Impact of Social Media Challenges on Pediatric Single-Use Detergent Sacs and Diphenhydramine Ingestions Reported to United States Poison Control Centers

Background: Social media platforms are popular among children and often feature challenges that become viral. Notably, the Tide Pod® and Benadryl® challenges encouraged viewers to ingest these substances for their visual appeal and hallucinogenic effects, respectively. This study aimed to assess the clinical impact and outcomes of single-use detergent sacs (SUDS) and diphenhydramine challenges on pediatric ingestions reported to United States (U.S.) Poison Control Centers (PCCs). Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of pediatric exposures reported to U.S. PCCs using data from the National Poison Data System (NPDS). The study included intentional single-substance ingestions of both brand-name and generic forms of SUDS and diphenhydramine among children ≤ 19 years. We compared the number of calls, clinical effects, disposition, and management strategies for SUDS (pre: 01/01/17 to 12/31/17 vs. post: 01/01/18 to 12/31/18) and diphenhydramine (pre: 08/01/19 to 07/31/20 vs. post: 08/01/20 to 07/31/21) ingestions 12 months before and after the introduction of the respective social media challenges. Differences in proportions were compared using the Chi-square test. Results: During the study period, 469 ingestions of SUDS and 5,702 ingestions of diphenhydramine were reported. Post-challenge periods saw an increase in both SUDS (pre: 82 vs. post: 387;372% increase) and diphenhydramine ingestions (pre: 2,672 vs. post: 3,030;13% increase). While there were no significant changes in moderate or major clinical outcomes, hospitalizations increased post-challenge for both SUDS [pre: 4 (4.9%) vs. post: 33 (8.5%);p = 0.25] and diphenhydramine [pre: n = 904 (33.8%) vs. post: 1,190 (39.3%);p Conclusion: Pediatric ingestions reported to U.S. PCCs and hospitalizations increased coinciding with the introduction of Tide Pod® and Benadryl® challenges. While causality cannot be definitively established, it is essential for pediatricians and parents to be aware of these challenges and educate vulnerable children about the harmful effects of participation in such challenges.

Social Effects of Hearing Loss on Patients in Jos, North Central Nigeria

Hearing loss has caused serious social effects among people living with it. Those who relate to patients with hearing loss (PHL) also share some part of the negative effects. Some specifics are communication disability, which impacts speech and language development, academic performance, and social or work life. In previous years, the problem was predicted to be aggravated as the expected life span of the population increased. The study was conducted among PHL and their family members in JUTH and Kazahyet Audiology Service in Jos. 150 PHL were purposively sampled. The study was guided by a Cross-sectional Survey Research Design, and the specific objectives were to (1) identify the social effects of hearing loss on the PHL, (2) determine the implication of social effects on PHL, and (3) determine the extent at which these social effects affect PHL. The outcome of the study shows that the social effects faced by PHL are poor relationships, no secrets, dependence on sign language, frustration, depression, and dependence on lip reading. Some stop schooling, and others feel laughed at and therefore choose the path of isolation. The implication is that hearing loss is expensive to manage. PHL always feel they are not contributing their quarter in life as usual;they feel stigmatized and are not easy to relate with. The study recommends that the government should come up with policies that will check man-made behaviors that exert negative social effects on PHL in our society, subsidize the cost of hearing aids and cochlear implants to be affordable for PHL, formulate a policy on mandatory newborn hearing screening before the infant is discharged from the hospital to help in the early identification of hearing loss. Finally, the early creation of awareness of the dangers or consequences of hearing loss will go a long way in preventing our society from involvement in high-risk behaviors that will cause hearing loss.

Leadership:A Discursive Communication Approach

One of the main challenges facing many governmental and non-governmental agencies in many parts of the world is to provide transformative leadership from a discursive communication approach to address the political,economic,and social challenges to development.From the onset,I must say that leadership is a term that has received different and varying definitions in today’s literature from both leadership psychology and lately discursive leadership approach-meaning that there is no one definition that is considered classical.This article is an attempt illustrating how the discursive approach operates.Indeed,the role of communication in the leadership process can be looked at in different ways.The purpose of this article is to address the role of discursive communication in leadership and the challenges associated with leadership that does not apply discursive communication approaches,and how these challenges are managed to bring about development.

The Challenges of the European Union＇s Migration and Integration Policy-The Road to a Common Immigration Policy

This study is about the main problem of the European Union arising from the social status of migrant or migrant background population. It is trying to reveal the real causes, why migrants have difficulties in adapting to the conventions of the receiver countries. The study also focuses on three main questions： the social status of women, public education, and the anomalies of the labour market. It is also trying to find the possible way for the EU communities how to establish and develop a common immigration policy, which can solve the problem in an integrated package system and also fit into the characteristic features of the member-states. This paper is going to give an overview on issues affecting both migrant and migrant-originated communities and is going to analyse cause-reason connections. We also must find efficient responses adequate for applying as strategies for tackling challenges of this nature, which Hungary performs its EU Presidency in first term of the year 2011.