Introduction: Pain is a complex phenomenon and in many diseases is the cardinal manifestation. In many of them, the source of pain is obscure and in turn curing pain also becomes difficult. Finding a new regulatory me...Introduction: Pain is a complex phenomenon and in many diseases is the cardinal manifestation. In many of them, the source of pain is obscure and in turn curing pain also becomes difficult. Finding a new regulatory mechanism for pain perception and processing such as alternation of neurogenesis may establish a new treatment. Methods and Materials: In this study, 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: social, isolated, morphine-treated socialized (MTS) and morphine-treated isolated (MTI). After injection of BrdU for 14 days (50 mg/kg/rat/day/i.p) and morphine for seven days from day 8 (3 mg/kg/rat/day/i.p), rats were performed tail flick test and then sacrificed. Brains were prepared for assessing neurogenesis and serums were collected for assessing glutathione. Results: In tail flick test isolated and morphine-treated isolated rats had decreased sensitivity to pain stimuli compared to social and morphine-treated socialized rats, respectively. In assessing neurogenesis, isolated and morphine-treated isolated rats had reduced numbers of newly generated neurons compared to social and morphine-treated socialized rats, respectively. Glutathione in serum in isolated and morphine-treated isolated rats increased compared to social and morphine-treated socialized rats, respectively. Conclusion: Reduction of neurogenesis was associated with reduced pain sensitivity in isolated groups. So, isolation may alleviate pain and reduce pain threshold and sensitivity.展开更多
AIM To examine the associations of test anxiety(TA) in written vs oral exam situations with social anxiety(SA).METHODS A convenience sample of 204 students was recruited at the Technische Universit?t Dresden(TU Dresde...AIM To examine the associations of test anxiety(TA) in written vs oral exam situations with social anxiety(SA).METHODS A convenience sample of 204 students was recruited at the Technische Universit?t Dresden(TU Dresden,Germany) and contacted via e-mail asking to complete a cross-sectional online survey based on established questionnaires.The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the TU Dresden.Full data of n = 96 students were available for dependent t-tests and correlation analyses on the associations of SA and TA respectively with trigger events,cognitions,safety behaviors,physical symptoms and depersonalization.Analyses were run using SPSS.RESULTS Levels of TA were higher for fear in oral exams than for fear in written exams(M = 48.1,SD = 11.5 vs M = 43.7,SD = 10.1 P < 0.001).Oral TA and SA were positively correlated(Spearman's r = 0.343,P < 0.001;Pearson's r = 0.38,P < 0.001) contrasting written TA and SA(Spearman's r = 0.17,P > 0.05;Pearson's r = 0.223,P > 0.05).Compared to written TA,triggerevents were more often reported for oral TA(18.2% vs 30.3%,P = 0.007);which was also accompanied more often by test-anxious cognitions(7.9% vs 8.5%,P = 0.001),safety behavior(8.9% vs 10.3%,P < 0.001) and physical symptoms(for all,P < 0.001).CONCLUSION Written,but not oral TA emerged being unrelated to SA and may rather not be considered as a typical facet of SA disorder.展开更多
社会认知能力是用于处理和解释社会信息以成功地与他人互动的高级认知过程。考察社会认知能力的测量方法包括奇怪故事测试、尴尬时刻测试、社会认知电影评估等,但这些社会认知测试由于评估内容的长度、复杂性或不确定性,不适合临床使用...社会认知能力是用于处理和解释社会信息以成功地与他人互动的高级认知过程。考察社会认知能力的测量方法包括奇怪故事测试、尴尬时刻测试、社会认知电影评估等,但这些社会认知测试由于评估内容的长度、复杂性或不确定性,不适合临床使用。为了提高测量方法的生态效度以及临床使用的质量,R.Asaad Baksh与他的团队在2008年设计了爱丁堡社会认知测试(the Edinburgh Social Cognition Test)。征求了Baksh团队的意见,对ESCoT的提出、构成、使用和优势进行介绍,并通过与S. McDonald等人设计的社会意识推理测试(The Awareness of Social Inference Test)比较分析了ESCoT目前存在的问题,并在最后提出研究者应将人工智能仿真技术、虚拟现实技术以及人类神经科学工具运用到社会认知测量方法的研发过程中。展开更多
This study examined the relationship between HIV counselling and testing (HCT) awareness and HCT uptake among young people in Nigeria and their implications for social change. The study is a quantitative research guid...This study examined the relationship between HIV counselling and testing (HCT) awareness and HCT uptake among young people in Nigeria and their implications for social change. The study is a quantitative research guided by one research question and one hypothesis. The target population comprised young people in Nigeria ages 15 to 24 years because the focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting HCT uptake among young people in this age cohort. The representative sample was obtained from the updated master sample frame of rural and urban zones developed by the National Population Commission in Nigeria. This master sample frame was a national survey that comprised all 36 states in Nigeria. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10,091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192;urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The individual questionnaires asked about household characteristics, background characteristics of the respondents. Data were analyzed by inputting them into SPSS v21.0 for analysis and then coded them for each participant. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages;measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric tests such as chi-square were used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. The results of the chi-square test of association between HCT awareness and HCT uptake showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between HCT awareness and HCT uptake among young people ages 15 to 24 years in Nigeria, X<sup>2</sup> (1, n = 8916) = 306.66, p < 0.001. In other words, knowledge of the availability of HCT services may have influenced the possibility that the participants would use them. Among others, it was recommended that government should examine the efficacy of HCT treatments in Nigeria, along with conducting a demographic analysis of the at-risk population.展开更多
Adult male tree shrews vigorously defend against intruding male conspecifics. However, the characteristics of social behavior have not been entirely explored in these males. In this study, male wild-type tree shrews(T...Adult male tree shrews vigorously defend against intruding male conspecifics. However, the characteristics of social behavior have not been entirely explored in these males. In this study, male wild-type tree shrews(Tupaia belangeri chinensis)and C57 BL/6 J mice were first allowed to familiarize themselves with an open-field apparatus. The tree shrews exhibited a short duration of movement(moving) in the novel environment, whereas the mice exhibited a long duration of movement. In the 30 min social preference-avoidance test, target animals significantly decreased the time spent by the experimental tree shrews in the social interaction(SI)zone, whereas experimental male mice exhibited the opposite. In addition, experimental tree shrews displayed a significantly longer latency to enter the SI zone in the second 15 min session(targetpresent) than in the first 15 min session(targetabsent), which was different from that found in mice.Distinct behavioral patterns in response to a conspecific male were also observed in male tree shrews and mice in the first, second, and third 5 min periods. Thus, social behaviors in tree shrews and mice appeared to be time dependent. In summary,our study provides results of a modified social preference-avoidance test designed for the assessment of social behavior in tree shrews. Our findings demonstrate the existence of social avoidance behavior in male tree shrews and prosocial behavior in male mice toward unfamiliar conspecifics. The tree shrew may be a new animal model, which differs from mice, for the study of social avoidance and prosocial behaviors.展开更多
文摘Introduction: Pain is a complex phenomenon and in many diseases is the cardinal manifestation. In many of them, the source of pain is obscure and in turn curing pain also becomes difficult. Finding a new regulatory mechanism for pain perception and processing such as alternation of neurogenesis may establish a new treatment. Methods and Materials: In this study, 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: social, isolated, morphine-treated socialized (MTS) and morphine-treated isolated (MTI). After injection of BrdU for 14 days (50 mg/kg/rat/day/i.p) and morphine for seven days from day 8 (3 mg/kg/rat/day/i.p), rats were performed tail flick test and then sacrificed. Brains were prepared for assessing neurogenesis and serums were collected for assessing glutathione. Results: In tail flick test isolated and morphine-treated isolated rats had decreased sensitivity to pain stimuli compared to social and morphine-treated socialized rats, respectively. In assessing neurogenesis, isolated and morphine-treated isolated rats had reduced numbers of newly generated neurons compared to social and morphine-treated socialized rats, respectively. Glutathione in serum in isolated and morphine-treated isolated rats increased compared to social and morphine-treated socialized rats, respectively. Conclusion: Reduction of neurogenesis was associated with reduced pain sensitivity in isolated groups. So, isolation may alleviate pain and reduce pain threshold and sensitivity.
基金approved by the ethics committee of the TU Dresden(EK-NR.205062013)
文摘AIM To examine the associations of test anxiety(TA) in written vs oral exam situations with social anxiety(SA).METHODS A convenience sample of 204 students was recruited at the Technische Universit?t Dresden(TU Dresden,Germany) and contacted via e-mail asking to complete a cross-sectional online survey based on established questionnaires.The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the TU Dresden.Full data of n = 96 students were available for dependent t-tests and correlation analyses on the associations of SA and TA respectively with trigger events,cognitions,safety behaviors,physical symptoms and depersonalization.Analyses were run using SPSS.RESULTS Levels of TA were higher for fear in oral exams than for fear in written exams(M = 48.1,SD = 11.5 vs M = 43.7,SD = 10.1 P < 0.001).Oral TA and SA were positively correlated(Spearman's r = 0.343,P < 0.001;Pearson's r = 0.38,P < 0.001) contrasting written TA and SA(Spearman's r = 0.17,P > 0.05;Pearson's r = 0.223,P > 0.05).Compared to written TA,triggerevents were more often reported for oral TA(18.2% vs 30.3%,P = 0.007);which was also accompanied more often by test-anxious cognitions(7.9% vs 8.5%,P = 0.001),safety behavior(8.9% vs 10.3%,P < 0.001) and physical symptoms(for all,P < 0.001).CONCLUSION Written,but not oral TA emerged being unrelated to SA and may rather not be considered as a typical facet of SA disorder.
文摘社会认知能力是用于处理和解释社会信息以成功地与他人互动的高级认知过程。考察社会认知能力的测量方法包括奇怪故事测试、尴尬时刻测试、社会认知电影评估等,但这些社会认知测试由于评估内容的长度、复杂性或不确定性,不适合临床使用。为了提高测量方法的生态效度以及临床使用的质量,R.Asaad Baksh与他的团队在2008年设计了爱丁堡社会认知测试(the Edinburgh Social Cognition Test)。征求了Baksh团队的意见,对ESCoT的提出、构成、使用和优势进行介绍,并通过与S. McDonald等人设计的社会意识推理测试(The Awareness of Social Inference Test)比较分析了ESCoT目前存在的问题,并在最后提出研究者应将人工智能仿真技术、虚拟现实技术以及人类神经科学工具运用到社会认知测量方法的研发过程中。
文摘This study examined the relationship between HIV counselling and testing (HCT) awareness and HCT uptake among young people in Nigeria and their implications for social change. The study is a quantitative research guided by one research question and one hypothesis. The target population comprised young people in Nigeria ages 15 to 24 years because the focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting HCT uptake among young people in this age cohort. The representative sample was obtained from the updated master sample frame of rural and urban zones developed by the National Population Commission in Nigeria. This master sample frame was a national survey that comprised all 36 states in Nigeria. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10,091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192;urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The individual questionnaires asked about household characteristics, background characteristics of the respondents. Data were analyzed by inputting them into SPSS v21.0 for analysis and then coded them for each participant. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages;measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric tests such as chi-square were used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. The results of the chi-square test of association between HCT awareness and HCT uptake showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between HCT awareness and HCT uptake among young people ages 15 to 24 years in Nigeria, X<sup>2</sup> (1, n = 8916) = 306.66, p < 0.001. In other words, knowledge of the availability of HCT services may have influenced the possibility that the participants would use them. Among others, it was recommended that government should examine the efficacy of HCT treatments in Nigeria, along with conducting a demographic analysis of the at-risk population.
基金教育部考试中心-英国文化教育协会2020年英语测评科研课题“An Empirical Study into the Validity ofa CSE-based Placement test in China’s Transnational Higher Education”(考协[2020]263号)。
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81671344,31500859)Major International(Regional)Joint Research Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81920108018)+1 种基金1.3.5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence,Special Foundation for Brain Research from the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong(2018B030334001)West China Hospital of Sichuan University(ZY2016103,ZY2016203)。
文摘Adult male tree shrews vigorously defend against intruding male conspecifics. However, the characteristics of social behavior have not been entirely explored in these males. In this study, male wild-type tree shrews(Tupaia belangeri chinensis)and C57 BL/6 J mice were first allowed to familiarize themselves with an open-field apparatus. The tree shrews exhibited a short duration of movement(moving) in the novel environment, whereas the mice exhibited a long duration of movement. In the 30 min social preference-avoidance test, target animals significantly decreased the time spent by the experimental tree shrews in the social interaction(SI)zone, whereas experimental male mice exhibited the opposite. In addition, experimental tree shrews displayed a significantly longer latency to enter the SI zone in the second 15 min session(targetpresent) than in the first 15 min session(targetabsent), which was different from that found in mice.Distinct behavioral patterns in response to a conspecific male were also observed in male tree shrews and mice in the first, second, and third 5 min periods. Thus, social behaviors in tree shrews and mice appeared to be time dependent. In summary,our study provides results of a modified social preference-avoidance test designed for the assessment of social behavior in tree shrews. Our findings demonstrate the existence of social avoidance behavior in male tree shrews and prosocial behavior in male mice toward unfamiliar conspecifics. The tree shrew may be a new animal model, which differs from mice, for the study of social avoidance and prosocial behaviors.
