Orientation and Decision-Making for Soccer Based on Sports Analytics and AI:A Systematic Review

Due to ever-growing soccer data collection approaches and progressing artificial intelligence(AI) methods, soccer analysis, evaluation, and decision-making have received increasing interest from not only the professional sports analytics realm but also the academic AI research community. AI brings gamechanging approaches for soccer analytics where soccer has been a typical benchmark for AI research. The combination has been an emerging topic. In this paper, soccer match analytics are taken as a complete observation-orientation-decision-action(OODA) loop.In addition, as in AI frameworks such as that for reinforcement learning, interacting with a virtual environment enables an evolving model. Therefore, both soccer analytics in the real world and virtual domains are discussed. With the intersection of the OODA loop and the real-virtual domains, available soccer data, including event and tracking data, and diverse orientation and decisionmaking models for both real-world and virtual soccer matches are comprehensively reviewed. Finally, some promising directions in this interdisciplinary area are pointed out. It is claimed that paradigms for both professional sports analytics and AI research could be combined. Moreover, it is quite promising to bridge the gap between the real and virtual domains for soccer match analysis and decision-making.

基于Markov对策的多智能体协调方法及其在Robot Soccer中的应用

提出了一种分层的基于Markov对策的多智能体协调方法 ,根据多智能体之间的竞争和合作的关系 ,高层采用零和Markov对策解决与对手之间的竞争 ,低层采用团队Markov对策完成与团队内部的合作 .通过在RobotSoccer中的应用和实验 ,说明了基于Markov对策的多智能体协调方法优于传统的多智能体学习 .

基于BDI的足球agent和TH-soccer平台

机器人足球赛是典型的 MAS问题 .建造了 TH- soccer比赛平台 ,利用 BDI实现了足球 agent模型和比赛算法 ,并在模型上实现了 team work方法 ,可解决个体与 team行为选择矛盾的问题 ,还给出了个体对抗 ,局部战术和全局战术等协商、协作和对抗方法 .改进了 Milind

A Research Platform of Multi-agent System Robot Soccer Game

A soccer robot system (HIT 1) was built to participate in MIROSOT_China99 held in Harbin Institute of Technology. Robot soccer game is a very complex robot application that incorporates real time vision system, robot control, wireless communication and control of multiple robots. In the paper, we present the design and the hardware architecture and software architecture of our distributed multiple robot system.

Building Integrated Mobile Robots for Soccer Competition

Robot soccer competition provides an excellent opportunity for robotics research. We have built a soccer robot system to participate in internal and oversea matches. Firstly, we propose a new learning control scheme adaptive PID learning controller. It means to overcome the drawbacks of the conventional PID type control methods. Secondly, we introduce our vision recognition algorithm. It remarkably increases the speed of recognition. Finally, we refer the communication system. We adopt bulletin board system to prevent communication confusion.

Effect of a specialized injury prevention program on static balance, dynamic balance and kicking accuracy of young soccer players

AIM To study the effect of balance intervention program using the "FIFA 11+" program on static and dynamic balance and kicking accuracy of young soccer players.METHODS Twenty young soccer players were allocated to experimental(n = 10) or control(n = 10) groups. The experimental group performed the "FIFA 11+" program three times a week for six weeks. The control group performed their normal warm-up routine. The primary outcomes were measured pre and post intervention, and assessed kicking accuracy, static balance and dynamic balance.RESULTS No differences were found in kicking accuracy following intervention, for both groups, however, static balance improved significantly among the experimental group with significant interaction with the control group, and with high effect size. In addition, the dynamic balance of the left leg of the experimental group, with medium effect size for interaction between groups.CONCLUSION The large effect size of balance improvement that was observed following six weeks of intervention sessions, implies that soccer trainers and coaches should consider the inclusion of "FIFA 11+" as components of programs aimed at improving balance ability/control in young soccer players, as improvement in balance abilities may prevent injuries.

Six-step reasoning model for robot-soccer

The decision making system of robot soccer is a kind of knowledge system. A Six step Reasoning Model is established by formalizing its expert knowledge and decision making process. Furthermore, many other models can be considered as mutation and evolution of the Six step Reasoning Model.

Algorithm on robot soccer pass and shoot a ball

Introduces of robot soccer’s competition software of Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), the concept of running range and the method of calculating the running range for both the opponent and our teammates according to the distances between the ball and robot soccers, and therefore the method of calculating the angle that the robot passes or shoots the ball according to the running ranges of both sides. And gives the examples of passing the ball when the ball’s position is in the backcourt and shooting the ball when the ball’s position is in the frontcourt.

Behavior selection strategy for soccer robots

The soccer robot system and the effective multi agents cooperation strategy applied to the MASKARO team composed of a set of action controllers, a set of behavior module and a behavior selector are introduced. The action is the primitive low level component of the robot control system necessary to move the robots on the playground. Each action controller determines the linear and angular velocity commands of the robots corresponding to its own purpose. The behavior is the high level component of the robot control system composed of necessary action sequences. Each behavior module determines the desired action sequences and action commands corresponding to its own objective. The behavior selector considering the information that comes from the vision system selects the behavior of each robot every sampling time. Thus, the behavior of each robot is changed dynamically. The presented strategy is successfully applied to the MASKARO team and the team is ranked in the first place in the 2000 FIRA Korea Cup K League.

Soccer League Competition Algorithm, a New Method for Solving Systems of Nonlinear Equations

This paper introduces Soccer League Competition (SLC) algorithm as a new optimization technique for solving nonlinear systems of equations. Fundamental ideas of the method are inspired from soccer leagues and based on the competitions among teams and players. Like other meta-heuristic methods, the proposed technique starts with an initial population. Population individuals called players are in two types: fixed players and substitutes that all together form some teams. The competition among teams to take the possession of the top ranked positions in the league table and the internal competitions between players in each team for personal improvements results in the convergence of population individuals to the global optimum. Results of applying the proposed algorithm in solving nonlinear systems of equations demonstrate that SLC converges to the answer more accurately and rapidly in comparison with other Meta-heuristic and Newton-type methods.

Effectiveness and time-course adaptation of resistance training vs. plyometric training in prepubertal soccer players

Purpose:This study aimed to assess the effectiveness and time course for improvements in explosive actions through resistance training(RT)vs.plyometric training(PT)in prepubertal soccer players.Methods:Thirty-four male subjects were assigned to:a control group(n=11);an RT group(5 regular soccer training sessions per week,n=12);a PT group(3 soccer training sessions and 2 RT sessions per week,n=11).The outcome measures included tests for the assessment of muscle strength(e.g.,1 repetition maximum half-squat test),jump ability(e.g.,countermovement jump,squat jump,standing long jump,and multiple 5 bounds test),linear speed(e.g.,20m sprint test),and change of direction(e.g.,Illinois change of direction test).Results:The RTG showed an improvement in the half-squat(△=13.2%;d=1.3,p<0.001)and countermovement jump(△=9.4%;d=2.4,p<0.001)at Week 4,whereas improvements in the 20-m sprint(△=4.2%;d=1.1,p<0.01);change of direction(CoD)(△=3.8%;d=2.1,p<0.01);multiple 5 bounds(△=5.1%;d=1.5,p<0.05);standing long jump(△=7.2%;d=1.2,p<0.01);squat jump(△=19.6%;d=1.5,p<0.01);were evident at Week 8.The PTG showed improvements in CoD(△=2.1%;d=1.3,p<0.05);standing long jump(△=9.3%;d=1.1,p<0.01);countermovement jump(△=16.1%;d=1.2,p<0.01);and squat jump(△=16.7%;d=1.4,p<0.01);at Week 8 whereas improvements in the 20-m sprint(△=4.1%;d=1.3,p<0.01);and multiple 5 bounds(△=7.4%;d=2.4,p<0.001);were evident only after Week.The RT and PT groups showed improvements in all sprint,CoD,and jump tests(p<0.05)and in half-squat performance,for which improvement was only shown within the RTG(p<0.001).Conclusion:RT and PT conducted in combination with regular soccer training are safe and feasible interventions for prepubertal soccer players.In addition,these interventions were shown to be effective training tools to improve explosive actions with different time courses of improvements,which manifested earlier in the RTG than in the PTG.These outcomes may help coaches and fitness trainers set out clear and concise goals of training according to the specific time course of improvement difference between RT and PT on proxies of athletic performance of prepubertal soccer players.

Robot soccer action selection based on Qlearning

This paper researches robot soccer action selection based on Q learning .The robot learn to activate particular behavior given their current situation and reward signal. We adopt neural network to implementations of Q learning for their generalization properties and limited computer memory requirements.

Development of RoboSot category soccer robots

In the RoboSot category, no central station or over head camera is allowed. Therefore several issues such as sensors, mechanisms and CPU boards must be taken into consideration before building an autonomous and intelligent system for this category. Each robot must have appropriate sensors and must be able to communicate with other robots to have timely information concerning the ball and robot position in the field. Computing power also becomes and improtant factor in implementing intelligence and autonomy onboard. These issues are discussed. Then the robot structure of the Dreams Come True(DCT) from KAIST is introduced. Each robot has a Pentium Π single board computer, and Ethernet card, and USB camera and an omni directional mobile mechanism.

Design of vision-based soccer robot using DSP

A new design of vision based soccer robot using the type TMS320F240 of DSPs for MiroSot series is presented. The DSP used enables cost effective control of DC motor, and features fewer external components, lower system cost and better performances than traditional microcontroller. The hardware architecture of robot is firstly presented in detail, and then the software design is briefly discussed. The control structure of decision making subsystem is illuminated also in this paper. The conclusion and prospect are given at last.

Analysis and design of microsoccer robot

From the analysis of mirosot robot soccer, the design of the robot is discussed in detail covering the basic ideas of design, the general design procedure, main calculations, and the cinematic model of robot, etc.

Layered learning of soccer robot based on artificial neural network

Discusses the application of artificial neural network for MIROSOT, introduces a layered model of BP network of soccer robot for learning basic behavior and cooperative behavior, and concludes from experimental results that the model is effective.

Effects of purposeful soccer heading on circulating small extracellular vesicle concentration and cargo

Background:Considering the potential cumulative effects of repetitive head impact(HI)exposure,we need sensitive biomarkers to track shortand long-term effects.Circulating small extracellular vesicles(sEVs)(<200 nm)traffic biological molecules throughout the body and may have diagnostic value as biomarkers for disease.The purpose of this study was to identify the microRNA(miRNA)profile in circulating sEVs derived from human plasma following repetitive HI exposure.Methods:Healthy adult(aged 18-35 years)soccer players were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups:the HI group performed 10 standing headers,the leg impact group performed 10 soccer ball trapping maneuvers over 10 min,and the control group did not participate in any soccer drills.Plasma was collected before testing and 24 h afterward,and sEVs were isolated and characterized via nanoparticle tracking analysis.Next-generation sequencing was utilized to identify candidate miRNAs isolated from sEVs,and candidate microRNAs were analyzed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction.In silico target prediction was performed using TargetScan(Version 7.0;targetscan.org)and miRWalk(http://mirwalk.umm.uni-heidelberg.de/)programs,and target validation was performed using luciferase reporter vectors with a miR-7844-5p mimic in human embryonic kidney(HEK)293T/17 cells.Results:Plasma sEV concentration and size were not affected across time and group following repetitive HI exposure.After 24 h,the HI read count from next-generation sequencing showed a 4-fold or greater increase in miR-92b-5p,miR-423-5p,and miR-24-3p and a 3-fold or greater decrease in miR-7844-5p,miR-144-5p,miR-221-5p,and miR-22-3p.Analysis of quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that leg impact did not alter the candidate miRNA levels.To our knowledge,miR-7844-5p is a previously unknown miRNA.We identified 8 miR-7844-5p mRNA targets:protein phosphatase 1 regulatory inhibitor subunit 1B(PPP1R1B),LIM and senescent cell antigen-like domains 1(LIMS1),autophagy-related 12(ATG12),microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta(MAP1LC3B),integrin subunit alpha-1(ITGA1),mitogenactivated protein kinase 1(MAPK1),glycogen synthase kinase 3b(GSK3b),and mitogen-activated protein kinase 8(MAPK8).Conclusion:Collectively,these data indicate repetitive HI exposure alters plasma sEV miRNA content,but not sEV size or number.Furthermore,for the first time we demonstrate that previously unknown miR-7844-5p targets mRNAs known to be involved in mitochondrial apoptosis,autophagy regulation,mood disorders,and neurodegenerative disease.

Recognition of robot-soccer in point of information fusion

Summary of typical information fusion systems, synthesis analysis of Robot Soccer’s architecture, recognition of its characteristic and key technique are given. The result is prompted that Robot Soccer can be treated as a platform of the information fusion.

Study on Optimizing of Ball Passing Strategy and Role Switching Mechanism for Robot Soccer

A new ball passing strategy for robot soccer is proposed in this paper. With introduce of a new algorithm on ball passing, the optimum strategy is confirmed to be more efficient and exact when passing a ball. Questions of role switching in multi-intelligent agent cooperation in robot soccer are described based on Generalized Stochastic Petri-Net （GSPN）. Results of computer simulation have confirmed the feasibility and efficiency of above Petri-net method.

The influence of different exercise intensities on kicking accuracy and velocity in soccer players

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different exercise intensities induced by a soccer specific protocol on kicking performance in soccer players.Methods: Twelve semi-professional male soccer players participated in this study and performed maximal instep kicks before and after the implementation of an exercise protocol to determine the influence of different intensities upon kicking ball velocity and the target-hitting accuracy.Results: Analysis of variance designs with repeated measures showed that maximal ball velocity was affected only after the most intense circuit(F(6, 66) = 2.3; p = 0.041; η2= 0.18), while accuracy was not affected in the protocol(F(6, 66) = 0.19; p = 0.98; η2= 0.02). Low and moderate intensities did not affect accuracy or kicking ball velocity.Conclusion: These findings suggest that kicking ball velocity is influenced by high-exercise intensities. Low and moderate exercise intensities do not affect the performance of the kick, and intensity does not influence accuracy. Otherwise, it is possible that other mechanisms(not only physiological) may influence players during the exercise.