Social organization of Shortridge’s capped langur（Trachypithecus shortridgei） at the Dulongjiang Valley in Yunnan,China

Non-human primates often live in socially stable groups characterized by bonded relationships among individuals. Social organization can be used to evaluate living conditions and expansion potential. Bisexual group size, ratio of males to females and group composition are essential elements determining the type of social organization. Although the first report on Shortridge’s capped langurs（Trachypithecus shortridgei） was in the 1970 s, until now, the species only inhabits forests of the Dulongjiang valley in northwest Yunnan, China, with c. 250-370 individuals in 19 populations. To understand its social organization, we collected data from five groups of Shortridge’s langurs at Silaluo in the Dulongjiang valley during August 2012-October 2013. Family groups consist of one adult male, 2–3 adult females and up to five young. Group size averaged 8（7-9） individuals. The ratio of adult males to females（M/F） was 1：2.9, infants to adult females was（I/F） 1：2.2; and ratio of adults to immatures was 1：1.2, indicating the potential of a population increasing. Birth season was during March-July and the inter-birth interval was two years.

The Existence of Social Movement Organization (SMO) & Comparison of Collective and Connective Action in the Digital Era - an Analysis of 15-M Movement in Spain

Social movement organizations(SMOs)have been performing a significant role in terms of gathering like-minded civil individuals with common interests during social movements.Stepping into the digital era,the social media becomes prevailing in transforming people’s lifestyles.This essay will discuss the 15-M Movement in Spain to explore the transition of SMO’s position from conventional social movements to those in the digital era in the light of collective action logic and connective action logic.With the phenomenon that SMO itself sometimes is the original source of problems to trigger social movements,it is reasonable to see the decreasingly important SMO with the successful example of the 15-M Movement to engage over 60 cities in Spain and avoid the“free ride”problem via completely excluding brick and mortar organizations.

Reflections on the Participation of Social Organizations in the Prevention of COVID-19

Objective To study the problems of Chinese social organizations in participating in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic so that we can standardize the participation mechanism,improve the collaborative management mechanism,and promote the development of social organizations.Methods Through the analysis of CNKI,news reports,industry conferences and other data,combined with the current situation,the participation of social organizations in public health emergencies were investigated.Results and Conclusion The coordination between government and social organizations is not good.Social organizations in the field of public health are unable to stand out in a timely manner.The public do not have self-management ability.Some of the media spread rumors.Besides,most social organizations are highly dependent on the government and they are ack supervision.Social organizations should be incorporated into the emergency management system and national hub-based social organizations must be established.In addition,supervision should be strengthened to increase the credibility of social organizations.The responsibilities of community and emergency management at the grassroots level should be enhanced.The public opinion response and disposal system should be improved.Lastly,the responsibility of social organizations in the field of public health must be fulfilled.

The Contribution, Experience and Risk Control of Social Organizations’ Participation in Global Human Rights Governance

As the"third sector",social organizations are increasingly involved in human rights affairs in the era of governance through cooperation.They play an important role in the construction of a human rights community with the core of"common human values",and together with the government and other relevant subjects,they become the guarantors of human rights.By sorting out the main contributions of social organizations and successful experiences participating in human rights governance,it can be seen that they timely support relevant policies and laws and the participation through certain modes are successful experiences of social organizations in participating in human rights governance.Under the guarantee of the mechanism of effectiveness and risk control along the whole chain before,during and after the process,these contributions and experience will provide better Chinese experience and Chinese programs to promote global human rights governance and the progress of human rights cause in the world.

Does kinship affect spatial organization in a small and isolated population of a solitary felid: The Eurasian lynx?

Social organization in wild carnivores is mostly determined by patterns of family bonds,which may shape the degree of relatedness among individuals in the population.We studied kinship in a small and isolated population of a solitary carnivore,the Eurasian lynx(Lynx lynx)to evaluate its effect on spatial distribution of individuals.We investigated the relationship between spatial location and pair-wise kinship among 28 lynx individuals iden­tified in 2004-2011 by telemetry,non-invasive sampling and genotyping with the use of 12 autosomal microsat­ellites in the Białowieża Primeval Forest,Poland.The average relatedness of the lynx population was relatively low(Lynch and Ritland’s R=0.03).Females were significantly more related to each other than males with other males.The inferred pedigree showed that the population was dominated by only 2 familial groups.We did not find significant correlations between the relatedness and the extent of home range overlap or the straight-line distances between the home ranges’central points.These results suggest that the dynamics of kinship in this sol­itary felid may not differ from the random mating processes described in social carnivores.Although the chanc­es of random mating could be limited to a few resident males and females,the presence of unrelated floaters may provide a“breeding buffer”that may prevent an increase of relatedness and likely inbreeding in the pop­ulation.This system is likely to fail in preserving genetic diversity in small,highly isolated populations;there­fore,restoring habitat connectivity is crucial to ensure sufficient immigration from neighboring populations.

Role of social organization engagement in high-risk groups intervention against HIV/AIDS:a case study from 176 cities of China

Background: A high-risk prevention strategy is an effective way to fight against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The China AIDS Fund for Non-Governmental Organizations (CAFNGO) was established in 2015 to help social organizations intervene to protect high-risk populations in 176 cities. This study aimed to evaluate the role of social organizations in high-risk population interventions against HIV/AIDS.Methods: This study was based on the CAFNGO program from 2016 to 2020. The collected data included the number and types of social organizations participating in high-risk group interventions and the amount of funds obtained by these organizations each year. We explored the factors influencing the number of newly diagnosed AIDS cases using a spatial econometric model. Furthermore, we evaluated the effectiveness of intervention activities by comparing the percentages of the individuals who initially tested positive, and the individuals who took the confirmatory test, as well as those who retested positive and underwent the treatment.Results: Overall, from 2016 to 2020, the number of social organizations involved in interventions to protect HIV/AIDS high-risk populations increased from 441 to 532, and the invested fund increased from $3.98 to $10.58 million. The number of newly diagnosed cases decreased from 9128 to 8546 during the same period. Although the number of cities with overall spatial correlations decreased, the spatial agglomeration effect persisted in the large cities. Citywise, the number of social organizations (direct effect 19.13), the permanent resident population (direct effect 0.12), GDP per capita (direct effect 17.58;indirect effect -15.38), and passenger turnover volume (direct effect 5.50;indirect effect -8.64) were the major factors influencing new positive cases confirmed through the testing interventions performed by the social organizations. The initial positive test rates among high-risk populations were below 5.5%, the retesting rates among those who initially tested positive were above 60%, and the treatment rates among diagnosed cases were above 70%.Conclusions: The spatial effect of social organizations participating in interventions targeting high-risk populations funded by CAFNGO is statistically significant. Nevertheless, despite the achievements of these social organizations in tracking new cases and encouraging treatment, a series of measures should be taken to further optimize the use of CAFNGO. Working data should be updated from social organizations to CAFNGO more frequently by establishing a data monitoring system to help better track newly diagnosed AIDS cases. Multichannel financing should be expanded as well.

Ecology and social behavior of the social vole Microtus socialis: A generalized review

The present review is a compilation of the published data on the ecology and social behavior of the social vole.Field studies provide evidence that these voles live in family groups consisting of 1 adult male,1 or 2 breeding females,and their offspring(1 or 2 litters).The social vole is capable of year-round reproduction,but in arid regions,the voles demonstrate seasonality in breeding.The mating system of this species may be defined as behavioral monogamy.A typical feature of the space use system is territoriality characterized by a locus-dependent dominance in relationships between neighboring breeding pairs as well as family groups.The family group social organization may be defined as consistent relationships without a dominant hierarchy.Social voles are cooperative in defending their territories,constructing burrows,digging underground tunnels,maintaining nests,and raising young.Cooperation appears to enhance the survival of family groups of this species under the extreme climaticconditionsof Central Asia.