Strength Model of Soda Residue Soil Considering Consolidation Stress and Structural Influence

Soda residue(SR)is a type of industrial waste produced in the soda process with the ammonia-soda method.Applying SR to backfilling solves the land occupation and environmental pollution problems in coastal areas and saves material costs for foundation engineering.The strength characteristics of soda residue soil(SRS)under different consolidation conditions are the key points to be solved in the engineering application of SRS.Triaxial compression tests were performed on the undisturbed SRS of Tianjin Port.The shear properties of SRS under different consolidation conditions were then discussed.Meanwhile,a structural strength model(SSM)based on Mohr-Coulomb theory was proposed.SSM reflects the influence of soil structure on undrained strength(Cu)and divides the Cu into the following two parts:friction strength(C_(uf))and original structural strength(C_(u0)).C_(uf)characterizes the magnitude of friction between soil particles,which is related to the consolidation stress.Meanwhile,C_(u0)represents the structural effect on soil strength,which is related to the soil deposition and consolidation processes.SSM was validated by the test data of undisturbed soils.Results reveal that the undisturbed soil generally had a certain C_(u0).Therefore,the SRS strength model was established by combining the experimental law of SRS with SSM.Error analysis shows that the SRS strength model can effectively predict the Cu of undisturbed SRS in Tianjin Port under different consolidation conditions.

Soil Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations and Stoichiometries Across a Chronosequence of Restored Inland Soda Saline-Alkali Wetlands, Western Songnen Plain, Northeast China

Soil carbon(C), nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) concentrations and stoichiometries can be used to evaluate the success indicators to the effects of wetland restoration and reflect ecosystem function. Restoration of inland soda saline-alkali wetlands is widespread, however, the soil nutrition changes that follow restoration are unclear. We quantified the recovery trajectories of soil physicochemical properties, including soil organic carbon(SOC), total nitrogen(TN), and total phosphorus(TP) pools, for a chronosequence of three restored wetlands(7 yr, 12 yr and 21 yr) and compared these properties to those of degraded and natural wetlands in the western Songnen Plain, Northeast China. Wetland degradation lead to the loss of soil nutrients. Relative to natural wetlands, the mean reductions of in SOC, TN, and TP concentrations were 89.6%, 65.5% and 52.5%, respectively. Nutrients recovered as years passed after restoration. The SOC, TN, and TP concentrations increased by 2.36 times, 1.15 times, and 0.83 times, respectively in degraded wetlands that had been restored for 21 yr, but remained 29.2%, 17.3%, and 12.8% lower, respectively, than those in natural wetlands. The soil C∶N(RC N), C∶P(R CP), and N∶P(R NP) ratios increased from 5.92 to 8.81, 45.36 to 79.19, and 7.67 to 8.71, respectively in the wetland that had been restored for 12 yr. These results were similar to those from the natural wetland and the wetland that had been restored for 21 yr(P > 0.05). Soil nutrients changes occurred mainly in the upper layers(≤ 30 cm), and no significant differences were found in deeper soils(> 30 cm). Based on this, we inferred that it would take at least 34 yr for SOC, TN, and TP concentrations and 12 yr for RC N, R CP, and RN P in the top soils of degraded wetlands to recover to levels of natural wetlands. Soil salinity negatively influenced SOC(r =-0.704, P < 0.01), TN(r =-0.722, P < 0.01), and TP(r =-0.882, P < 0.01) concentrations during wetland restoration, which indicates that reducing salinity is beneficial to SOC, TN, and TP recovery. Moreover, plants were an important source of soil nutrients and vegetation restoration was conducive to soil nutrient accumulation. In brief, wetland restoration increased the accumulation of soil biogenic elements, which indicated that positive ecosystem functions changes had occurred.

Seed movement of bare alkali-saline patches and their potential role in the ecological restoration in Songnen grassland, China

The dynamics of soil seed banks and seed movement was investigated in three bare alkali-saline patches in Songnen grassland, Northeast China, for exploring their potential role in the vegetation restoration of bare alkali-saline patches. The results showed that the seed banks and the seed movement in these patches were very similar to each other, and to some extent the seed movement was related to patch-side vegetation there. Seed movement across the soil surface of these bare alkali-saline patches was abundant and dominated by the seeds of pioneer species, such as Chloris virgata and Suaeda corniculata, which accounted for over 96% of these trapped seeds. In the contrast, soil seed banks of bare patches were extremely small, in different seasons, especially in May and June, even no any seed have been found, mainly due to lowest retaining capacity of surface soil to those abundant seed movement. Both soil seed banks and seed movement showed seasonal variation, and usually reached the maximum in October. Soil seed banks of bare alkali-saline patches, which were extremely small and difficult to recruit naturally, may inhibit speed of vegetation restoration. It is suggested that seed movement would be the potential seed source and play a potentially important role in the process of vegetation restoration of bare alkali-saline patches by enhancing the soft retaining capacity to seed movement.

Characteristics of land use conversion in soda saline-alkali soil region of central Northeast China

Since the 1970s,the soda saline-alkali soil region,which is located in the semiarid-arid region of the central Northeast China,has experienced drastic climate variability.Meanwhile,human activities and socio-economic development have led to an increase in water consumption.These factors have brought out considerable land use change and a lot of soil salinize-alkalization.The land use types were obtained from remote sensing images interpretation based on Landsat MSS in 1970s,TM,ETM in 1990s and 2010s.The characteristics of land use conversion and its response to climate change and influence of human activities were explored in the study area during 1970-2010.The results include:(1)The land use types had changed significantly,especially farmland and grassland,with annual growth rates of 0.31% and 0.35%,respectively.In terms of the saline-alkali land,the area increased greatly during 1970-1990,and its increase was mainly from grassland.There was a decrease from 1990 to 2010,and the loss of saline-alkali was replaced by farmland and grassland.(2)Climate change in the study area is obvious,showing a trend of decreasing precipitation and increasing temperature.The change of saline-alkali land area is closely related to the precipitation,with R2=0.78,passed a passing the 0.01 significance test.(3)The correlation of land use degree index and human activity index with saline-alkali land was not obvious,and the changes in these indices only reflected the land use patterns.Under sufficient rainfall,the saline-alkali land was developed into farmland by humans,which caused the decrease of the saline-alkali land.Therefore,climate change is the main driving force of land salinization in the study area.

A STUDY ON GROWTH OF PLANTATION ON SODA-SALINE-ALKALI SOIL

If some suitable treatments are used plantations can be grown and established on the soil of soda-saline-alkali with the soil condition of PH 8.5- 9.6, salinity 0.1-0.3% and normality ratio of saline base Na+ / ( Ca+++ Mg++)≥4. From the results of plot inventory and tree stem analysis, the increment of Poplus simonigra is highest. For 9 years, the volume can reach 100 m3/ha, the biomass (above ground) can reach 28.7 ton/ha. Poplus simonigra grows very well on the all kinds of soda-saline-alkali soils except for the alkali spot with the worst soil condition. So Poplus simonigra is a good tree species for planting on the soil of soda-saline-alkali.

Studies on Fast Remediation of Soda Meadow Alkaline Soil

Researches on models of remediation quickly in soda meadow alkaline soil, and dynamic variation of water-salt in saline soil of Zhaozhou County were studied systematically from 2001 to 2006. Realize the vegetation cover of those years through the artificial planting, mixed seeding lyme grass （Elymus dahuricus Turcz） and melilot in the mode of rotary tillage and deep loosening in lower and medium saline soils. The results showed that there was remarkable relationship between net evaporation （difference of precipitation and evaporation） and total salt content in the soil. The net evaporation could be used as a new method to forecast the dynamics variation of salt to ensure the pasture optimum sowing time. Realize the autumnal vegetation cover of those years through direct planting on the bourgeon layer of soda meadow alkaline soil, on the other hand, the covered pasture made the function of restraining salt and alkaline content to realize the biology reverse succession quickly. Forage seeds were seeded directly on the seeding bed of soda alkaline meadow at the end of July. In fall of the same year, a certain amount of biomass was obtained. The model, which has remarkable economical efficiency and use widely, represented the innovative model for the fast vegetation restoration on the soda alkaline meadow soil.

Planting six tree species on soda-saline-alkali soil

Populus simonigra， Salix matsudana， Ulmus pumila， Populus nigra， Acer negundo， Fraxinus mandshurica。Tamarix chinensis， Hippophae rhammoldes， Syriga onlata 在 soda-saline-alkali 上被种。土壤有 pH 8.5 鈥 ?.6，咸度 0.1% 鈥 ?.3% ， sodiumionized 比率 16% 鈥 ?1% 并且盐的基础 Na+/(Ca+++Mg++) 的规度比率 > 4。除了在碱运动上， Populus simonigra 与最糟的土壤条件在各种 soda-saline-alkali 土壤上成长很好并且显示出一根高木头增长和生物资源。在 9 以后一，体积能到达 100 m3/hm2，并且未葬生物资源罐头重新拱 28.7 t/hm2。

土壤改良剂的应用现状

苏打盐碱土的改良是东北松嫩平原土壤治理的重要目标。综合前人的研究结果,归纳总结了改良剂的作用机理和改良效果,主要类型及应用,以及改良剂在实际使用中存在的问题,也展望了改良剂的应用前景,为今后改良剂的深入研究提供参考。改良剂可分为无机改良剂、有机改良剂、微生物菌剂,组合改良剂的使用效果好于单一改良剂,改良剂的应用对土壤理化性质、结构、养分含量以及微生态环境都有改善,并促进植物生长。提出针对北方旱田盐碱土的改良,新型有机改良剂以及配套改良技术的研发是今后研究的重点。

考虑地下水位影响的碱渣土地基半埋混凝土内氯离子传输试验研究

关于碱渣土地基环境下钢筋混凝土结构耐久性问题,尚未见相关研究成果,是有待研究的课题。为探究碱渣土地基混凝土内氯离子传输规律,本工作模拟真实碱渣土地基及地下水侵蚀环境,设计了三种地下水位-0.2 m、-0.5 m、-0.8 m,开展半埋于碱渣土地基的混凝土氯离子自然扩散试验,探究不同地下水位环境下混凝土地表吸附区及地下区域的氯离子分布规律。结果表明,地表吸附区由于其蒸发浓缩及毛细作用,氯离子浓度高于地下区域。氯离子浓度随地下水位的变化呈现较大差异,地表吸附区氯离子浓度随地下水位的升高呈下降趋势,地下区域地下水位的影响主要体现在试件与水位的相对位置,地下水位以下区域氯离子浓度高于地下水位以上区域。在此基础上,探究碱渣土地基半埋混凝土内氯离子传输机理,基于Fick第二定律定量研究了地下水位对表面氯离子浓度及扩散系数的影响,建立考虑地下水位影响的氯离子传输时变模型,通过与实测结果对比印证了模型的正确性,本模型可为实际工程中定量评估不同碱渣土侵蚀环境下混凝土内氯离子浓度以及服役寿命预测提供技术支持。

秸秆还田对苏打盐碱土pH、电导率及玉米生长的影响

通过田间试验,分析玉米秸秆不同还田方式对苏打盐碱土pH、电导率及玉米生长的影响。结果表明,在作物整个生长阶段内,处理HCS与FCS中0~20 cm土壤pH均低于CK,但30~50 cm略高于CK;处理HCS与FCS中各层土壤EC均低于CK;相比CK,处理HCS与FCS玉米株高、茎粗、穗位高、穗长、穗粗均增加;二者产量分别比CK高6.70%和18.25%。综上,秸秆还田可有效减轻苏打盐碱土的碱害和盐害,促进玉米生长,提高产量,玉米秸秆还田量为1.2 t/hm^(2)的作用效果优于还田量为0.6 t/hm^(2)。

活化铁尾砂与镁改性生物炭配施对水稻幼苗生长及盐碱土性质的影响

为探究活化的高硅型铁尾砂与镁改性生物炭配施材料对水稻幼苗生长及盐碱土壤理化性质的影响以及改善盐碱地水稻生产力的可行性,本研究应用电子扫描显微镜对生物炭材料进行形貌结构观察,应用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对生物炭材料进行官能团表征;开展盆栽实验,探究活化铁尾砂与生物炭材料配施对水稻幼苗的形态学和生理学的影响及对盐碱土的改善效果。结果表明,相比于其他生物炭材料,活化铁尾砂-镁改性生物炭材料孔隙较大,表面更加粗糙,对于养分的吸附能力强,表面的官能团丰富。盆栽实验中活化铁尾砂-镁改性生物炭配施组中水稻幼苗株高、根长、根冠比和干质量分别较对照组提高12.61%、191.49%、42.93%和100.00%;叶片的丙二醛和活性氧含量分别降低65.76%和46.46%;过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、叶绿素和可溶性蛋白值分别升高117.35%、44.75%、55.00%和19.31%。施用活化铁尾砂-镁改性生物炭材料后,盐碱土的电导率降低,p H、总碳、总氮、土壤有效硅、总磷和总钾含量升高。研究证明活化铁尾砂-镁改性生物炭材料性能优越,并且活化铁尾砂与镁改性生物炭配施改善了盐碱土壤理化性质和养分含量,使水稻幼苗活性氧含量降低及抗氧化酶活性提升,减缓盐碱土对水稻幼苗生长的胁迫,促进盐碱土壤中水稻幼苗生理过程,增加干物质积累,可以促进盐碱地水稻幼苗生长。

改良剂与沼液配施对中度苏打盐碱土的改良效果研究

为了探究改良剂与沼液配施的合理方案,实现盐碱地改良,针对吉林省大安市盐碱地,通过大田试验,研究沼液与改良剂配施对苏打盐碱土的改良效果。试验结果表明,改良剂与沼液配施均能够有效提高土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾、碱解氮的含量,增大总孔隙度,增加了土壤团聚体的数量,改善了土壤团聚体稳定性,水稻产量显著提升,并有效降低土壤pH值、土壤容重、碱化度、水溶性盐含量。综合分析,脱硫石膏与沼液配施对苏打盐碱土改良效果最好,对比未施用沼液的处理,有机质含量提升100%,有效磷含量提升34%,速效钾含量提升59%,碱解氮含量提升104%,总孔隙度提升14%,土壤团聚体数量显著增加,土壤团聚体稳定性得到明显改善,增产率为76.77%,土壤p H值降低12%,土壤容重降低9.9%,碱化度降低11%,水溶性盐含量降低48%。

碱渣土蠕变特性试验及数值模拟研究

碱渣土孔隙比大、含水量高、压缩性大,研究其蠕变特性对于准确预测碱渣土地基长期沉降、确保上部结构长期稳定性具有重要意义。以天津港碱渣土为研究对象,采用分级加载-卸载的方式对不同深度处碱渣土进行一维压缩固结试验(包括卸荷回弹与再压缩试验)。通过试样孔隙比随上部固结压力的变化曲线分析了碱渣土的压缩特性;利用“陈氏法”对分级加载过程的应变-时间试验数据进行处理,得到不同深度处碱渣土在不同固结压力下的应变-时间蠕变曲线。在此基础上,根据蠕变曲线衰减稳定规律以及应力-应变等时曲线所反映的非线性蠕变特征,提出采用Merchant元件模型对蠕变试验曲线进行拟合,并确定模型中3个参数的经验计算公式,建立碱渣土非线性蠕变模型。最后,通过编制有限元子程序实现数值开发,将数模计算值与蠕变试验数据、天津港碱渣土地基沉降实测值进行对比,验证所开发数值模型的合理性。

菌糠预腐解与蚯蚓对苏打盐碱土改良效果的研究

为实现高添加量菌糠与蚯蚓对苏打盐碱土的快速改良,本研究利用预腐解菌糠与蚯蚓对苏打盐碱土进行改良,探究了在苏打盐碱土中添加大量菌糠预腐解后再接种蚯蚓对蚯蚓的影响,以及二者共同作用对苏打盐碱土水稳性团聚体分布、盐碱化程度、土壤养分及有机碳和水溶性有机碳的影响。结果表明:将15%、20%、25%、30%的菌糠添加到苏打盐碱土中先进行预腐解再接种蚯蚓,可以显著增加蚯蚓的存活率和日增重倍数,使蚯蚓的存活率基本保持在90%以上。在苏打盐碱土中添加15%~30%的菌糠预腐解后再接种蚯蚓显著增加了>2mm的水稳性团聚体数量,降低了土壤pH,提高了土壤电导率,增加了苏打盐碱土中的阳离子交换量(增加量为4.8~10.2 cmol·kg^(-1)),降低了苏打盐碱土的碱化度(下降2.7~4.0个百分点),显著增加了土壤速效氮磷钾含量,显著提高了土壤有机碳含量、水溶性有机碳含量及芳香度,促进了类腐植酸物质的生成。研究表明,大量菌糠预腐解后再接种蚯蚓能够快速高效地改良苏打盐碱土。

2017-2021年吉林大安农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站气象数据集

气象数据可以提供准确的天气预警,同时对农业生产有着重要意义。吉林大安农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站地处松嫩平原西部,属中温带大陆性季风气候,全年光照充足,雨热同期,有利于农作物生长。但该区大面积分布的盐碱土严重影响了农业发展和生态安全。本数据集利用大安站气象观测场的原始数据,经过数据处理和质量控制,以时尺度、日尺度和月尺度将2017-2021年的气象观测数据汇编成集,内容包括气温、气压、相对湿度、风速、降雨、土壤温度(0-20 cm)、总辐射、反射辐射、光合有效辐射、土壤热通量和日照时数,旨在为研究东北苏打盐碱土,发展盐碱地特色生态农业,保障粮食安全和生态安全提供基础数据,为我国盐碱荒漠化治理与盐碱地综合利用等提供数据支撑。

秸秆深埋配施硫酸铝对西辽河平原地区苏打盐碱土水盐运移的影响

为探索秸秆深埋和硫酸铝改良剂配施交互作用对苏打盐碱地水盐运移的影响,在通辽市科尔沁左翼中旗开展覆膜滴灌下不同硫酸铝用量与秸秆深埋的田间试验,以甜菜为指示作物,常规处理为对照(CK),在有无秸秆深埋(A、B)的条件下分别设置4水平硫酸铝添加量(30、60、90、120 g/m^(2)),揭示硫酸铝用量、秸秆深埋与土壤含水率、盐分的相关关系,提出覆膜滴灌及秸秆深埋下适宜的硫酸铝用量。结果显示,未添加秸秆处理中B3处理0~50 cm土体平均含水率最高(23.8%),比CK高8.2%,且平均含盐量最低(1.69 g/kg),比CK低12.6%;添加秸秆处理中A3处理0~50 cm土体平均含水率最高(26.6%),比B3处理高2.8%,平均含盐量也最低(1.57 g/kg),比B3处理低19%,且平均积盐率最低,比B3处理降低7.6%;A3处理在10~20和20~30 cm处土壤含水率均显著高于B3处理(P<0.05),在0~10和20~30 cm处土壤含盐量较B3处理显著降低(P<0.05);A3处理0~30 cm各土层均有脱盐趋势,达到显著水平(P<0.05),平均脱盐率11.5%;硫酸铝和秸秆深埋交互作用与土壤含水率呈极显著正相关(0.808),与土壤含盐量呈显著负相关(-0.564)。秸秆深埋和硫酸铝改良剂综合作用可有效降低土壤pH值0.53~0.94,缓解土壤碱化度20.5%~21.9%。覆膜滴灌及秸秆深埋下硫酸铝用量在72~104 g/m^(2)为适宜当地的推荐用量。研究结果可为西辽河平原地区盐碱土壤改良提供理论依据。

暗沟排盐对西辽河平原苏打盐碱荒地改良效果的研究

为探究暗沟排盐技术对西辽河平原苏打盐碱荒地改良效果的影响,在科左中旗胜利乡盐碱荒地,通过设置暗沟并应用不同的改良措施,暗沟间距分别设置5 m(L1)、10 m(L2)和15 m(L3),以及无暗沟(CK)处理,在此基础上施入脱硫石膏30 t/hm^(2),腐殖酸4.5 t/hm^(2)(F1)和9 t/hm^(2)(F2),共8个处理,对暗沟排盐工程结合化学改良措施对苏打盐碱荒地土壤的脱盐效果进行研究。研究结果表明,暗沟排盐技术对降低苏打盐碱荒地的土壤盐分有显著效果,0~40 cm深度土壤全盐量平均降低1.74 g/kg,暗沟间距越小,脱盐效果越显著。此外,施入腐殖酸对降低土壤盐碱度也有显著影响,平均降低了5.7%,其中间距5 m,施用量4.5 t/hm^(2)处理的降低幅度最大,达到了8.2%。从试验结果来看,暗沟间距10 m和施用4.5 t/hm^(2)腐殖酸的组合是最佳的改良效果。研究结果可为西辽河平原盐碱荒地的合理开发利用提供了理论依据。

碱渣泡沫轻质土路基的施工方法及抗压强度测试

碱渣是氨碱法生产纯碱时产生的废渣,其大量堆积会污染环境。利用原状碱渣制备碱渣泡沫轻质土,并将其用作连云港至宿迁高速公路徐圩—灌云段的路基填料;优化施工方案,提出碱渣泡沫轻质土路基的施工方法;测定抗压强度,并将其与设计值及规范值进行对比。研究表明,碱渣泡沫轻质土的施工方法简单,抗压强度符合设计及规范要求。碱渣泡沫轻质土可替代传统泡沫轻质土,达到节约水泥、减少碳排放和降低工程造价的目的,具有广阔的应用前景。

不同吸水环境下碱渣固化淤泥毛细吸水和强度性质

地下水位以上的固化淤泥中存在毛细吸水现象,可能会对固化淤泥的耐久性产生不利影响。以碱渣、矿渣和电石渣对淤泥进行固化处理,开展不同吸水环境下固化淤泥的毛细吸水、无侧限抗压强度、X射线衍射和核磁共振试验,研究毛细传输系数和强度的变化规律及其微观机理。研究表明,固化淤泥毛细管系数与吸水系数之比为2.3~3.2;固化淤泥的吸水系数和毛细管系数随碱渣掺量的增加先减后增,在碱渣掺量为25%(质量分数,下同)时最小,对应毛细孔体积也最小;随着水中含盐量增加,更多的钙矾石生成并发生氯化钠的迁移和聚集,毛细孔体积增多,孔径增大,毛细吸水能力增强,导致固化淤泥的毛细吸水系数和毛细管系数增大,无侧限抗压强度降低。在海水环境下毛细吸水使碱渣固化淤泥强度损失比水泥固化淤泥更严重。以碱渣等工业固体废弃物作为淤泥固化剂时,需考虑毛细吸水对固化淤泥耐久性的不利影响。

水泥-碱渣固化高含水率海相软土力学性质试验研究

为了解决低剂量水泥单独固化高含水率海相软土早期强度不足及固废碱渣资源化利用率低等问题,采用水泥、碱渣联合固化高含水率软土。通过30种不同质量配比的无侧限抗压强度试验得出,水泥-碱渣固化高含水率海相软土试样的无侧限抗压强度不仅与水泥、碱渣的掺量有关,还受到软土含水率的控制。在无侧限抗压强度研究基础上,推荐优选配比(碱渣、软土、水泥质量比为30∶70∶6),其7 d无侧限抗压强度为682.7 kPa。优选配比固化土的加州承载比(CBR)和回弹模量满足各级公路路基填料的指标要求。通过对高含水率软土中水的影响以及固化土级配和微观结构分析得出,水泥-碱渣固化高含水率软土的力学强度主要来源于碱渣吸水作用、碱渣骨架作用以及各组分材料化学反应的作用。化学作用产生的C-S-H,C-A-H和Aft等凝胶物质共同密实结构,提高固化土强度。研究结果可为固废物固化高含水率软土在路基中的应用提供理论支持。