The effects of social security expenditure on reducing income inequality and rural poverty in China

Social security has,as one of its primary aims,the provision of financial support to those deemed to be poor or facing the threat of poverty.Based on China's national statistical data covering social insurance,social assistance,and social welfare between the period 1978–2018,this paper evaluates the effect of social security expenditure in reducing income inequality and rural poverty with cointegration analysis.It was found that there is a positive correlation between social security expenditure and the income gap of urban and rural residents in the long run,but the effect is very limited;nearly 99%of the changes of the urban–rural income gap come from its own contributions.Further research also shows that the elasticity of rural poverty incidence to social security expenditure is–0.2255,which indicates social security expenditure helps reduce rural absolute poverty.Based on these findings,the policy implications can be that much social security expenditure and a more equitable social security system should be encouraged.It will become one of the major anti-poverty strategies after 2020 in China when we win the battle against absolute poverty.

The Approaches to Narrowing Urban-Rural Income Gap——From the Perspective of Rural Social Security

From the situations about the incomes and life quality of the urban and rural residents,the thesis briefly introduces the status quo of the urban-rural income gap and explores the impact of the income gap on social economy:firstly,it hampers economic development;secondly,it is detrimental to the social development.Then the thesis analyzes the role of a sound social security in narrowing urban-rural income gap:at first,it broadens the institutional environment of improving the agricultural efficiency;secondly,it eliminates the uncertainties influencing the farmers' income;thirdly,it improves the farmers' capacity to increase income;at last,it enhances the farmers' consciousness of wealth.Next the thesis inquires into the problems existing in the system of rural social security:the first problem is more obviously fragmented system;the second is inadequate security projects and narrower coverage;the third is an obvious lack of equality in urban and rural security;the fourth is even less sound management system;the last is the lagging of legislation.Afterwards the thesis proposes the countermeasures and suggestions to improve the system of rural social security and narrow urban-rural income gap:firstly,to integrate the social security system in rural areas;secondly,to perfect security projects and enhance the security system;thirdly,to integrate the administrative management of social security;at last,to enforce the legal system.

Influence of social capital on farmer household income gap:total effect and structural effect

Based on the survey data of typical villages in Shaanxi Province,China,the effect of social capital on the income gap of farmers' households was analyzed using the Shapley value of the total amount of social capital and the social capital structure.The results show the following:first,social capital can expand the household income gap,and the effect of this index on the household income gap is 7.54%.Second,the indexes of the social capital dimension can expand the household income gap,and the structural effects of the household income gap on social networks,social trust,and social participation are 3.17%,3.64%,and 0.65%,respectively.Third,no dimension of the path is the same as the effect on the household income gap.

Analysis of Social Capital's Effect on Income of Poor Households:A Case Study in Sichuan Province

Looking from the existing research,improving the social capital of the poverty population is an effective way to promote the population quality and the income growth of the poor people. Based on the existing research,with the rural poor households in Sichuan Liangshan as the research object,this article used factor analysis to measure social capital stock,and then analyzed the influence of social capital on the income of the poor peasant households in that region,through the reconstructed production function. The results show that the poor households' social capital has a significant impact on their income level,and the effect degree varies in different income levels.

Social Capital,Financial Literacy and Lending Behaviour of Farmers with Different Incomes--Evidence Based on CHFS 2015 Data

Using microdata from the China Household Financial Survey Project(CHFS 2015),a negative binomial model is used to study the impact of social capital and financial literacy on the lending behavior of farmers with different incomes.The study found that the positive impact of social capital on the formal borrowing behavior of low-and middle-income farmers was significant,while the impact on informal borrowing behavior and both types of borrowing behavior of highincome farmers were not significant.Financial literacy has a significant positive effect on formal lending behavior only for high-income farmers.Financial literacy has a significant positive effect on formal lending behavior only for high-income farmers.

On Income Distribution Mechanism of Farmer Cooperatives in the Context of Membership Heterogeneity

With reference to several possible solutions to the issue of two subject allocation,using the Accumulation Point analysis method in Game Theory,this paper analyzed the income distribution mechanism between large farmers and small farmers in farmer cooperatives in the context of membership heterogeneity. It found that,in the practice of the income distribution in farmer cooperatives,there possibly exists equalization solution,pure utility solution,Nash solution and Kalai-Smorodinsky solution and it will be affected by social conventions. Finally,it made an empirical analysis using five cases of farmer cooperatives.

A Theoretical Explanation of the Causes of Popular Elements and Income Power Law Distribution Based on Data Analysis

The known statistical data show that the distribution of popular elements and people’s income presents the characteristics of power law distribution.At present,the explanation for this phenomenon is mostly through the“rich get richer”theory,but the author believes that this theory has major flaws and fails to provide a reasonable explanation for many phenomena.Therefore,the author expands some empirical and recognized theories in a similar direction in logic,and derives a logical mathematical model through the derivation of mathematical formulas,so as to explain the phenomenon that the distribution of popular elements and people’s income presents a power-law distribution.Then,by analyzing various characteristics of social networks and comparing them with some phenomena in nature,the conclusion can be extended to all self-organizing groups in nature.

全民基本收入:社会保障的第三种模式?

智能化、数字化、信息化的迅猛发展对传统就业模式形成巨大冲击,以正规就业为基础的传统社会保障模式面临巨大挑战,“全民基本收入”这一古老思想重新焕发活力,并日益成为一种世界性运动。本文从社会政策发展的历史脉络切入,把全民基本收入置于社会保障制度演变的历史情景中,通过比较基本收入与社会救助和社会保险这两大主流社会保障模式的关系,探讨全民基本收入能否成为继社会救助和社会保险之后的第三种社会保障模式。

公共转移支付对家庭消费相对剥夺的影响

本文基于中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS),运用双向固定效应模型,实证考察公共转移支付对家庭消费相对剥夺的影响及作用机理。研究发现,公共转移支付可以显著缓解家庭消费相对剥夺。经过一系列稳健性检验并缓解潜在的内生性问题后,研究结论依然成立。异质性分析表明,相比于民生性转移支付,生产性转移支付显著缓解了家庭消费相对剥夺;公共转移支付对贫困县和高抚养比家庭的消费相对剥夺影响更大。机制分析表明,公共转移支付主要通过降低家庭收入相对剥夺、改善收入不确定性和提高社会信任水平来缓解家庭消费相对剥夺。本研究为缓解个体消费相对剥夺、改善居民福利水平,进而实现共同富裕提供了微观证据。

社会保障促进共同富裕:来自地方的实践与创新

以中国式现代化促进全体人民实现共同富裕百年目标的确立,充分调动和激发了地方政府的创新动力。社会保障作为促进共同富裕的重要制度安排,给地方政府的实践与创新提供了重要的场域。通过社会保障体系的不断完善筑牢共同富裕的社会保障政策基础,提高低收入群体的收入水平,缩小人群和区域的收入差距,借助现代信息技术赋能不同群体和区域的共同富裕能力,把社会保障政策融入国家和区域发展战略,是社会保障促进共同富裕地方实践创新的关键所在。

户籍身份转换让农业转移人口更好地融入城市了吗?——基于社会地位与收入水平的视角

利用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)微观数据,采用倾向得分匹配法(PSM方法)从劳动者社会地位和收入水平两个视角检验农业转移人口在实现户籍身份转换后(即农转非)是否更好地融入城市。研究结果表明:首先,从实际收入水平和社会地位来看,户籍转换劳动者群体与城市户籍群体间的差异并不显著,户籍转换劳动者在实际收入和社会地位方面已较好地融入城市;其次,户籍转换劳动者群体的客观收入水平与实际社会地位平均高于农村户籍群体,劳动力市场上的户籍歧视依然存在;最后,从主观指标来看,农村户籍劳动者群体在收入水平及社会地位方面的主观评价高于户籍转换劳动者群体,而户籍转换劳动者群体的主观评价指标则高于城市户籍群体,原因可能是:与城市相比,农村户籍及户籍转换劳动者实际工作总收入及ISEI指数提升速度相对较快,心理上的满足度也较高,也可能是受“知足者常乐”心理状态的影响。研究证实了尽管经过多轮户籍制度改革,但劳动力市场上的户籍歧视依然存在,农村户籍劳动者工资收入水平及社会地位仍旧低于城市户籍劳动者;农转非劳动者与城市户籍劳动者在收入水平及社会地位方面的差距并不显著,户籍身份转换劳动者群体已经基本融入城市社会,说明加快推进农业转移人口市民化进程确实有助于提升农业转移人口的收入水平及其社会地位。基于此,提出加快推进城乡基本公共服务均等化,完善市民化成本共担、收益共享机制等建议。

社会认同对民众税收政策偏好的影响——以个人所得税“起征点”提高为例

使用网络爬虫获取网络问题“全国人大代表XXX建议提高个税起征点至1万元,你怎么看?”的回答文本及点赞数,使用TF-IDF权值法提取文本特征词、使用LDA概率主题模型挖掘文本主题,并使用定序Logit模型和加权定序Logit模型等对相关数据实施分析,发现问题参与者的态度多为“较赞成”和“赞成”。许多无法获益或获益较少者之所以赞同这一措施,一个重要原因是提高个人所得税“起征点”这一线索激活了参与者的社会认同,其中主要是工薪阶层的社会认同,并进而引发了工薪阶层认同者和纳税人认同者的亲群体行为,使得其决策时将群体整体利益置于个体利益之上,从而背离个体收益最大化。因此,在税收政策制定过程中,应重视社会认同的影响,并采取措施对公众的社会认同进行引导。

共同富裕进程中低收入群体支出型返贫的发生机理与治理路径

低收入群体是我国共同富裕进程中的重点帮扶对象,创新低收入群体致贫、返贫治理路径,是新时期巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接的重要举措。文章聚焦低收入群体支出型返贫,反思性借鉴生态系统理论并构建本土化分析框架,从个体、家庭、文化、制度和历史五个维度出发,系统阐释低收入群体支出型返贫的发生机理;引入发展型社会政策理念,构建低收入群体支出型返贫的治理路径。低收入群体支出型返贫是个体、家庭、文化、制度和历史五个维度辩证互构的实践产物,具有嬗变性、复杂性、历史性等特征。从发生机理来看,个体与家庭彼此之间的双向建构导致了返贫恶性循环,文化网络再生产加剧了返贫的内生固化和代际传递,来自制度层面的结构性排斥进一步压缩了低收入群体可持续生计重建的社会空间,个体生命历程中的突发意外增加了低收入群体的生活负担;低收入群体支出型返贫也是经济发展和结构转型的历史产物。因此,创新低收入群体支出型返贫治理路径必须摒弃传统补缺型救助模式,积极引入发展型社会政策理念,从可行能力、文化网络、帮扶制度等不同维度协同推进。

基于国际视角的工伤保险制度公平性研究

工伤保险制度作为社会保险制度的关键构成之一,可以为因工受伤的劳动者提供收入补偿。2019年社会保险费的征收主体转为税务部门,包括工伤保险在内的社会保险征管模式趋于规范,为工伤保险制度公平性奠定了一定基础。国外工伤保险制度在完善过程中积累了许多经验教训,为促进我国工伤保险征收的公平性提供参考。因此文章从工伤保险费征收的视角出发,利用国内外的政策实施效果探讨工伤保险制度和社会公平之间的关系,从征管模式、覆盖范围、筹资政策和给付形式四个方面分析工伤保险在调节公平时发挥的作用。结合中国目前工伤保险制度的优势和短板,在借鉴代表性国家如德国、法国、美国和韩国的特点和成功经验的基础上,文章总结出完善我国工伤保险制度的政策建议,明确建设社会保障征管治理现代化的总体思路,对促进收入分配公平和社会稳定发挥现实意义。

中国社会医疗保险制度未来发展的挑战与创新建议

中国社会医疗保险制度发展至今,已覆盖了95%以上的人口,筹资和报销待遇都达到了与国民经济所处的中等收入国家地位相称的水平,但也存在不同人群待遇相差悬殊、医保基金使用效率不高的问题。未来需要从实现公平的国民待遇、进行科学的医保筹资规划、制定统一的医疗服务价格、设计合理的医保报销政策、明确划分中央与地方政府的职责等方面,正视挑战,创新发展,避免医保制度发展的中等收入陷阱。

农村劳动力流动是否降低了家庭金融脆弱性?

本文基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)三期数据,实证研究农村劳动力流动对家庭金融脆弱性的影响。结果发现:农村劳动力流动能显著降低家庭金融脆弱性,在低消费家庭和未进行商业保险投保的家庭中,农村劳动力流动对缓解家庭金融脆弱性的作用更强。经过替换解释变量、替换被解释变量、倾向得分匹配法及工具变量法等检验,结果依然稳健。机制分析表明,农村劳动力流动通过提升收入、积累社会资本和缓解流动性约束等途径影响家庭金融脆弱性。进一步分析发现,农村劳动力流动能更显著地缓解存在金融脆弱性家庭的相对贫困。

农村幼儿园教师缘何缺乏地位认同?——基于10省22县(市)调查数据的实证分析

提升农村幼儿园教师地位认同是农村幼儿园教师“下得去、留得住、教得好”的关键路径。本研究基于课题组对10省22县(市)农村幼儿园教师的调查数据分析发现,我国农村幼儿园教师普遍缺乏主观社会地位认同,75.36%的教师认为自身社会地位处于中层及以下。描述统计表明,农村幼儿园教师地位认同在年龄段、婚姻状况、职称、编制身份、行政职务、有无教师资格证、是否为师范专业毕业等方面存在显著差异。本研究采用线性回归分析及夏普里值分解法探究农村幼儿园教师地位认同的影响因素及因素贡献率,发现经济收入、职业发展、尊师氛围和工作量四个维度的13个变量对农村幼儿园教师地位认同有显著影响作用,四个维度影响因素贡献率存在差异,其中经济收入是影响作用最大的维度。为提升农村幼儿园教师地位认同,应从提高经济收入、促进职业发展、营造尊师重教氛围、减轻过重工作负担方面综合发力。

数字融入与农民工幸福感:影响与作用机制

数字融入是消解农民工“数字鸿沟”的有效路径,对农民工幸福感的改善尤为重要。采用有序Logit模型,基于2018、2020两年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)的数据,分析了数字融入对农民工幸福感的影响。研究结果显示,数字融入程度越高农民工幸福感越强。进一步分析数字融入影响农民工幸福感的作用机制,发现数字融入可以通过提高农民工的收入和社会资本来提升其幸福感。此外,从性别和教育水平进行异质性分析,发现数字融入对男性群体和接受高等教育群体的正向影响效应更显著,有可能会扩大农民工不同群体之间的鸿沟。最后根据研究结论,建议政府应该重视提高弱势群体的数字融入水平。

中国收入再分配政策的演进趋势与效应评估

本文回顾了改革开放以来中国收入再分配政策的演进趋势,基于1988—2018年六轮CHIP调查数据,运用收入再分配效应分解方法,从政策规模和累进性等角度研究了以个人所得税、社会保障支出为代表的收入再分配政策的总效应和分解效应。研究发现,中国收入再分配政策具有显著缩小居民收入差距的作用,且这种改善收入分配的作用在三十多年间持续增强。特别是随着农村社会保障网络覆盖范围和政府转移支付规模的逐步扩大,政策累进性日益提升,收入再分配政策发挥着越来越重要的收入再分配作用。本文为深入理解中国收入再分配制度的发展历程、提高收入再分配政策的针对性和有效性提供了重要参考。