Inhalation Bioaccessibility of Potentially Toxic Metals in Tobacco Snuff and Related Exposure Risks

This study determined the concentrations and inhalation bioaccessibility of cadmium, chromium, nickel and zinc in some foreign and locally available tobacco snuff and leaves. For the determination of the heavy metals concentration, the samples were ashed and washed with hydrochloric acid according to standard method. The bioaccessibility test employed the Stimulated Epithelial Lung Fluid (SELF). The total concentration of heavy metals in the four samples investigated ranged between 9.7 - 14.9 μg/g, 24.1 - 37.0 μg/g, 41 - 69 μg/g and 153 - 183 μg/g for cadmium, chromium, nickel and zinc respectively. The percentage inhalation bioaccessibility fraction of the four samples investigated ranged between 20.8% - 59.8%, 3.3% - 8.1%, 21.7% - 48.8% and 7.6% - 12.5% for cadmium, chromium, nickel, and zinc respectively. Statistical analyses using SPSS 21, revealed significant differences in the total concentration of heavy metals in the samples investigated except for Zinc. Risk assessment based on daily consumption of 10 g of the tobacco snuff employing total concentration of the heavy metals suggests that excluding nickel, all other metals investigated indicated daily intake values above WHO permissible levels. However, with the bioaccessible fractions, only cadmium, a known carcinogen indicated levels above WHO limits. From the results of this study, it can be deduced that consumption of tobacco snuff may induce negative health effects such as cancer and its attendant complications, the risk analysis based on bioaccessible concentration suggests lower health risk than analysis based on total heavy metal concentration;hence the assumption that snuff is a safe alternative to tobacco smoking may be erroneous.

Topical Application of Ascorbic Acid Solution as an Adjunctive Method of Periodontal Therapy among Wet Snuff Users after Prosthodontics Therapy

Background: During several years, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) played a significant role in the health of periodontal tissues. The goals of prosthodontics management are to restore the missing teeth, provide the loss of teeth functions, and establish acceptable dental esthetics, and there are some evidences revealing the passive effects of snuff on the results of prosthodontics and periodontal treatment, so the present study is performed to evaluate the outcomes of topical application of ascorbic acid solution as an adjunctive method of periodontal therapy among wet sniff users after prosthodontics therapy. Methods: The clinical situation was evaluated in 150 moderate periodontitis patients after conventional periodontal and prosthodontics therapy. They were selected from outpatient clinics, college of dentistry, King Khalid University, and from some hospitals Ministry of Health in Tabuk, Jazan and Aseer regions. The study was conducted from September 2020 to December 2020. The time of post-treatment assessment was one year. The study was included 50 patients who don’t use wet snuff as a group I (GI) (control group), 50 patients wet snuff users as group II (GII), and 50 patients wet snuff users were treated with topical application of ascorbic acid solution as group III (GIII). The participants were aged over 20 years, with a mean age of 35 years. The duration of using wet snuff was at least one year. Plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded at baseline (first visit), then after 4 weeks (second visit) and after 6 weeks (third visit) of conventional periodontal therapy and topical application of ascorbic acid solution. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA test and paired t-test. Results: According to statistical analysis, there was the inclination of decrease in the mean and standard deviation of plaque index (PLI) from 2.8 ± 1.4 to 2.5 ± 0.51, and 2.7 ± 0.33 in group II, and decrease from 2.7 ± 0.34 to 2.5 ± 0.23 and 2.6 ± 0.65 in group III. Similarly in the gingival index (GI), there was a decrease in the mean and standard deviation from 2.8 ± 0.52 to 2.3 ± 0.62 and 2.5 ± 0.51 in group II and a decrease from 2.5 ± 0.8 to 2.3 ± 0.58 and 2.4 ± 0.47 in group III. Moreover, there was a decrease in the mean and standard deviation of clinical attachment loss (CAL) from 4.5 ± 0.26 to 3.9 ± 0.83 and 4.2 ± 0.83 in group II and from 4.2 ± 0.31 to 3.8 ± 0.46 and 3.8 ± 0.31 in group III;less than group I without significance differences (p > 0. 05) in all study groups at baseline and after 4 weeks, and 6 weeks of follow up except CAL. Conclusion: The results of our study displayed that periodontal parameters vary among wet snuff users after topical application of ascorbic acid solution as an adjunctive method of periodontal therapy

Snuff Bottles—An East-Meets-West Art

THE snuft bottle came toChina from Italy,but once itwas in China, it was turnedinto an exquisite object of art.The Italians say that long,longago a tobacconist stocked a greatdeal of tobacco,but one day hediscovered it has all gone rotten andwas exuding a special smell。

Snuff Bottle

Chinese snuff bottles are artistic curiosities enjoyed by connoisseurs and collectors alike. In the 17th century, artisans of the Chinese imperial court made several different kinds of snuff bottles with a superior aesthetic. Nowadays, China

Tiny Gems of Chinese Handicraft:Snuff Bottles

THE snuff bottle, a kind of handicraft introduced to China from abroad along with the habit of sniffing powdered tobacco, has a history of more than 200 years. Despite the fact that the practice of taking snuff has long since disappeared, Chinese snuff bottles have become precious collector’s items because of their exquisite artistry. The snuff bottle was especially popular in the reign of Emperor Yongzheng (1723-1735) during the

人文关怀在急性心肌梗死经鼻烟壶动脉途径行PCI术患者不良情绪及睡眠质量的影响

目的:分析人文关怀在急性心肌梗死经鼻烟壶动脉途径行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术患者不良情绪及睡眠质量的影响。方法:选取厦门大学附属第一医院经鼻烟壶动脉途径行PCI术治疗的急性心肌梗死患者96例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法随机分为观察组和对照组,每组48例。对照组采用常规护理,观察组配合人文关怀护理,比较2组心肌梗死患者的恢复结果。结果:护理后,观察组心肌梗死患者焦虑、抑郁情绪程度较对照组明显更低,睡眠状况则较对照组更佳,且观察组严重心律失常、心绞痛、非致死性心肌梗死等心脏不良事件也较对照组更少(P<0.05)。结论:人文关怀在急性心肌梗死患者经鼻烟壶动脉途径行PCI术可显著提高睡眠质量。

经鼻烟壶区远端桡动脉路径介入背景下围术期桡动脉闭塞的预防

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗及冠状动脉造影在全球广泛开展,其中经桡动脉路径已被证实优于经股动脉路径,成为冠状动脉介入诊疗的首选路径。而TRA最常见的并发症是桡动脉闭塞。据2017年Hahalis等荟萃分析,TRA围术期RAO的发生率为6%~8%。RAO会妨碍同侧再次行TRA介入诊疗、血液透析患者动静脉瘘的使用以及冠状动脉病变严重需旁路移植患者桥血管的使用。因此,本文将对经dTRA介入背景下围术期RAO的预防进行一个综述。

经远端桡动脉路径行脑血管造影的安全性和有效性:系统评价和Meta分析

目的通过系统评价和Meta分析评估经远端桡动脉路径(distal radial access,DRA)行脑血管造影的安全性和有效性。很多研究已经表明,经DRA行冠脉造影(coronary angiography,CAG)和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)是安全有效的。经DRA行脑血管造影的安全性和有效性尚不清楚。方法检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane、万方、中国知网、维普数据库建库以来至2023年5月1日有关经DRA行脑血管造影的文献,通过文献筛选、数据提取和文献质量评价,采用随机效应模型进行Meta分析。结果检索到239项研究,最终纳入12项研究进行分析(共858例患者)。路径成功率为0.96(95%CI:0.94~0.98),异质性明显(I^(2)=64.4%)。路径相关并发症发生率为0.03(95%CI:0.01~0.05),异质性较低(I^(2)=35.4%)。部分研究的循证医学证据等级较低。结论DRA完全可以作为脑血管造影的可选路径,经DRA行脑血管造影是安全有效的。

经鼻烟壶桡动脉冠脉经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术的临床研究

目的 研究经鼻烟壶桡动脉冠脉经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)的临床效果。方法 非随机选取2022年8月-2024年3月安顺市平坝区人民医院收治的行PCI治疗的冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者146例,根据手术方式分为观察组、对照Ⅰ组、对照Ⅱ组。行经鼻烟壶桡动脉穿刺为观察组(n=36),常规桡动脉穿刺为对照Ⅰ组(n=61),股动脉穿刺为对照Ⅱ组(n=49)。对比3组患者的临床指标、术后感受、并发症发生率。结果 观察组的手术时间、压迫止血时间、住院时间均低于对照Ⅰ组与对照Ⅱ组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组舒适状况量表评分为(89.14±9.48)分,低于对照Ⅰ组的(58.42±8.19)分与对照Ⅱ组的(71.42±10.08)分,差异有统计学意义(F=8.541,P<0.05)。3组并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 鼻烟壶桡动脉冠脉PCI术可以显著减少手术时长,提高患者术后体验感,缩短患者住院时间。

经鼻烟壶桡动脉与常规桡动脉行冠脉介入治疗术在临床疗效中的对比研究

目的探讨经鼻烟壶桡动脉与常规桡动脉行冠脉介入治疗术在临床疗效中的对比研究。方法选取2022年6月—2023年10月平坝区人民医院心内科收治的58例行冠脉介入治疗术的患者作为研究对象,用随机数表法分为对照组和研究组,各29例,对照组在常规桡动脉行经皮冠脉介入治疗(Percutaneous Coronary Intervention,PCI),研究组在鼻烟壶桡动脉处介入PCI术治疗。对比两组临床疗效。结果两组患者造影剂所需量和手术耗时对比,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。研究组住院时间和术后压迫时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。研究组穿刺耗时、X线曝光时段短于对照组,穿刺次数少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。研究组并发症发生率(10.34%)低于对照组(27.59%),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=9.681,P<0.05)。结论经鼻烟壶桡动脉行冠脉介入治疗术相较于常规桡动脉临床疗效更加显著,不仅降低了患者的并发症发生率,还缩短了患者住院时间和术后压迫时间,改善了患者穿刺情况,安全可靠。

无烟气烟草制品的发展现状和趋势

综述了国外无烟气烟草制品的发展历史、产品类型、生产工艺、主要生产厂商和品牌以及相关监管法规等内容,旨在为国内无烟气烟草制品的研制和监管提供参考。

经鼻烟壶区远端桡动脉入路在冠状动脉造影和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中的效果和安全性分析

目的:分析经鼻烟壶区远端桡动脉入路(d TRA)在冠状动脉造影和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)中的效果和安全性。方法:纳入2020年1月至6月在石河子市人民医院经鼻烟壶区dTRA行冠状动脉造影和PCI的患者120例。观察患者术后出血相关并发症。患者在术前、术后3 d和1个月时应用血管超声观察桡动脉和远端桡动脉的闭塞发生率、血管管腔直径以及横截面积的变化。结果:120例患者中,5例穿刺失败,远端桡动脉穿刺成功率为95.8%;另有7例导丝上行困难,更改为桡动脉穿刺,置管成功率为90.0%(108/120);40例(37.0%,40/108)行PCI,术后仅1例穿刺部位少量出血,无皮下血肿发生。血管超声检查结果表明,与桡动脉管腔直径比较,远端桡动脉管腔直径术前[(2.50±0.39)mm vs.(2.88±0.45)mm]、术后1个月[(2.38±0.45)mm vs.(2.77±0.46)mm]均较小,远端桡动脉管腔面积术前[(5.05±1.61)mm^(2)vs.(6.78±2.52)mm^(2)]、术后1个月[(4.58±2.24)mm^(2)vs.(6.29±2.08)mm^(2)]均小于桡动脉管腔面积,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);术后1个月,1例(1.6%)患者血管超声发现桡动脉闭塞。所有患者均无远端桡动脉闭塞。结论:远端桡动脉穿刺具有较高的成功率,行冠状动脉造影及PCI安全、有效,术后出血相关并发症发生率低,桡动脉闭塞发生率低。

口含烟发展现状及原料研究进展

在世界控烟越来越严峻的形势下,各国烟草生产者把口含型烟草制品或卷烟替代品的研究和开发作为发展的重要目标和竞争点。我国的口含型烟草制品研发领域尚处于初级阶段。为了解口含烟的发展状况及原料需求,对口含型烟草制品的主要种类、发展历程及现状、销售状况及原料的需求种类和特点进行综述,展望了口含型烟草制品的未来发展方向及前景。

以桡动脉鼻烟窝段为蒂岛状皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：为桡动脉鼻烟窝段为蒂的岛状皮瓣提供解剖基础。方法：在４３例成人手标本上，观察了桡动脉鼻烟窝段的形态及其发出的筋膜皮支。结果：桡动脉鼻烟窝段的长度为２．５±０．１ｃｍ，其近侧端和远侧端外径分别为２．６±０．１ｍｍ和２．２±０．１ｍｍ；发自该段桡动脉的筋膜皮支有５．４（２～１１）支，外径为０．５～１．０ｍｍ；皮瓣的面积为４ｃｍ×６ｃｍ左右。结论：可设计以桡动脉鼻烟窝段为蒂的岛状筋膜皮瓣，修复手部软组织缺损，对手部的血供无明显影响。

18例改良鼻烟窝皮瓣治疗腕手部桡侧皮肤软组织缺损的临床应用

目的探讨应用改良鼻烟窝皮瓣治疗腕手部桡侧皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法。方法用红色乳胶灌注20侧成人上肢标本,观察桡动脉在鼻烟窝段的分支外径、长度、行径及伴行静脉与神经的关系,并以此为基础,以桡骨茎突为旋转点设计改良鼻烟窝皮瓣,临床应用治疗腕手部桡侧皮肤软组织缺损18例,术后随访1-6个月,平均4个月。结果皮瓣全部成活,1例出现远端部分表皮坏死,经换药后愈合,皮瓣质地柔软,血运良好。结论应用改良鼻烟窝皮瓣治疗腕手部桡侧皮肤软组织缺损具有操作简便、安全、质地薄、无需再次整形等优点,较传统的鼻烟窝皮瓣扩大了修复的面积,是一种较好的修复方法。

以鼻烟窝区血管作动静脉内瘘血液透析的应用解剖

在30侧上肢标本上,按动静脉内瘘术的设计求要,解剖观测了鼻烟窝区有关血管.鼻烟窝段桡动脉长2.4(1.9～2.8)cm,外径2.8(1.8～3.8)mm;头静脉外径2.9(1.8～5.2)mm。对在鼻烟窝区进行动静脉内瘘术用于血液透析的解剖要点和优缺点进行了讨论.

鼻烟窝皮瓣修复拇指大面积皮肤缺损的临床应用

探讨鼻烟窝皮瓣在修复拇指大面积皮肤缺损中的方法和治疗效果。从2008年1月～2013年10月间应用桡动脉在解剖鼻烟窝穿支为血管蒂的鼻烟窝皮瓣，逆行修复拇指大面积皮肤缺损26例，年龄17岁～55岁。术后平均随访时间25个月，皮瓣全部成活。皮瓣色泽及质地与健侧拇指背侧皮肤相近，拇指活动度基本正常。因此，鼻烟窝皮瓣是一种简便经济、效果理想、患者易于接受的术式，适合应用于拇指大面积皮肤缺损的治疗。

内画鼻烟壶艺术的发展及其鉴赏

内画鼻烟壶是利用透明或半透明的壶胚中,用“背画”的技法,反笔在壶胚内壁进行书法和绘画创作,是一门集书法、绘画、雕琢为一体的综合艺术。笔者介绍了内画鼻烟壶的发展,优秀内画大师的作品及特色,并阐述了鉴赏内画鼻烟壶的方法。

基于专利情报分析的鼻烟制品发展趋势实证研究

为全面了解国内外鼻烟专利申请的总体情况,采用文献计量学等情报分析手段,对近20年来国内外有关鼻烟制品专利进行了统计分析,并对国际大型烟草公司进行实证研究,以期了解国内外有关鼻烟制品专利的申请热点及申请趋势,为我国烟草行业鼻烟制品的研究开发与市场发展提供决策参考和技术依据。