Cyber Resilience through Real-Time Threat Analysis in Information Security

This paper examines how cybersecurity is developing and how it relates to more conventional information security. Although information security and cyber security are sometimes used synonymously, this study contends that they are not the same. The concept of cyber security is explored, which goes beyond protecting information resources to include a wider variety of assets, including people [1]. Protecting information assets is the main goal of traditional information security, with consideration to the human element and how people fit into the security process. On the other hand, cyber security adds a new level of complexity, as people might unintentionally contribute to or become targets of cyberattacks. This aspect presents moral questions since it is becoming more widely accepted that society has a duty to protect weaker members of society, including children [1]. The study emphasizes how important cyber security is on a larger scale, with many countries creating plans and laws to counteract cyberattacks. Nevertheless, a lot of these sources frequently neglect to define the differences or the relationship between information security and cyber security [1]. The paper focus on differentiating between cybersecurity and information security on a larger scale. The study also highlights other areas of cybersecurity which includes defending people, social norms, and vital infrastructure from threats that arise from online in addition to information and technology protection. It contends that ethical issues and the human factor are becoming more and more important in protecting assets in the digital age, and that cyber security is a paradigm shift in this regard [1].

Integrated landscape approaches to building resilience and multifunctionality in the Kailash Sacred Landscape,China

Climate warming-induced rangeland degradation in arid and semiarid steppe imposes substantial threats to the livelihoods of people.But this dilemma can be solved by combining all sectors of agriculture,animal husbandry and tourism through their complementarity,i.e.by adopting integrated landscape ecosystem-based approaches.A number of experiences and lessons have been achieved in a specific sector for its successful development,but not in the multiple social,economic,and ecological systems.In this study,we use the perspective of integrated ecosystem management to strengthen crop-livestock integration and innovative livelihoods,and propose a multifunctional Kailash Landscape to activate the inter-linkage among agriculture,animal husbandry,and heritage pilgrimage/tourism in order to achieve multiple functions of the socio-ecological system.A case study of Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative in China was quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed by land use and land cover change and their consequences on multiple ecosystem services.Integrated landscape management was found to be effective in building resilience of socio-ecosystems by reducing the vulnerability of traditional agriculture in terms of improving crop production and animal husbandry.A multifunctional landscape is expected to be integrated and build a resilient sector complementarity including farming,pastorism,environmental and socioeconomic function.The analyses show that integrated landscape approaches provide an effective perspective for sustainable socio-economic development in this sacred landscape.The findings highlight the importance of landscape-scale ecosystem-based adaptation to environment change.

Temporal and spatial responses of ecological resilience to climate change and human activities in the economic belt on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, China

In the Anthropocene era,human activities have become increasingly complex and diversified.The natural ecosystems need higher ecological resilience to ensure regional sustainable development due to rapid urbanization and industrialization as well as other intensified human activities,especially in arid and semi-arid areas.In the study,we chose the economic belt on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains(EBNSTM)in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China as a case study.By collecting geographic data and statistical data from 2010 and 2020,we constructed an ecological resilience assessment model based on the ecosystem habitat quality(EHQ),ecosystem landscape stability(ELS),and ecosystem service value(ESV).Further,we analyzed the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of ecological resilience in the EBNSTM from 2010 to 2020 by spatial autocorrelation analysis,and explored its responses to climate change and human activities using the geographically weighted regression(GWR)model.The results showed that the ecological resilience of the EBNSTM was at a low level and increased from 0.2732 to 0.2773 during 2010–2020.The spatial autocorrelation analysis of ecological resilience exhibited a spatial heterogeneity characteristic of"high in the western region and low in the eastern region",and the spatial clustering trend was enhanced during the study period.Desert,Gobi and rapidly urbanized areas showed low level of ecological resilience,and oasis and mountain areas exhibited high level of ecological resilience.Climate factors had an important impact on ecological resilience.Specifically,average annual temperature and annual precipitation were the key climate factors that improved ecological resilience,while average annual evapotranspiration was the main factor that blocked ecological resilience.Among the human activity factors,the distance from the main road showed a negative correlation with ecological resilience.Both night light index and PM2.5 concentration were negatively correlated with ecological resilience in the areas with better ecological conditions,whereas in the areas with poorer ecological conditions,the correlations were positive.The research findings could provide a scientific reference for protecting the ecological environment and promoting the harmony and stability of the human-land relationship in arid and semi-arid areas.

Ecological Resilience Restoration in the Watershed of the Hancang River

Hancang River is a river on the eastern border of Jinan City. In recent years, with the development of cities, river flow has dropped sharply, river water has been polluted, and the ecological environment of the basin has declined. Improving the water ecological environment and enhancing the resilience of the water ecology of the river basin were set as the research goals, especially coupling of hydrological and ecological processes and the recycling of sewage resources. The “patch-corridor-matrix” theory of landscape ecology, the Least-cost distance model and the Arc Hydro Tools module of the ArcGIS platform were used to describe the river system and basin boundaries, optimize the current water network and the path network of the ecosystem. A novel ecological network and water network were proposed to form the final aquatic ecosystem, which combines the hydrological process with the ecosystem, and three decentralized wastewater treatment systems were designed to reduce the wastewater directly flowing into the river. The ecosystem resilience of the basin will be enhanced.

Analysis of Spatial Scale Effect on Urban Resilience:A Case Study of Shenyang,China

Based on urban physical space and theory of landscape ecology,a triune assessment framework—‘size-densitymorphology’—was constructed in order to analyze the spatial pattern and the scale effect of urban resilience in Shenyang of China in 2015,and to explore the main impact factors of landscape under different spatial scale backgrounds.The results show that:1)Urban resilience is an optimal combination of the resilience of size,density,and morphology.The urban resilience of Shenyang displays scale effect;the overall resilience level increases with the increase in scale,while the spatial difference and spatial similarity tend to decrease resilience.2)As 2 km,1 km and 2 km are scale inflection points of average value curves for size resilience,density resilience and morphology resilience,respectively in an urban setting;the optimal scale unit of comprehensive resilience is 1 km.Choosing 1 km–2 km as the basic spatial scale better depicts overall pattern and detailed characteristics of resilience in Shenyang.The spatial amplitudes of 0.5 km and 1 km are sensitive points for spatial autocorrelation of morphology and density resilience,size,and comprehensive resilience to scale effect.3)The major landscape factors of urban size and morphology resilience transform with scale expansion.Aggregation index(AI)has a significant impact on urban resilience at different scales;its influence increases significantly with the increase in scale.4)The high-level area of comprehensive resilience in Shenyang is the eastern ecological corridor area,while the low value area is the peripheral extension area of the city.To promote the overall level of resilience in Shenyang,this paper argues that the construction of ecological infrastructure should be strengthened in the peripheral extension area in a balanced manner.In the city center,population and building density should be controlled;the intensity of human activities should be reduced;impetus should be placed on landscape heterogeneity;and the homogeneous expansion of the area of construction should be prevented.In the eastern ecological corridors,the exploitation of ecosystem lands should be strictly controlled,and the integrity of the green landscape patches should be maintained.

Have some landscapes in the eastern Canadian boreal forest moved beyond their natural range of variability?

Background: In the contxt of ecosystem management, the present study aims to compare the natural and the present-day forested landscapes of a large territory in Quebec(Canada). Using contemporary and long-term fire cycles, each natural forst landscape is defined according to the variability of its structure and composition, and compared to the present-day landscape. This analysis was conducted to address the question of whether human activities have moved these ecosystems outside the range of natural landscape variability.Methods: The study encompassed a forested area of 175 000 km2 divided into 14 landscapes. Using a framework that integrates fire cycles, age structure and forest dynamics, we characterized the forest composition and age structures that resulted from three historical fire cycles(110,140, and 180 years) representative of the boreal forest of eastern Canada. The modeled natural landscapes were compared with present-day landscapes in regard to the proportion of old-growth forests(landscape level) and the proportion of late-successional forest stands(landscape level and potential vegetation type).Results: Four landscapes(39%) remain within their natural range of variability. In contrast, nine landscapes(54%)show a large gap between natural and present-day landscapes. These nine are located in the southern portion of the study area, and are mainly associated with Abies-Betula vegetation where human activities have contributed to a strong increase in the proportion of Populus tremuloides stands(early-successional stages) and a decrease of oldgrowth forest stands(more than 100 years old). A single landscape(7%), substantially changed from its potential natural state, is a candidate for adaptive-based management.Conclusion: Comparison of corresponding natural(reference conditions) and present-day landscapes showed that ten landscapes reflecting an important shift in forest composition and age structure could be considered beyond the range of their natural variability. The description of a landscape's natural variability at the scale of several millennia can be considered a moving benchmark that can be re-evaluated in the context of climate change.Focusing on regional landscape characteristics and long-term natural variability of vegetation and forest age structure represents a step forward in methodology for defining reference conditions and following shifts in landscape over time.

Flow or Fence: Learning, Preserving, and Redefining the Riverfront Cultural Landscape

The Chao Phraya River and the network of canals or “klongs” are the origin of Bangkok’s nick-name “Venice of the East”. Its amphibian nature of lower delta area where used to be covered by the sea around 5000 years ago provides a water-based settlement for the citizens. Rivers as an agricultural irrigation system are also used for daily consumption, transportation, and drainage channels. Bangkok was established in 1782 as the capital of Thailand by King Rama I of the Chakri Dynasty. The location is on a flood plain delta of the Chao Phraya River with the same consideration as the up north old capital Ayutthaya;the river is performed as a natural defense against enemies and also provides a water-based settlement for the citizens. The worst flood in Thailand’s history occurred during the 2011 monsoon season;July to November;that became the severest flood disaster hit parts of the capital city of Bangkok and resulted in a total of 815 deaths and 65 of Thailand’s 77 provinces were declared flood disaster zones, and over 20,000 square kilometers (7700 square miles) of farmland was damaged. The most affected areas were the recent capital Bangkok and the old capital Ayutthaya. The major causes were not only from the natural disaster but also water management failures from the human disaster. The studies aimed to include the survey of after-flood areas, reviewing the history of the waterfront communities and their attitudes toward development and changes, then discussed threats and crisis to the cultural landscape, the cause and effects of the disaster, the theoretical framework of the best management practices and the resolutions models proposed by the involved authorities. Whilst, history also gives us a sense of identity and traditional wisdom, the paper tried to find a paradigm shift and invented best practices for future generation flood protection using “the meaning and spirit of cultural landscape” model.

The“Urban Water Machine”:A Landscape-Based Approach for Urban Planning

Climate change is confronting cities across the globe,resulting in extreme weather conditions:floods,droughts,forest fires,and hurricanes.These natural hazards have become so severe that it is increasingly difficult to manage them.Urbanization,which has marginalized nature and water over time,has exacerbated these conditions.By replacing natural features with hardscape,cities are less adaptive to environmental fluctuations,and climate-related hazards are intensified,through heat island effect for example.Streets,squares,and parts of the city are inundated by water.The need to give space to water and nature in the city is more urgent than ever.The essential relationship between water and humans gave birth to our cities.This relationship has evolved across time and geography,and our current climate and ecological crises are calling us to take the next step in this evolution.Improving natural systems within the city,including a holistic approach for rivers,waterways,and green corridors,will improve resilience to flash floods and drought,contribute to heat mitigation,and improve urban living conditions.It will create possibilities for new economic,environmental,community,and social developments.A contemporary and healthy relationship between humanity and nature requires creating a basic,sustainable,spatial framework that upgrades and connects larger green and water(blue)structures.These blue-green structures should also be linked within the city and within its neighborhoods.The new mechanism to balance water in the city will be an integrated system,what we call the“urban water machine”.By integrating our natural and man-made water systems with each other,and with green spaces in and around the urban environment,we can regenerate the“urban water machine”and use it as the basis for a truly holistic approach to spatial planning.To shape our contemporary relationship with water,it is important to develop both innovative design tools and spatial typologies.A design approach based on the“urban water machine”provides climate adaptive solutions with nature-based design tools within the green landscape framework combined with blue-green design tools in public spaces.Such a holistic approach will help to care for the city as a whole,making them more beautiful,vibrant,and resilient.

基于生态智慧的社会-生态系统韧性慢变量思考——以新泽西海岸案例为例

近年来,自然灾害对于城市人居环境的影响持续上升,而传统规划模式在人类活动和自然生态的和谐上尚有欠缺。韧性理论作为抵御灾害风险的重要战略,对于正确认识影响社会-生态系统(SES)韧性构建的因素,并有效管理其中的慢变量因子至关重要。以生态智慧为指导,通过梳理社会-生态系统韧性与慢变量的相关概念与内容,并以麦克哈格《设计结合自然》中海洋与生存的章节提出的新泽西海岸灾难案例为例,系统分析了案例中的慢变量因子,利用PPRR模型结合社会-生态系统韧性发挥作用的过程,分阶段总结了韧性提升的方法,提出了将慢变量的识别与管理融入韧性城市的理论,以期通过生态智慧引导城市社会-生态系统韧性建设。

生态韧性视角下的绿水湾湿地公园多情景模拟

【目的】研究湿地公园不同情景的生态韧性状况,提出更具韧性的发展模式,以绿水湾湿地公园为例探究其2027年多情景下的土地利用与生态韧性变化。【方法】基于CLUE-S模型与Markov模型,依据研究区建设目标与上位规划,构建生态保护情景、旅游发展情景与协调发展情景,并以历史趋势情景作为基准情景,揭示2027年绿水湾湿地公园的土地利用情况。结合生态韧性评价模型的构建,在区域尺度上对4种情景进行评价分析。【结果】(1)土地利用空间分布上,3种情景下的各用地类型分布位置总体相似,仅在面积大小方面有所差别。(2)用地结构上,3种情景下的用地变化呈现不同变化趋势:生态保护情景湿地面积增幅较为显著,但建设面积锐减;旅游发展情景湿地面积稍有减少,而建设用地大幅增加;协调情景总体表现不突出,但在湿地恢复和公园开发需求上都有所成果。(3)生态韧性水平上,生态保护情景、旅游发展情景生态韧性水平均不突出,而协调发展情景的指标最为均衡,生态韧性水平最高。【结论】生态韧性理论有助于提升湿地公园抗风险与恢复能力,应作为湿地公园规划的基础性工作。研究表明,生态保护情景下公园景观略显单一且难以开发,旅游发展情景下公园无法达到未来湿地恢复与生境保护的要求,均不利于生态韧性的提高;而协调发展情景能够满足多方面目标,具有更高的生态韧性,其结果可用于规划决策过程,辅助提高公园韧性,加强公园应对未来不确定性的能力。

公共安全与风险应对下的防护绿地类型、功能及效用研究

【目的】通过分析公共卫生事件发生期间防护绿地防灾功能的短板,探究城市化快速发展进程中防护绿地功能需求的演变,提出发挥防护绿地功能与效用的策略,有助于提升城市的公共安全和风险应对能力,为城市规划者和决策者提供实践指导。【方法】1)提升防护绿地应对风险的能力,包括评估防护绿地韧性水平、构建基本防灾单元、优化生态系统服务功能;2)拓展防护绿地的功能服务要素,覆盖平时服务功能与灾时服务功能;3)根据防护的时效原则,对平时、灾时2个时期的情景进行预判,实施弹性调控。【结果】构建了适合中国绿地系统规划编制的防护体系功能提升与布局优化方法,从而发挥绿地系统的多元功能,应对突发公共安全事件。【结论】在建设更完备积极的城市安全防护系统中,需提高对城市绿地系统中防护绿地时效的重视程度,使防护绿地真正成为城市防灾体系的一部分,并纳入国土空间规划编制体系,确保防护绿地的建设能够切实实施。

Bringing Systematic Thinking of Landscape Justice Into Global Design Practice

Design increasingly plays a pivotal role in achieving justice for all.However,there are often gaps between visions and implementation due to the variety of factors and stakeholders involved in design practice.Through literature review and a keyword co-occurrence analysis,this paper investigates current landscape justice research and identifies the distinguishing concerns in design,and highlights the importance of systematic thinking in achieving landscape justice.By examining the practices of the British company Building Design Partnership(BDP),a multinational design company,this paper identifies BDP’s three key design principles as experiences can be followed for landscape justice:design for inclusion,design for resilience,and design for future ecosystems.The paper also addresses potential challenges and conflicts in implementing landscape justice across different contexts and highlights multinational design companies’efforts to mediate between various stakeholders.Finally,this paper demonstrates that design companies can contribute to 1)bridging social and environmental justice through landscape design,2)achieving the visions promoted by scholars,3)identifying and deploying diverse approaches to achieving landscape justice with their sensitivity to practical problems,and 4)fostering integrated feedback loops via both top-down and bottom-up approaches to ensure effective implementation of landscape justice.

弹性理念下西安市莲湖历史文化片区更新改造设计研究

基于文献研究法,文章厘清弹性景观概念及其应用场景,梳理历史文化片区研究现状,发现既有研究对历史文化片区的弹性适应力关注不足。以西安市莲湖历史文化片区为例,针对上述问题提出宏观调蓄雨洪、中观构建“水体-绿地-道路-建筑”弹性体系、微观建设海绵设施的生态弹性策略,以及恢复历史风貌、传承特色饮食文化、创新当代文化的文化弹性策略。结果表明,实施生态弹性策略后片区年径流总量控制率为85%,达到海绵城市标准;提出的历史风貌复原和借助新媒体技术扩大宣传的文化弹性策略也有益于改善片区人居环境,延续历史文脉。文章所提出的生态及文化弹性策略,为提升我国历史文化片区弹性适应能力提供了有价值的建议。

基于城市历史景观的独库公路多元价值保护与韧性管理模式研究

独库公路文化景观廊道,作为天山中段国家公园潜力区的核心纽带,具有不可估量的自然—文化遗产保护价值,也是解决跨区域性核心区与缓冲区之间文化断裂问题的关键。城市历史景观是强调对于区域环境活态性、整体性、再生性的遗产管理范式,旨在促进发展中寻求保护的双重目标。线性遗产空间的复合属性正是韧性保护的核心要点,以独库公路遗产廊道为研究对象,基于沿线资源现状问题,对独库公路全段的景观特征认知及遗产要素进行定位识别,分段关联性分析不同时期演变层积出的文化多样性发展过程;从宏观格局到中观形态再到微观场域进行分级保护管理,通过联动路域的遗产地、自然保护地、特色景观节点、停车点等重要历史文化遗产,构建线性遗产空间网络,以便坚实城市历史景观方法的应用与落位;最后,以独库自然—文化遗产基因库的建设实践为基础,将遗产廊道的全要素价值载体分级厘清,利用“生态韧性—文化韧性—管理韧性—消费韧性”的动态管理策略,实现活化利用交旅基底、盘活区域文旅资源、赋能沿线产旅路径的多元协同保护模式。研究成果以期推进独库文化遗产系统性保护与韧性发展,并为同类研究提供借鉴。

水环境影响下明代福建梅花所城海防聚落空间营建

【目的】明代海防聚落多沿海分布,空间营建既要满足军事防御功能,也要满足御洪、防潮、排涝、取水的需求。研究明代海防聚落的选址与空间布局,有助于乡土地域文化价值的发掘和水环境影响下地域性聚落的保护。【方法】以明代福建梅花所城为例,运用ArcGIS软件和DepthMapX空间句法软件进行量化分析,从人地关系出发,探究在水环境影响下海防聚落的空间营建特征。【结果】发现梅花所城因形就势,居高而建,跨海避河;利用山势、街巷、建筑排涝;筑城设壕,砌筑石屋、石墙,层层防御;合理布设水井,保障梅花所城用水安全。【结论】明代海防聚落基于水环境进行选址与空间布局,建成符合当地防御和发展需求的聚落空间,营建策略兼具御洪、防潮、排涝以及御敌功能,可为海防聚落等历史文化景观的保护和研究提供一定参考,为现代韧性城市建设提供借鉴。

基于韧性城市理念下的蓄滞洪区景观设计策略

全球气候变化导致洪涝等自然灾害,使城市面临诸多挑战,为解决城市的水文灾害等问题,改变传统蓄滞洪区防洪建设思路,将韧性城市理念引入蓄滞洪区景观设计,是蓄滞洪区景观建设在城市防洪方面的一种创新性探索。以韧性城市蓄滞洪区为研究对象,简单介绍了韧性城市概念与理念和蓄滞洪区概念与现有问题,并将韧性城市理念与蓄滞洪区景观设计结合进行关联分析,提炼出基于韧性城市理念下的蓄滞洪区景观设计原则与景观生态韧性设计策略和景观雨洪韧性设计策略,促进城市蓄滞洪区景观生态和雨洪的韧性建设,以期为今后的蓄滞洪区建设在提升生态韧性和雨洪韧性方向上提供新的思路和设计策略。

山体公园“韧性景观”系统设计探索——以徐州市子房山山体公园项目为例

公园绿地的景观韧性是韧性城市研究的重要切入点,在山体公园中构建“韧性景观”系统具有重要的生态意义与社会文化意义。通过对徐州市子房山山体公园“韧性景观”的系统设计研究,从空间、生态链、设施和文化4个方面梳理山体公园“韧性景观”系统策略,进而修复场地空间与山体、人与自然之间的联系,构建具有韧性的“景观骨架”,促进子房山山体公园的可持续发展。

基于韧性城市理念的城市滨水公园设计——以武汉滨江公园设计为例

旨在探索韧性城市理念在滨水公园设计中的应用。随着制造业的迅猛发展和城市化进程加速,经济发展带来了许多利益,但也凸显了城市面临的“城市病”。从城市生态与社会的耦合关系出发,探讨了如何应用韧性城市理念来应对这些挑战。以武汉滨江公园为案例,分析了其现有地理位置和景观环境面临的风险和问题,研究了多维度协调下的滨江景观韧性体系构建策略,并进行了滨江空间的针对性设计改造。结果表明,滨水景观韧性建设的关键在于实现生态自我恢复性、社会适应性以及功能之间的相互转换性。

韧性视域下传统村落文化景观评估与优化——以黄河流域河南段东山底村为例

随着城市化和现代化进程的加快,传统村落及其文化景观面临着外部冲击及内部动荡等诸多挑战。将韧性理论引入传统村落文化景观的研究,选取黄河流域河南段东山底村为研究对象,运用专家打分法和层次分析法从抵抗性、恢复性、发展性3个方面构建传统村落文化景观韧性评估体系,对其文化景观的韧性进行评估。结果表明:东山底村整体文化景观韧性水平较强,其中抵抗性与发展性较强,而恢复性一般,具体表现为“发展性>抵抗性>恢复性”。在此基础上提出东山底村文化景观的优化策略,为黄河流域其他相似的传统村落提供参考借鉴。

基于生态重构的海南乐东中灶湾海岸带生态系统修复技术研究与实践

海岸带是滨海生态系统的基础要素之一,受旅游开发、无序养殖和人为破坏等影响,海岸带生态系统退化严重。以海南省乐东县中灶湾海岸带生态修复项目为例,探究中灶湾生态系统退化问题及成因,以“生态重构”理念为指导,采取“人工+自然”的修复方式,修复生境、恢复植被、提高生物多样性,最大化改善中灶湾海岸带自然环境;运用海岸工程学、生态学、生物学、景观学、水动力学等多学科交叉融合知识,结合数学模型分析结果,采取湿地修复、河口疏浚及微地形改造、沙滩修复、红树林及盐沼修复、防风林修复、生态固土固沙等措施,恢复各自然要素生境、植被,提高中灶湾海岸带生物多样性,从根本上改变中灶湾海岸带现状,重塑海岸带健康韧性的生态系统,最终实现中灶湾人海和谐的发展目标。