Influence of Climate and Socio-Economic Factors on the Spatio-Temporal Variability of Soil Organic Matter: A Case Study of Central Heilongjiang Province, China

For the scientific management of farmland, it is significant to understand the spatio-temporal variability of soil organic matter and to study the influences of related factors. Using geostatistical theory, GIS spatial analysis, trend analysis and a Geographically Weighted Regression （GWR） model, this study analyzed the response of soil organic matter to climate and socio-economic factors in central Heilongjiang Province during the past 25 years. Second soil survey data of China for 1979-1985, 2005 field sampling data, climate observations and socio-economic data for 1980-2005 were analyzed. First, soil organic matter in 2005 was spatially interpolated using the Co-Kriging method along with auxiliary data sets of soil type and pH. The spatio-temporal variability was then studied by comparison with the 1980s second soil census data. Next, the temporal trends in climate and socio-economic factors over the past 25 years were investigated. Finally, we examined the variation of the response of soil organic matter to climate and socio-economic factors using the GWR model spatially and temporally. The model showed that 53.82% area of the organic matter content remained constant and 29.39% has decreased during the past 25 years. The impact of precipitation on organic matter content is mainly negative, with increasing absolute values of the regression coefficient. The absolute value of regression coefficient of annual average temperature has decreased, and more areas are now under its negative effects. In addition, the areas of positive regression coefficient of annual sunshine hours have northward shifted, with the increasing absolute value of positive coefficient and decreasing absolute value of negative coefficient. The areas of positive regression coefficient of mechanized farming as a socio-economic factor have westward shifted, with the increasing absolute value of negative coefficient and decreasing absolute value of positive coefficient. The area of regions with the positive regression coefficient of irrigation has expanded. The regions with positive regression coefficient of fertilizer use have shrinked. The positive regression coefficient of mulch film consumption has significantly increased. The regression coefficient of pesticide consumption was mainly positive in the west of the study area, while it was negative to the east. Generally, GWR model is capable to investigate the influence of both climatic and socio-economic factors, avoided the insufficiency of other research based on the single perspective of climatic or socio-economic factors. Therefore, we can conclude that GWR model could provide methodological support for global change research and serve as basic reference for cultivated land quality improvement and agricultural decision making.

Socio-economic status and lifestyle factors are associated with achalasia risk: A population-based case-control study

AIM: To evaluate the association between various lifestyle factors and achalasia risk.METHODS: A population-based case-control study was conducted in Northern Ireland, including n = 151 achalasia cases and n = 117 age- and sexmatched controls. Lifestyle factors were assessed via a face-to-face structured interview. The association between achalasia and lifestyle factors was assessed by unconditional logistic regression, to produce odds ratios(OR) and 95% confidence interval(CI).RESULTS: Individuals who had low-class occupations were at the highest risk of achalasia(OR = 1.88, 95%CI: 1.02-3.45), inferring that high-class occupation holders have a reduced risk of achalasia. A history of foreign travel, a lifestyle factor linked to upper socioeconomic class, was also associated with a reduced risk of achalasia(OR = 0.59, 95%CI: 0.35-0.99). Smoking and alcohol consumption carried significantly reduced risks of achalasia, even after adjustment for socio-economic status. The presence of pets in the house was associated with a two-fold increased risk of achalasia(OR = 2.00, 95%CI: 1.17-3.42). Nochildhood household factors were associated with achalasia risk.CONCLUSION: Achalasia is a disease of inequality, and individuals from low socio-economic backgrounds are at highest risk. This does not appear to be due to corresponding alcohol and smoking behaviours. An observed positive association between pet ownership and achalasia risk suggests an interaction between endotoxin and viral infection exposure in achalasia aetiology.

The regional disparities of socio-economic development in rural Jiangsu Province,China

Since the implementation of reform and open door policy in China, Jiangsu has become one of the provinces which have the highest speed of economic development. With the implementation of the uneven development strategy, Jiangsu has witnessed a widening dichotomy in levels of socio economic development: southeast showing rapid improvement and north showing little improvement, particularly in rural areas. Based on factor analysis, it is argued that foreign investment, agricultural productivity, the character of regional economic structures, and the level of urbanization all contribute in varying ways to the inequalities in levels of socio economic development in different regions of Jiangsu. According to the levels of socio economic development, eleven regions are categorized into three groups.

Analysis of Environmental and Socio-economic Determinants Affecting Population Longevity Level at County Level in China

Based on the current literature, this paper is mainly intended to test whether environmental factors and socio-economic factors will have direct effect on the longevity at county level in China in order to determine the major determinants affecting local longevity level. Using the multi-regression model, we find the result that factors such as temperature, climate, longitude, type of soils, as well as type of agricultural food production play a major role in shaping the longevity at county level, and that socio- economic factors like infant mortality and gross death rate also have some direct impact on longevity, but the degree of impact is not as strong as the above environmental factors.

Incidence of Stroke among Swedish-Born and Migrant Women<br/>—The Role of Socio-Economic Status, Smoking, and Physical Activity

Introduction: The incidence of stroke has decreased in Sweden as well as in most developed countries, but a high number of migrants have arrived in Sweden, during the last decades, which may have influenced the incidence. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the incidence of stroke in women, born outside as well as in Sweden. Furthermore, the aim was to examine how socio-economic factors, smoking, and physical activity could modify the risk for stroke. Method: Data from the “Malm&ouml;Diet and Cancer Study” was used for the analysis. In total, 16,857 women were included (14,849 of them born in and 2,008 born outside Sweden), aged 45 - 73 years with a mean age of 57.4 years. Result. A significantly increased relative risk (RR) was found for the incidence of stroke for current smokers in both Swedish-born and migrant women. In Swedish-born women the RR was 1.98 (CI: 1.66 - 2.36) and for migrant women the RR was 1.83(CI: 1.13 - 2.96). The adjusted relative risk for the incidence of stroke in Swedish-born women performing moderate/high physical activity was RR 0.71 (CI: 0.61 - 0.84) and for migrant women it was RR 0.77 (CI: 0.49 - 1.20). The relative risk in relation to low socio-economic circumstances (SES) was significant only for Swedish-born women (RR 0.85 [CI: 0.73 - 0.99]). Among currently smoking Swedish-born women with a low SES the RR was 1.27 (CI: 1.03 - 1.57) in comparison with smoking migrant women, whose RR was 1.68 (CI: 0.92 - 3.09). Conclusion: No differences were found indicating that migrant women in this population had a higher risk as compared to Swedish-born women. However, migrant smoking women were more vulnerable to stroke compared to Swedish-born women. Physical activity was effective in reducing the risk of stroke among the total population and especially in the Swedish-born women. To increase physical activity in middle-aged women, in both migrant and Swedish-born women, is a highly recommended public health strategy.

Socioeconomic Characteristics of Child-Bearing Mothers and Feeding Practices of Under-Five Children in Kori Chiefdom, Sierra Leone

Introduction: The use of proper feeding practices is key for the overall development of children. Generally, breastfeeding and complementary feeding make up the diet and therefore the nutritional status of children. However, the degree to which mothers adhere to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) regarding breastfeeding and complementary feeding is key to the nutritional status of children. Again, the adherence to this dietary recommendation is contingent on the socio-economic conditions of the child-bearing parents, especially the mothers. Here in this study, the socio-economic characteristics were analyzed along with the feeding practices of children not more than five years old in rural Sierra Leone. Method: Data were collected in 2017 on representative mothers with children within 0 - 5 years old. A total of 10 communities and 200 respondents were randomly covered in the Kori Chiefdom of Moyamba District, Sierra Leone. The data collection instruments included structured questionnaire, inter-personal interaction, personal observation and experience. The collected data were analyzed in Microsoft Excel and SPSS and the results presented in simple graphs. Results: A large number of the respondents were married teenage mothers with 1 - 2 children and living under extreme hardship by the United Nations (UN) standard. Also, most of the mothers were illiterate and started breastfeeding their children within the very hour of birth. Because complementary feeding was started all too early, exclusive breastfeeding last for not more than two months for most of the respondent mothers. Also, because rice is by far the most widely eaten the staple food in Sierra Leone, complementary food was mostly powdered rice mixed with salt and oil. Hardly was protein food supplement used as complementary food, probably due to the economic conditions of the poor rural women. Conclusion: The study has thrown sufficient light on the socio-economic characteristics and adopted feeding practices of children in poor rural Sierra Leone. In this sense, the study has laid the basis for sufficient for in-depth correlativity studies on the factors driving feeding practices of children and how it in turn impacts nutritional status of children in poor rural Africa. From here, practically adoptable recommendations can be advanced for the attention of the governments, public institutions, the private sector and the individuals of the society.

Investigation of Relationship between Sociodemographic Factors and HIV Counseling and Testing (HCT) among Young People in Nigeria

The main purpose of this study was to examine the association between sociodemographic factors (gender, place of residence, level of education, geopolitical zone, and socioeconomic status) and HCT uptake among young people in Nigeria. The study is a quantitative research guided by one research question and one hypothesis. The target population comprised young people in Nigeria ages 15 to 24 years because the focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting HCT uptake among young people in this age cohort. The representative sample was obtained from the updated master sample frame of rural and urban zones developed by the National Population Commission in Nigeria. This master sample frame was a national survey that comprises all 36 states in Nigeria. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10,091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192;urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The individual questionnaires asked about household characteristics, background characteristics of the respondents. Data were analyzed by inputting them into SPSS v21.0 for analysis and then coded them for each participant. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages;measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric test such as chi-square was used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. Results of data analysis indicated that the sociodemographic variables of gender, place of residence, level of education, geopolitical zone, and SES were significantly associated with HCT uptake. Among others, it was recommended that examining the efficacy of HCT treatments in Nigeria, along with conducting a demographic analysis of the at-risk population, could be beneficial in informing the authorities who are responsible for allocating finite medical resources.

Impacts of socio-economic factors on sediment yield in the Upper Yangtze River

In recent years, the role of human activities in changing sediment yield has become more apparent for the construction of hydraulic engineering and water conservation projections in the Upper Yangtze River, but it has not been evaluated at the macro scale. Taking Sichuan Province and Chongqing City as an example, this paper studies the relationship between socio-economic factors and sediment yield in the Upper Yangtze River based on section data in 1989 and 2007. The results show that sediment yield is significantly correlated with population density and cultivated area, in which the former appears to be more closely related to sediment yield. Moreover, in the relation of sediment yield vs. population density, a critical value of population density exists, below which the sediment yield increases with the increase of population density and over which the sediment yield increases with the decrease of population density. The phenomenon essentially reflects the influence of natural factors, such as topography, precipitation and soil property, and some human activities on sediment yield. The region with a higher population density than critical value is located in the east of the study area and is characterized by plains, hills and low mountains, whereas the opposite is located in the west and characterized by middle and high mountains. In the eastern region, more people live on the lands with a low slope where regional soil erosion is slight; therefore, sediment yield is negatively related with population density. In contrast, in the western region, the population tends to aggregate in the areas with abundant soil and water resources which usually lead to a higher intensity of natural erosion, and in turn, high-intensity agricultural practices in these areas may further strengthen local soil erosion. It is also found that population tends to move from the areas with bad environment and high sediment yield to the areas with more comfortable environment and less sediment yield. The natural factors have greater influence on sediment yield of western region than that of eastern region. Generally, the natural factors play a dominant role on sediment yield in the Upper Yangtze River.

Factors in fluencing farmers' participation in crop intensification program in Rwanda

The crop intensification program（CIP）was introduced in Rwanda in 2007 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources（MINAGRI）,Rwanda,as a solution to the land fragmentation,low use of agricultural inputs and low access to extension services.However,due to the voluntary nature of farmers’participation and their reluctance to participate,this study aimed at assessing the factors that influence their participation.Data were collected from 340 respondents through a household survey in Mayange and Rusarabuye sectors.Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression model were used to analyze the data.Results show that the factors that significantly influenced the farmers’participation in the CIP include gender,non-farm income,farmland size,farming experience,land acquisition means,market access,trust and agro-ecological conditions.In fact,the non-farm income significantly increased the farmers’decisions to participate in the CIP（P〈0.001）as it eases the financial capital needed to invest in the CIP activities.On the land acquisition means,the farmers who inherited or bought the land positively and significantly participated in the CIP（P〈0.05）because they had the land tenure security.However,the participation in the CIP was hindered by inadequate irrigation and mechanization facilities,lack of farmers’participation in the CIP planning process,inadequate extension services,inadequate agricultural inputs and inadequate post-harvest technologies.Closer collaboration between farmers,local leaders,extension agents and agricultural service providers as well as the farmers’practical skills in irrigation and mechanization could enhance the participation to the program.Therefore,there is a need on the part of policymakers to empower farmers with adequate knowledge on better cropping practices and agricultural technologies through appropriate extension services and bottom-up based program.

社会经济因素对农户作物选择的影响机制--以黑龙江省宾县为例

【目的】探讨社会经济因素对农户农作物选择的影响机制,为优化农作物结构调整与制定政策提供依据。【方法】本研究对黑龙江省宾县384个农户进行随机调查,采用频率分析法,从生产要素投入、作物纯收益、作物出售情况、农业生产技术推广及农业政策等5个方面,探讨其对农户种地积极性以及农作物选择的影响。【结果】作物纯收益的提高、新品种与新技术的推广以及农业补贴与引导政策在较大程度上能够提高种地积极性。而在农户作物选择方面,主要受作物纯收益影响,其次为农业补贴与引导政策。【结论】为进一步促进东北地区未来的种植业发展,研究区应从增加基础设施投入、提高粮食作物收购价格、提供稳定收购渠道、加强农业科技投入力度和拓展服务内容等方面调动农户种地积极性、优化农作物结构,并提高农民收入水平。

农村振兴与农业发展政策制定中的社会经济因素分析

农村振兴和农业发展是推动社会经济发展的重要战略。在政策制定过程中,社会经济因素的分析至关重要。该研究通过探讨农村振兴与农业发展政策制定中的社会经济因素,分析农村地区的经济结构、人口流动、教育水平、基础设施建设及社会保障体系等方面内容,揭示这些因素如何影响政策的制定与实施,提出农村振兴与农业发展不仅依赖于经济投入和技术进步,更需要综合考虑社会经济因素,强调政策制定过程中应注重区域差异和因地制宜并总结一系列政策建议,旨在提升农村居民生活质量、促进农业现代化和推动农村经济全面发展。

基于GIS技术的食物沙漠空间分析--以福州市为例

随着人们生活水平的提高,饮食问题越来越受到人们重视,现实中由于食物供应点空间分布不均衡、交通不可达性、消费群体本身存在的社会经济因素等原因导致了"食物沙漠",即部分群体无法便利购买到日常所需的食物,一定程度上导致社会不公平性.以福州市为例,结合GIS分析工具,以空间图资、相关统计资料以及网络信息搜集为数据源基础,结合食物供应点、道路网等数据,综合分析福州市食物沙漠分布区,并基于GIS空间分析研究提出哪些食物沙漠区需要设立食物供应点,对政府的城市规划决策具有一定的参考意义.

2016-2017东北地区PM_(2.5)健康风险评价

颗粒物是我国大气污染物之一,具有颗粒小、输送距离远、使大气能见度降低和容易引起呼吸系统疾病的特点。本研究基于2016—2017年供暖期间东北地区34个地级城市总计162个国控监测站点的PM_(2.5)数据及同期的健康数据、气象数据、人口社会经济数据,采用了地理加权回归模型(GWR)分析方法研究了颗粒物、气象因子、人口社会经济因子对健康数据的影响并进行了评价,旨在结合气象因素、人口社会经济等因素,分析PM_(2.5)对人类健康状况的影响并对区域人类健康风险状况进行评价,为大气污染的防治和呼吸道疾病防控提供科学参考依据。

Situational Analysis of Access to Essential Healthcare Services in Nigeria: Implication for Trans-Sectorial Policy Considerations in Addressing Health Inequities

Background: Socioeconomic factors influence health outcomes and the distribution of health resources within and between countries globally. In Nigeria, there are various socio-economic factors that have been reported to be responsible for health inequities across the different geopolitical zones. Objective: To assess health inequities in relation to socio-economic factors that affect access to essential health care services in Nigeria, using family planning, maternal care, and childcare as indicators. Method: The study involved a cross-sectional secondary analysis of data from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) and a literature review of transdisciplinary approaches to addressing health inequities. Result: The overall result from the findings suggests a strong influence of geographical and socioeconomic factors in the distribution of healthcare services. Specifically, family planning services were more readily available and accessible in the Southern zones of Nigeria than in the Northern zone of Nigeria, which could be attributed to socio-cultural, religious, and access-related barriers. Results also showed that access to most maternal and child health care services was often skewed towards the southern zones, which could be due to the presence of more healthcare workers who provide these services coupled with higher access to maternal care, hence a higher uptake and utilization of maternal care services. Also, children in the northern zones had lesser odds of receiving basic and age-appropriate vaccination than those in other regions, which could be attributed to the supply-side disparities that exist between the northern and southern regions. Conclusion: This study concludes that level of educational attainment, wealth quintiles, as well as financial barriers, are the major socio-economic factors that influence access to maternal and childcare services.

Assessment of Knowledge and Attitude in a Sample of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Its Association with Disease Activity and Severity: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and disabling disease that has a major impact on the lives of patients. Objectives: To test the patients’ knowledge about their disease, its treatment, its complications, and if this affects severity of the disease as measured by the disease activity index (DAS 28). Patients and Methods: A sample of 100 patients with RA who met the Criteria of American College of Rheumatology for RA agreed to participate in this study over the period September 2011-March 2012. Patients’ data were obtained by personal interview. The questionnaire included demographic characteristics and the patients’ knowledge about their disease. The disease activity was measured using standard (DAS28). Results: Thirty three percent of the patients didn’t have an idea about their disease, 20% didn’t know the reason for the investigations, 49% didn’t know the treatment and 40% didn’t know the side effects of their medications. Most patients had a high disease activity index, and there was a poor correlation between patients’ educational level and the disease activity. Conclusions: Neither the educational level nor the frequency of hospital admissions had effects on the knowledge about this disease. As most patients had a high disease activity, a better knowledge may improve disease control and prevent complications.

京津冀地区经济社会要素与碳排放的时空耦合关系

碳排放受区域发展水平、产业结构、消费模式等经济社会多要素的综合影响。开展区域经济社会要素与碳排放的时空耦合关系研究,不仅有助于揭示区域内部各要素空间格局对碳排放的影响机制,而且对于制定差别化的经济、环境和产业政策,推动区域低碳协调和均衡发展也具有重要的实践意义。基于京津冀地区2005—2020年的相关统计数据,采用区域重心模型、空间关联性分析方法、地理集中度、不一致指数、空间自相关分析等方法,探讨了区域人口、经济、消费水平、第二产业、贫困度、碳排放量等经济社会要素的重心转移特征和地理集中度,并对各要素与碳排放的空间关系进行了分析。结果表明:(1)2005—2020年京津冀地区各经济社会要素均不同程度偏离区域几何中心,各要素在空间上长期处于不均衡状态,但随着时间推移,不均衡状态有所减缓。(2)研究期内,各经济社会要素的重心移动轨迹具有明显的阶段性,京津冀地区各要素重心格局易于波动,碳排放与其他要素重心空间耦合性呈现波动式变化。(3)人口因素是影响碳排放量增长的主要因素。贫困度、第二产业比重、经济发展水平的灰色关联度数值也都较高,贫困度、第二产业比重、经济发展水平也是碳排放量增长的主要驱动力。(4)京津冀地区各县(市、区)各要素地理集中度在空间上大多呈现出北低南高的分布格局,且主要表现为“核心-外围”之间的差异。(5)2005—2020年间京津冀地区各要素不均衡指数逐渐增强,各要素与碳排放空间分布逐步向空间均衡发展变化,且这种变化趋势通过空间自相关检验,区域协同发展有助于碳减排。

社会经济地位与居民基层首诊选择:质量、性价比和可及性

目的:基于社会经济地位异质性视角,探究居民首诊选择的影响因素,推动基层首诊精准落实。方法:采用自行设计的问卷,依据文化程度、职业、收入划分社会经济地位,利用χ^(2)检验和Logistic回归探究居民基层首诊的影响因素。结果:居民患病就医率为41.45%,高、中、低社会经济地位居民基层首诊率分别为28.83%、47.66%、62.95%,居民患病就医率、基层首诊率随社会经济地位上升而下降。结论:居民就医率、基层首诊率及其影响因素存在异质性,质量、性价比、成本和可及性分别为高、中、低社会经济地位居民基层首诊的关注点,对此应差异化施策,以提升基层首诊率。

太湖流域农村生活垃圾产生特征及其影响因素

以太湖流域的一个行政村为研究对象,依托新建的生活垃圾收集系统的运行和对村民的社会经济状况调查,分析了该村的生活垃圾产生特征及影响因素。结果表明,太湖流域农村生活垃圾的人均产生量已达周边城市的1/3左右,生活垃圾的组成以食品废物和包装物残余为主,区域性的家庭手工业亦对其组成有一定的影响。村民收入水平的增长、实际务农劳动力的减少、家庭养殖的萎缩、燃料的气体化和水冲卫厕的普及与垃圾量增长间存在一定的相关性。生活垃圾的组成和性质使其较适合在废品回收利用的基础上采用生物处理后还田方式进行管理。

湖州市生态资产遥感测量及其在社会经济中的应用

该文利用高空间分辨率Landsat7TM卫星影像及中空间分辨率MODIS卫星影像获取生态系统类型、质量状况等参数,计算湖州市各类生态系统的净第一性生产力(Netprimaryproductivity,NPP),结合地理属性数据及统计数据计算出各类生态系统的生态资产,并应用于当地社会、经济活动分析。结果表明:1)4年间湖州市林地、水田、灌丛、裸地4类占有明显优势,占全市的面积比例平均达87%以上,草地、水域/湿地、旱地3类占全市面积的13%左右;2)湖州市生态资产平均为203.33亿元·a-1,森林对生态资产的平均贡献率为73.22%,森林及耕地在全市的生态资产构成中占主要地位,各县(区)的生态资产呈波动递减,平均生态资产依次排列为:安吉县(91.76亿元·a-1)>长兴县(41.33亿元·a-1)>吴兴区(29.31亿元·a-1)>德清县(28.27亿元·a-1)>南浔区(12.66亿元·a-1);3)4年中生态资产在国民经济中的比重由大到小排列均为:安吉县>长兴县>德清县>市辖区,但各县(区)生态资产占GDP的比重均逐年下降(市辖区仅在2002年略高于2001年,但4年中总体趋势也在下降);4年中人均及地均生态资产均按安吉县>德清县>长兴县>市辖区的顺序排列。各县(区)人均及地均生态资产与国民生产总值的变化均呈相反趋势,即经济发展相对较快的地方,其人均及地均占有的生态资产相对低,同时其人均及地均污染水平高,这些都反映出目前当地经济增长特点,即经济高速发展的同时也带来了较为严重的环境问题。

中国县(区)人口长寿水平的影响因素分析

根据现有研究文献 ,本文重点检验区域环境和社会经济两大类非个体因素是否对区域人口长寿水平有直接的影响 ,以便确定不同区域人口长寿水平的影响因素。多元线性回归的分析结果表明 ,在所有社会经济与环境因素中 ,老年人居住地的气温、气候、经度、土壤类型以及粮食作物类型等是影响区域人口长寿水平的主导因素 ;而婴儿死亡率和粗死亡率同样影响着区域的人口长寿水平 ,但其影响强度不如上述环境因素。