of Peripheral Communities

Using research approaches such as questionnaire investigation, interview, and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PAR), the relationship between Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve and peripheral communities was studied. The results showed that there are lots of conflicts between Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve and peripheral communities. On the one hand, conservation of natural environment brings inconvenience to the development of peripheral communities, such as limiting the use of resources, constraining space of development, resulting in economic losses, reducing tourist income, and low compensation. On the other hand, peripheral communities' development threats conservation of the natural environment, for instance, illegal deforestation, illegal mining, over-harvesting, over-grazing and non-ecotourism. Therefore, effective suggestions were given as "scientific planning of functional areas, enhancing economic compensation, devoting more in ecotourism development, and realizing the cooperation of communities".

Characteristics and Environmental Significance of pH and EC in Summer Rainfall and Shallow Firn Profile at Yulong Snow Mountain,Lijiang City,China

The seasonal and inter-annual variations of pH and EC （electrical conductivity） at Yulong （玉龙） Snow Mountain, Lijiang （丽江） City, are sensitive to precipitation variations and are important indicators of the atmospheric environment. The pH of summer rainfall at Lijiang City ranges from 6.7 to 7.4, and alkaline mineral salts dominate the variations of rainfall acidity, pH values in the shallow firn profile at Baishui （白水） Glacier No. 1 range from 5.6 to 6.3, and EC values from 2.4 to 7.3 μs/cm. The ranges are lower than those in other firn cores from China because of stronger elution and the influence of marine aerosols. This indicates that environmental records from a monsoonal temperate glacier differ from those at continental glaciers.

Discovery of Quaternary glacial evidence of Snow Mountain in Taiwan, China

There are glacial remains of three different periods on the main peak of Snow Mountain in Taiwan province, including cirque lake, crosswall, polished surface, striation, moraine ete. These three different periods were called, respectively, Shanzhuang ((44.25 ± 3.72) kaBP), Shuiyuan ((18.26 ± 1.52) kaBP), and Xueshan glacial stages (the late period of last glaciation). it is characterized by the earlier glacier broad in scale.

Late Quaternary normal faulting and its kinematic mechanism of eastern piedmont fault of the Haba-Yulong Snow Mountains in northwestern Yunnan, China

The regional geologic and geomorphic observations show that an active arcuate normal fault constitutes the main boundary fault of the Haba-Yulong Snow Mountains (HYSM). This fault is called eastern piedmont fault of Haba-Yulong Snow Mountains (HYPF). The fault consists of two segments with differential trend; the northern segment is NW-trending and NE-dipping and the southern section is S-N trending and E-dipping. Three sets of fault scarps cutting late Quaternary landforms and their dating results indicate that the fault is a prominent Holocene active fault and its throw rates are 0.3―1.4 mm/a during late Quaternary. The geometry and kinematics of the fault suggest that the arcuate normal faulting or rifting are typical surface deformation pattern at the two tips of the Z-shaped rift zone of northwestern Yunnan, which is related to regional east-west extension accompanying clockwise rota- tion of micro-block.

Response of snow hydrological processes to a changing climate during 1961 to 2016 in the headwater of Irtysh River Basin, Chinese Altai Mountains

With changing climatic conditions and snow cover regime, regional hydrological cycle for a snowy basin will change and further available surface water resources will be redistributed. Assessing snow meltwater effect on runoff is the key to water safety, under climate warming and fast social-economic developing status. In this study, stable isotopic technology was utilized to analyze the snow meltwater effect on regional hydrological processes, and to declare the response of snow hydrology to climate change and snow cover regime, together with longterm meteorological and hydrological observations, in the headwater of Irtysh River, Chinese Altai Mountains during 1961-2015. The average δ^(18) O values of rainfall, snowfall, meltwater, groundwater and river water for 2014–2015 hydrological year were-10.9‰,-22.3‰,-21.7‰,-15.7‰ and-16.0‰, respectively.The results from stable isotopes, snow melting observation and remote sensing indicated that the meltwater effect on hydrological processes in Kayiertesi River Basin mainly occurred during snowmelt supplying period from April to June. The contribution of meltwater to runoff reached 58.1% during this period, but rainfall, meltwater and groundwater supplied 49.1%, 36.9% and 14.0% of water resource to annual runoff, respectively. With rising air temperature and increasing snowfall in cold season, the snow water equivalent(SWE) had an increasing trend but the snow cover duration declined by about one month including 13-day delay of the first day and 17-day advancement of the end day during 1961–2016. Increase in SWE provided more available water resource. However, variations in snow cover timing had resulted in redistribution of surface water resource, represented by an increase of discharge percentage in April and May, and a decline in Juneand July. This trend of snow hydrology will render a deficit of water resource in June and July when the water resource demand is high for agricultural irrigation and industrial manufacture.

Chemical characteristics and influencing factors of snow in eastern Qilian Mountains, China

As an important indicator of environmental and climate changes, snow chemical properties can be used to reflect microcosmic changes, large-scale environmental and climate changes. 174 groups of snow samples were collected from four different rivers, Jinta river, Sishui river, Binggou river, and Nancha river, in the eastern Qilian Mountains in west China from May 2014 to October 2017. The characteristics of inorganic ions, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl–, NO3–, HCO3–, and SO2–, in the samples were analyzed by Dionex-600 and Dionex-3000 ion chromatograph. The results show that Ca2+ is the main cation, while HCO3– is the main anion;the ion concentration of snow is higher than that of rain. After careful analysis, we draw the conclusion that due to the controlling of the westerly wind, the atmosphere of the Qilian Mountains is dry with high dust content in winter and spring, which makes the ions in the snow mainly derive from the weathering of carbonate rock and sulfate rock. The ions in snow cover mainly come from land-sourced dust, while less contribution is from marine sources and human activities.

Role of blowing snow in snow processes in Qilian Mountainous region

Blowing snow is an important part of snow hydrologic processes in mountainous region, however the related researches were rare for the Qilian mountainous region where blowing snow is frequent. Using the observation dataset in 2008 snow season in Binggou wa- tershed in Qilian mountainous region, we systematically studied the energy and mass processes of blowing snow by field observation and model simulation. The results include the analysis of snow observation, the occurrence probability of blowing snow, blowing snow transport and blowing snow sublimation. It was found that blowing snow was obvious in high altitude region （4,146 m）, the snow redislribution phenomena was remarkable. In Yakou station in the study region, blowing snow was easily occurred in midwinter and early spring when no snowmelt, the blowing snow transport was dominated in this period; when snowmelt beginning, the occur- rence probability of blowing snow decreased heavily because of the increasing air temperature, melt, and refrozen phenomena. The blowing snow sublimation accounted for 41.5% of total snow sublimation at Yakou station in 2008 snow season.

Snow cover influences the thermal regime of active layer in Urumqi River Source,Tianshan Mountains,China

Snow cover is characterized by the high albedo, low thermal conductivity, and notable heat transition during phase changes. Thus, snow cover significantly affects the ground thermal regime. A comparison of the snow cover in high latitudes or high-altitude snowy mountain regions indicates that the eastern Tianshan Mountains(China) show a characteristically thin snow cover(snow depth below 15 cm) with remarkable temporal variability. Based on snow depth, heat flux, and ground temperature from 2014 to 2015 in the Urumqi River source, the spatialtemporal characteristics of snow cover and snow cover influences on the thermal conditions of active layer in the permafrost area were analyzed. During the autumn(Sept.-Oct.), thin and discontinuous snow cover can noticeably accelerate the exothermic process of the ground, producing a cooling effect on the shallow soil. During the winter(Nov.-Mar.), it is inferred that the effective thermal insulation starts with snow depth exceeding 10 cm during early winter.However, the snow depth in this area is generally below 15 cm, and the resulting snow-induced thermal insulation during the winter is very limited. Due to common heavy snowfalls in the spring(Apr. to May), the monthly mean snow thickness in April reached to 15 cm and remained until mid-May. Snow cover during the spring significantly retarded the ground warming. Broadly, snow cover in the study area exerts a cooling effect on the active layer and plays a positive role in the development and preservation of permafrost.

Study of seasonal snow cover influencing the ground thermal regime on western flank of Da Xing'anling Mountains,northeastern China

Although many studies relevant to snow cover and permafrost have focused on alpine, arctic, and subarctic areas, there is still a lack of understanding of the influences of seasonal snow cover on the thermal regime of the soils in permafrost regions in the mid-latitudes and boreal regions, such as that on the westem flank of the Da Xing＇anling （Hinggan） Mountains, northeastern China. This paper gives a detailed analysis on meteorological data series from 2001 to 2010 provided by the Gen＇he Weather Station, which is located in a talik of discontinuous permafrost zone and with sparse meadow on the observation field. It is inferred that snow cover is important for the ground thermal regime in the middle Da Xing＇anling Mountains. Snow cover of 10-cm in thickness and five to six months in duration （generally November to next March） can reduce the heat loss from the ground to the atmosphere by 28%, and by 71% if the snow depth increases to 36 cm. Moreover, the occurrence of snow cover resulted in mean annual ground surface temperatures 4.7-8.2℃ higher than the mean annual air temperatures recorded at the Gen＇he Weather Station, The beginning date for stable snow cover establishment （SE date） and the initial snow depth （SDi） also had a great influences on the ground freezing process. Heavy snowfall before ground surface freeze-up could postpone and retard the freezing process in Gen＇he. As a result, the duration of ground freezing was shortened by at least 20 days and the maximum depth of frost penetration was as much as 90 cm shallower.

Application of Snow Melt Runoff Model in a Mountainous Basin of Iran

Simulation and modeling the stream flow provide major data while it is a challenge in mountainous basins with regard to the important role of snowmelt runoff as well as the data scarcity in these places. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the capability of an integrated application of remote sensing data and Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) to simulate scheme of daily stream flow in the snow-dominated catchment, located in the North-East region of Iran. The main parameters of the model are Snow Cover Area (SCA), temperature and participation. Regarding to the lack of measured data, the input variable and parameters of the model are extracted or estimated based on accessible maps, satellite data and available meteorological and hydrological stations. The changes of snow-cover, as spatial-temporal data, which are the most effective variable in performance of SRM, are obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) eight-day composite snow cover images. The evaluation of the model application efficiency was tested by the coefficient of determination and the volume difference, which are 0.85% and -4.6% respectively. The result depicts the relative capability of SRM though it is evident that the more accurate the estimation of model parameters, the more efficient simulation results can be obtained.

自然资源统一确权登记技术难点探析——以玉龙雪山省级自然保护区为例

以玉龙雪山自然保护区自然资源确权试点为例,阐述了自然资源确权工作流程,分别针对确权工作中的多源异构数据融合、基础数据坐标系统多样、权利归属复杂、保护区内界线冲突等问题提出有效可行的解决方案,最后针对现状的自然资源确权提出切实有效的建议,为后续相关项目的开展提供指导和借鉴。

《雪山大地》的藏地书写与中华民族共同体建构

《雪山大地》以“父亲”强巴与藏民角巴两个家族的交往和阿尼玛卿草原的发展为中心,集中呈现了时代洪流中汉、藏中华民族共同体建构的历史风貌。丰富的地方性知识展现了藏地独特的自然景观、生活风俗和精神信仰,夯实了中华民族共同体建设的精神基础;藏地作为方法摒弃了汉、藏“中心—边缘”的对立和“汉—藏”互为中心的缺陷,构建了崭新的中华民族共同体;“异域”置换与“共情”机制的巧妙运用,使得信仰之“理”,汉、藏之“情”,发展之“利”三者有机融合,铸牢了中华民族共同体,支撑起了《雪山大地》宏阔的文本世界。《雪山大地》真切而深刻地表现了半个世纪来阿尼玛卿草原汉、藏两个民族携手共进,谱写中华民族共同体建设的新时代乐章,堪称杨志军小说创作与精神探索的总结性作品。

多源遥感影像融合处理提取格拉丹东雪山区域特征信息

2022年7月中国地质大学(武汉)冰川勘测组与登山组,在格拉丹东雪山开展了“第二次大学生长江源科考”工作。为详细分析该区域冰川时空特征信息,以此次科研数据为支撑,结合光学遥感影像解译、InSAR形变信息提取、激光雷达测高及高精度大地测量,进行了多源遥感影像融合处理研究。针对格拉丹东雪山及典型冰川,采用高分卫星GF1、GF6、GF7、ZY3与Landsat7遥感影像,利用空三加密、频域影像互相关匹配、波段比值法及目视解译,提取区域DOM、冰川面积及条数分布;利用Sentinel-1A、ICESat-2影像,以SAR影像空间域互相关偏移量追踪方法为支撑,分别提取冰川表面流速及高程变化;利用青海省域北斗CORS站点,采用Gamit/Globk双差无电离层组合模型、卫星星站差分(real-time extended,简称RTX)及RTK(real-time kinematic)方法,计算所有控制点三维空间坐标及高程异常值。结果表明:格拉丹东雪山共发育冰川512条,年均增长率为3.12%,面积1111.96 km^(2),年均退缩速率为0.63%;姜根(古)迪如冰川日均最大流速为0.25 cm/d,年均最大流速为91.25 cm/a,其南支最大退缩值、堆积值及年变化速率分别为-74.63 m、38.44 m、-5.29~3.09 m/a,北支最大退缩值、堆积值和年变化速率-39.17 m、35.74 m、-3.02~2.85 m/a;所有控制点中误差及区域似大地水准面精化模型精度均达到了mm级。研究成果可以为后续在该地区开展相关冰川研究工作提供数据支撑。

北澜沧江花岗岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

藏东地区广泛发育古特提斯花岗岩,如与金沙江缝合带相关的江达—维西花岗岩带和与甘孜—理塘缝合带相关的义敦花岗岩带。但是与龙木错—双湖(碧土)古特提斯主缝合带相关的北澜沧江花岗岩带并没有得到普遍认可。本文选取北澜沧江花岗岩带南端的碧罗雪山花岗岩展开研究,揭示其岩石学、年代学和地球化学特征,并进一步揭示其构造意义。岩石样品中锆石具有明显的岩浆岩振荡环带,年龄数据聚集在在217±1 Ma左右,ε_(Hf)(t)均值为-13.5,ε_(Nd)(t)值为-12.0,Sr-Nd-Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄均在2.0 Ga左右;岩石显微观察及地化特征表明岩石为花岗岩类,样品的岩浆来自具有古老地壳重熔成因的中上地壳酸性岩,构造判别图显示岩石为陆陆碰撞阶段花岗岩特征,这与主特提斯洋向东俯冲于兰坪—思茅地块之下以及随后发生陆陆碰撞的构造演化模型相契合。岩石地化特征和其构造位置支持碧罗雪山花岗岩带是北澜沧江花岗岩带的南端。由此,藏东地区存在一条长达700 km的花岗岩带,该花岗岩带从类乌齐、昌都吉塘、左贡东大山、芒康盐井、德钦梅里雪山延伸到维西碧罗雪山。碧罗雪山花岗岩的岩石年代学、地球化学数据为龙木措—双湖缝合带与昌宁—孟连缝合带的对接提供了详细的证据。

海拔梯度变化对四川西岭雪山小型兽类群落的影响研究

2022年5—10月,利用夹夜法和陷阱法对四川西岭雪山小型兽类群落的海拔梯度变化进行了研究,在海拔1000~4600 m设置102个样方,捕获小型兽类32种884只。以400 m海拔梯度分析小型兽类群落:随海拔梯度升高,群落第一优势种形成了从北社鼠Niviventer confucianus(海拔1000~1800 m),转变成中华姬鼠Apodemus draco(海拔1800~3400 m),再到松田鼠属未定名种Neodon sp.(海拔3400 m以上)的替换现象;物种多样性垂直分布格局为中峰格局,物种丰富度在海拔1800~3400 m最高;发现松田鼠属Neodon一新物种,确认壮鼩鼹Uropsilus ro‑bustus Wan,2015新种地位成立。本研究强调了对完整海拔梯度进行全面抽样调查的重要性,从而能够较为客观地反映真实的生物多样性海拔分布格局。

云南玉龙雪山自然保护区科研监测发展布局

科研与监测工作是保护区建设的重要内容之一,开展集科研与管理为一体的监测项目,是实施保护区科学管理和有效保护的依据,是保护区可持续发展的重要基础。在总结云南玉龙雪山自然保护区前期科研监测工作的基础上,经过深入调研和系统总结,对保护区开展科研监测的发展进行科学规划,布局以生物多样性大样方、野生动植物样方样线等常规监测为基础,利用高科技设备等开展全面监测;通过补齐科研短板和完善科研基础设施建设,依托科研单位及管理局科研人才,深入开展保护区科学研究项目,以期在提升保护区科研与监测水平的同时,全面提高保护区能力建设。

植物群落沿海拔梯度的分布规律——以滇西北哈巴雪山东坡矿场路为例

[目的]探究哈巴雪山东坡矿场路植物群落在遭受破坏后,植物群落沿海拔的演替规律及种群的更新能力。[方法]以哈巴雪山东坡矿场路沿海拔梯度设置23个样方,分析哈巴雪山东坡矿场路植物群落生物多样性指数垂直分布格局。[结果]23个样地中,乔木27种,灌木65种,草本196种。物种丰富度呈明显的单峰分布格局,峰值最大出现在中海拔群落,乔木层和草本层植物的物种丰富度随海拔先升高后降低,而灌木层植物的物种丰富度随海拔的上升呈明显下降的格局。α多样性随海拔梯度的变化与物种丰富度相似,β多样性基本也符合单峰格局,但是受矿厂区干扰峰值波动起伏较大。[结论]海拔梯度、人为干扰、小地形破坏对群落物种多样性都有着重要影响。