NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF EXTREMELY HEAVY RAIN AND MESO-β SCALE LOW VORTEX IN INVERTED TYPHOON TROUGH

Large-scale and mesoscale analyses are made for extremely heavy rain (EHR) and meso-β scale low vortex (MSLV) in Jiading District of Shanghai Municipality during 6-7 July 2001.It is shown that the EHR forms in the situation of northern westerly trough linking together with southern inverted typhoon trough at northwest side of the West Pacific Ocean subtropical high. Numerical simulation is made using a 21-layer improved REM (regional η coordinate model) for this course.The results show that the precipitation forms earlier than MSLV.and the strong convergence in wind velocity mate (WVM) triggers the strong precipitation.The formative reasons of WVM.especially the weak wind velocity center are discussed,and the formative mechanisms of the MSLV and EHR are discussed using high spatial and temporal resolution model- output physical fields.The results show that the heavy rain releases latent heat and warms the air column,and enhances the low level positive vorticity that existed before.Then it causes the formation of MSLV.There is a positive feedback mechanism between low vortex and precipitation,so CISK must be an important mechanism.

Analysis of Snowstorm Process in Northeast China during 5-9 November, 2021

In November 2021, Northeast China had more precipitation than in the same period. Among them, Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces in the Northeast China were the highest precipitation in the same period. I study a snowfall weather process from November 5 to 9, which mainly includes dynamic situation, synoptic background and situation. The results show that: In the middle and high latitudes of Eurasia, circulation is adjusted from zonal to meridional with large fluctuations. The northerly wind behind the trough continuously transports the polar cold air to the south. The northwest airflow behind the trough led the cold air to erupt to the southeast. In the process of moving southward, the cold air meets the warm and humid air in front of the trough, causing snowfall in the northeast. The southerly airflow and southeasterly airflow on the east side of the vortex continued to transport warm and humid airflow from the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan, which enhanced the snowfall.

Port-resolving,tsunami,and tidal simulations to locate“tsunami vortexes”for safe vessel evacuation planning

Vortexes induced by tsunamis,“tsunami vortexes”,pose a potential danger for ship evacuation,and their prediction is important to determine their role in navigation and safe vessel evacuation.This study simulated tsunami-induced vortexes in Osaka Bay and investigated their spatial and temporal scales using a port-resolved,high-resolution tsunami model based on a scenario for the largest tsunamigenic earthquake expected to occur along the Nankai Trough in the near future.Vortexes induced by tidal currents were also evaluated using a realistic tidal simulation for comparison with the magnitudes of the tsunami vortexes.The tsunami simulation identified the dominant areas of the tsunami vortexes characterized by the magnitude of the vorticity.Unified maps of tsunami speeds and vortexes showed the difficult areas for ship evacuation and indicated that these areas can persist after the approach of the leading wave around the entrances to port areas.The areas of tsunami vortex formation were largely deduced by analyzing the vorticity fields in the tidal simulations,because the magnitude of tsunami-induced vorticities was closely correlated with that of the tide-induced vorticities.The combination of tide and tsunami simulations can identify areas of tsunami vortex formation and provide valuable information to guide measures for safer vessel evacuation.

Analysis of Heavy Precipitation Process in Eastern China from July 26 to 29, 2022

Based on the data of the National Climate Center of China and the NCEP of the United States, a heavy precipitation process in eastern China during July 26-29, 2022 was analyzed. The results show that: The precipitation process was formed under the influence of the low level southwest jet stream at the edge of the subtropical high. The eastward development of the low vortex and trough and the continuous strengthening of the upper level jet stream, combined with the influence of topographic convergence, provided extremely favorable conditions for the occurrence of the rainstorm.

槽形钢箱梁涡振性能及抑振措施试验研究

为提高槽形钢箱梁桥的抗风性能,对槽形钢箱梁的涡振性能及抑振措施进行试验研究。以某人行景观桥槽形钢箱梁为背景,通过主梁节段模型风洞试验,研究+3°、0°、-3°风攻角下均匀流与紊流风场中槽形钢箱梁的涡振性能,分析交替封闭栏杆、将栏杆楔形扶手改为圆形扶手、提高阻尼比等措施的抑振效果。结果表明:原槽形钢箱梁断面涡振性能不满足规范要求,均匀流风场中,3个风攻角下均出现了超限的竖弯涡振,+3°和-3°风攻角下出现了不同程度的扭转涡振,最不利风攻角为-3°;紊流风场中,最不利风攻角下原断面竖弯涡振振幅降低了23%,未见明显扭转涡振;楔形扶手栏杆交替封闭使结构竖弯涡振振幅增大,主梁涡振性能降低;单独改变栏杆扶手形状为圆形对主梁涡振性能影响不大,在此基础上交替封闭栏杆能够有效抑制主梁涡振;提高结构阻尼比能有效抑制主梁涡振,阻尼比为7‰时,主梁竖弯涡振振幅可降至规范限值的一半左右。

Analysis of the First Soaking Rain in Shenyang in Spring of 2008

Based on MICAPS conventional data, the process of soaking rain in April 2008 was analyzed in this study. This precipitation process was the combined effects of upper trough moving eastward, low vortex and low pressure northward. Northward low vortex brought plenty of warm and humid flow. Cold air brought by upper trough moving eastward provided dynamic conditions for the duration and intensity of subsequent precipitation. The stronger southward wind provided a favorable thermodynamic condition for precipitation. The precipitation forecast from Japanese Meteorological Center, European Meteorological Center and National Meteorological Center was accurate and consistent, which was conducive to the accurate determination of the rainfall intensity and the initial time.

Analysis of a Turning Cold Wave in Northern Xinjiang in Winter

Based on analyzing the circulation development of 100 hPa, 500 hPa, lower streamline field and the change of physical vadables, the diagnostic analysis of a turning cold wave process in northern Xinjiang from Feb. 10 -13th 2009 was carried out. The results showed that abnormality of 100 hPa polar vortex taking on stable two waves, catastrophe of 500 hPa western Siberian trough, strong cold advection and water vapor transport from Middle Asia are chief reasons of the process.

Analysis of Formation Mechanism of Two Successive Heavy Rainfall Processes on the Edge of the Subtropical High

Based on sounding and ground observation data,GPS/MET and FY-2 E satellite data,NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data（ 1°× 1°）,the formation mechanisms of two successive heavy rainfall processes on the edge of the subtropical high were analyzed. The results showed that the two heavy rainfall processes were caused by weak westerly troughs on the edge of the subtropical high at 500 h Pa,and there was strong southwest jet stream at 850-700 h Pa. As the low-level southwest jet stream intensified and moved northwards,heavy rainfall began. When the jet stream weakened,heavy rainfall ended. The heavy rainfall areas had good consistency with the high-value areas of CAPE,the high-value tongue of low-level water vapor flux,water vapor convergence center and warm advection center. Water vapor monitoring by GPS/MET had certain denotative meaning to the short-term prediction of heavy rainfall. The minimum TBB of convective cloud clusters was between-62 and-78 ℃,and the corresponding hourly maximum precipitation was 40-90 mm. In the heavy rainfall process,mesoscale vortexes occurred at 850 h Pa and below,but the scale was small,with weak low pressure but significant cyclonic circulation. The most intense rainfall was generated at the center of warm advection in the southeast of the vortex center at 925 h Pa. In the first heavy rainfall process,the mesoscale vortexes moved less,while strong rainfall was induced by strong upward movement in the southeast of the vortexes. In the second heavy rainfall process,low-level cold air invaded from the northwest into the vortexes to form cyclones and moved northeastwards. Heavy rainfall happened in the warm zone in front of cold front,and convective instability energy was high. Rainfall intensity was high,and rainfall range was large.

Analysis of a Snowfall Process in North China during February 12-13, 2022

This research analyzed a snowfall process in north China during February 12-13, 2022. By using synoptic and numerical analysis, it is concluded that this snowfall process was mainly caused by trough, low-level vortex, shear line and Siberian High. Meanwhile, an easterly wind that transports water vapor from the Bohai to North China, was the water resource of the snowfall process. Relative humidity in the low atmosphere was above 80%, providing an excellent humidity condition for snowfall. Positive vorticity and convergence induced upward motion, which offered conditions for snowfall. Numerical reconstruction is also used to show the range and the intensity of the snowfall process.

北上低涡引发辽宁历史罕见暴雪天气过程的分析

2007年3月3～5日,辽宁大部分地区普降大到暴雪。本文对此次暴雪过程及其成因进行了初步分析,通过对各种资料,包括营口多普勒雷达资料的分析,认为500hPa南北支槽合并带来的强冷暖空气交汇及北上低涡的发展是产生暴雪天气的主要背景;地面气旋北上带来的南来倒槽是产生暴雪的天气特征;低空急流输送水汽和低层上升运动是增强降雪强度的有利条件,这一分析结果对预报暴雪天气具有指示意义。

两次引发辽宁暴雪过程低涡的动力发展机制

应用NCEP FNL分析资料,从动力学角度对2015年初辽宁地区两次低涡暴雪过程(简称"2.16"和"2.25"过程)的形成机制进行分析。结果表明:两次过程共同特点是850 hPa附近有低涡生成或加强,低涡是暴雪引发的直接原因。两次过程促使低涡生成的正涡度变率增大原因存在差异,"2.16"、"2.25"过程中对正涡度变率贡献最大的强迫项分别是散度项和涡度垂直输送项。500 hPa低涡东移,冷平流使得涡底部高空槽加深,槽前正涡度平流加强,差动涡度平流增大使得上升运动发展,导致850 hPa高度附近辐合增强是"2.16"过程正涡度变率增长、低涡生成的动力机制。强烈上升运动,对低层正涡度垂直输送,则是"2.25"过程850 hPa附近低涡形成和加强的动力机制。

影响广西的三次寒潮过程对比研究

利用NCEP资料、常规地面资料、探空资料对2008—2009年影响广西的三次寒潮过程的强度、影响以及水汽、动力、热力机制进行对比分析。研究表明:寒潮的强弱与极涡偏心于东亚的早晚和倒Ω流型有关。500 hPa横槽转竖造成的降温比横槽南压和小槽东移更强烈。导致2008年12月寒潮天气的500 hPa形势为横槽转竖型,出现雨夹雪天气,但天气较快转晴;导致2008年1月寒潮过程的500 hPa形势为横槽南压型,寒潮过后依然有冷空气不断补充,带来长期的低温冰冻天气;2009年2月寒潮过程为小槽东移型,尽管降温不强,但由于南支槽发展,水汽供应充分,导致长期的阴雨天气。ω方程分析表明:2008年12月寒潮雨夹雪过程上升运动主要由500与850 hPa正涡度差引起,2009年2月寒潮小雨过程,上升运动主要由850 hPa暖平流上升运动引起。

一次异常强渤海海效应暴雪的三维运动研究

2008年12月4～6日发生在渤海中东部及山东半岛地区的暴雪过程是一次异常强渤海海效应暴雪个例,利用中尺度数值模式RAMS4.4,以三维轨迹和物理量诊断分析相结合的方法研究了暴雪的三维运动结构及其演变特征。结果表明:(1)气块的三维轨迹分析揭示出各层冷空气进入渤海前后产生不同的运动路径,低层冷空气气块流经渤海时产生了上升运动,而中高层的气块基本不受影响,仍然维持原来的运动方向,表明暖海面对对流层低层冷空气的作用。(2)天气尺度系统产生的动力强迫与海效应两种作用相结合,是造成异常强降雪的重要原因。经向度大的高空槽发展、加深时,一方面槽前正涡度平流增强使得低空产生质量补偿辐合上升,为降雪提供了有利的动力条件;另一方面它引导冷空气向下向南爆发,造成海面上空温湿场垂直差异更大,形成较强的对流不稳定层结,海效应降雪增强,最强降雪就出现在高空槽影响期间。因此,高空槽是否过境可作为强降雪时段的预报着眼点。(3)对流层低层西北气流受到长白山南部及辽东半岛千山山脉的影响,转为东北风自渤海北部向南吹,在渤海与环境风场的西北风构成切变线,产生辐合上升运动,触发不稳定能量产生强降雪。在地面气压场上,相应的切变线表现为渤海至渤海海峡的等压线存在气旋性弯曲。该切变线是渤海海效应降雪的重要影响系统,其方向和位置决定了强降雪的落区及强度。(4)对流层中低层的垂直风向切变大小影响海效应降雪带的分布,垂直风向切变很小时使得低层热量和水汽汇合到狭窄的区域,有利于形成局地强降雪。

南支槽与孟加拉湾风暴结合对一次高原暴雪过程的影响

利用NCEP/NcAR逐6 h 1°×1°。再分析资料与常规和非常规观测资料,对2007年11月云南德钦高原暴雪产生的原因进行了研究,探讨南支槽与孟加拉湾风暴结合对高原东南部强烈天气的影响过程。结果表明:(1)在南支槽和孟加拉湾风暴结合的天气尺度条件下,槽前偏南风低空急流受高原大地形阻挡产生的高原切变线是高原暴雪的直接影响系统;(2)由于地形和冷空气的作用,上升运动向北倾斜使高原对流层中上层首先出现上升运动,整层上升运动在高原切变线和次级环流上升支的共同作用下强烈发展。孟加拉湾风暴北上与南支槽结合、高原切变线北移和风暴低压临近使德钦上升运动出现三次增强;(3)南支槽前偏南风低空急流向北输送水汽,部分水汽被抬升到高空,部分水汽绕过高原东南角向下游输送。高空水汽经高原上空沿着高空西风急流向下游远距离输送。高、低空水汽通道不重合往往会影响高原及其下游强降水落区的预报。受高空水汽输送影响,高原东南部纵向岭谷区具有高层大气最先增湿的特征,近地层水汽通量长时间强烈辐合有利于高原暴雪的形成;(4)上游冷空气沿南支西风到达孟加拉湾,促使南支槽加深和维持有利于引导盂加拉湾风暴北上,南支槽前偏南风低空急流把暖湿空气输送上高原,同时横槽转竖冷空气从高原南下,冷暖空气在德钦交汇形成强锋区也是暴雪产生的一个有利条件。(5)高原暴雪的锋区结构具有中纬度锋面天气特征,在暴雪发生的锋区附近,满足倾斜位涡发展和条件性对称不稳定。

甘肃东部一次暴雪过程的诊断分析和数值模拟

应用NCEP1°×1°的6 h再分析资料和常规气象观测资料以及RUC模式高分辨资料,对2013年2月17日甘肃河东暴雪天气从天气实况、环流特征、水汽条件、动力条件及西北区域RUC模式输出的模拟结论进行了诊断分析。结果表明:高空冷槽、700 hPa低涡、地面冷锋是这次暴雪的主要影响系统;降雪前期,低层正涡度增强,低层辐合、高层辐散是暴雪发生的动力机制;降雪前期,由于低涡辐合作用,700 hPa高度以下,湿度猛增,为降雪提供了充沛的水汽条件;降雪中心和政上空有θse密集强能量锋区;西北区域RUC模式模拟的24 h内降水量范围、落区、量级与实况一致,模拟的地面风速偏大。

2008年6月广西锋前暖区暴雨过程分析

利用常规观测资料、卫星TBB和NCEP再分析资料,对2008年6月8-13日持续性暖区暴雨的环流特征、影响系统及物理量变化进行了诊断分析,结果表明:本次暴雨过程是在高层200hPa出现环流型调整、500hPa贝加尔湖至新疆地区为弱阻高形势和地面锋面低槽的环境下产生的,主要影响系统有低层切变线和低涡;低空急流迅速建立、北抬,使低层风速辐合加强是产生锋前暖区暴雨的有利因素;广西的中尺度环境存在南北明显差异,可能是形成双雨带的主要原因;在切变线和低涡切变锋区上垂直运动结构有明显差异,低涡切变上低层辐合高层强辐散,上升运动更强烈;暴雨前相对湿度明显增大,湿层深厚,中高层相对湿度在降水减弱时率先出现下降趋势;水汽通量中心的出现与暴雨发生时段和暴雨落区较为对应;夏季风向北推进,华南地区发生经向风扰动,出现了季风涌,使南海的水汽和能量源源不断地传送到华南地区,为这次持续性暴雨提供有利条件。

2009-2013年中国西南地区连续干旱的成因分析

2009年以来,中国西南地区连续4年秋、冬、春季出现严重干旱,持续时间长、影响范围大、干旱程度重,给旱区农林业生产和人民生活带来严重影响,造成巨大的经济损失。本文利用多种资料从大尺度大气环流、水汽输送、太平洋及印度洋海温、平流层极涡等方面分析了此次连续干旱的原因。结果表明:南支槽强度偏弱、孟加拉湾水汽输送偏少以及弱极涡背景下,异常波活动造成的AO负异常引起的冷空气路径偏东是这4年持续干旱的共同特点。热带海表温度的异常变化对西南地区干旱的影响也不容忽视,主要表现在对孟加拉湾和南海水汽输送的阻碍上。La Nina事件中,热带印度洋冬、春季海表温度的异常变化对干旱影响更为突出。冬、春季平流层和对流层的动力耦合作用结果使得AO位相发生变化,其中异常负位相的强度及持续时间对这4年西南地区秋、冬、春连旱的影响显著。

20世纪90年代以来东北暴雨过程特征分析

使用1990～2005年全国730站日降水资料和NCEP格点分析资料对1990～2005年东北地区大暴雨过程进行了分类研究,探讨21世纪前后夏季东北暴雨的主要特征。按照东北地区日降雨量大于50 mm的站点数不少于5个的标准,统计出1990～2005年东北地区的69个暴雨个例(共90天)。在统计的基础上,进一步对造成大范围暴雨过程的天气形势进行分类研究。考虑阻塞高压、热带、副热带系统和西风带之间的相互关系,将暴雨过程的主要影响系统大致分为6类:(1)台风与西风带系统(西风槽、东北低涡)的远距离相互作用(20个,28.9%);(2)登陆台风(或南来低涡)北上与西风带系统(西风槽、东北低涡)相互作用(16个,23.2%);(3)台风直接暴雨(1个,1.5%);(4)低槽冷锋暴雨(16个,23.2%);(5)低空切变型暴雨(2个,2.9%);(6)东北低涡暴雨(14个,20.3%)。在所有个例中与台风有关的共有37个,超过一半,占总数53.6%。台风的远距离水汽输送或登陆台风北上与西风带系统相互作用是东北地区产生大暴雨或持续性大暴雨的重要环流条件。此外,东北低涡和西风槽前系统造成暴雨个例也比较多,也是东北地区大范围暴雨的重要影响系统,低槽冷锋暴雨和东北低涡暴雨也各分为4小类。低空切变暴雨的切变线一般在低层较为明显。上述分析表明,夏季东北地区暴雨过程种类繁多,情况较为复杂,且进入新世纪以来该区降雨过程较为活跃,值得深入研究。

基于Cloudsat探测的一次非典型东北冷涡结构及其降水

采用ERA-Interim气象分析资料、云顶亮温TBB资料、Cloudsat云雷达资料、降雨量资料等,对2009年6月10日至12日我国东北地区的一次冷涡天气过程进行研究,重现了该冷涡的精细三维结构和演变过程.分析表明冷涡发生前,东北亚地区处于南北双槽结构之间,随后北槽向赤道发展切断后形成东北冷涡.南槽背景的冷涡热力结构特殊,强冷空气集中在涡内西北象限,暖湿空气在东北象限,南部为相对中性空气,该配置导致北部暖锋强盛,西部冷锋仅在发展初期较强,冷涡过程没有经典挪威学派的气旋锢囚锋出现.冷涡发展初期,狭长冷舌快速入侵南下,冷舌前冷锋对流降水较强,冷舌后部左侧还有暖锋降水;冷涡发展后期,冷锋减弱,冷锋上的高层云停止降水,系统内主要为冷涡北部的暖锋雨层云降水;冷涡成熟后,中心辐合加强,有较强的对流性降水.

高原低涡移出高原后持续活动的典型个例分析

利用1°×1°NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,选取500 hPa分别为西风槽、切变线和切变流场影响背景下、移出高原后维持48 h以上的3次典型高原低涡个例,分析了低涡维持期间500 hPa环境场、主要影响系统、涡度与温度平流、200 hPa形势场及垂直动力结构,并利用涡度方程对总涡源和各强迫项进行了诊断分析,结果表明:(1)西风槽影响时高原低涡移动路径受槽前西南气流引导,切变线影响时低涡沿切变线自西向东移动,切变流场影响时低涡移动主要受西太平洋副热带高压(下称西太副高)进退的影响,当西太副高出现明显西伸时,可导致低涡折向西退,3次个例均持续有正涡度平流和冷平流向涡区输送;(2)西风槽和切变线影响时南亚高压为东西带状分布,切变流场影响时南亚高压为北拱形;(3)高原低涡东移发展达到最强时,3次个例在200hPa均有低槽或低压叠加,从而形成深厚的正涡度柱;(4)500 hPa存在正涡度变率中心,低涡沿正涡度变率中心方向移动,高空槽和切变流场影响时正涡度变率主要来自水平输送项,切变线影响时主要来自辐合辐散项。