A DFT Study on the Reaction Mechanism Involved in the Synthesis of Sodium Azide via Hydrazine Hydrate Method

Sodium azide is a widely used inorganic compound. Besides the commonly used method of "Wislicenus process" which uses ammonia, nitrous and sodium as materials, the hydrazine hydrate route is also employed for the preparation of sodium azide particularly in laboratory. However, because many species are involved in the reaction system, the reaction details for the hydrazine hydrate route are still unclear. A comprehensive understanding of the reaction mechanism may provide meaningful help for optimizing the production process. In this work, the reaction mechanism for the synthesis of sodium azide by hydrazine hydrate route has been studied using density function theory(DFT) method. On the basis of our calculations, the reaction details, including the energetics of ten elementary steps, the structures of intermediates and transition states as well as the influence of inorganic acids and alcohols, were illuminated at the atomistic level. Both the two steps, the generation of key intermediate(NH_2-NH-NO) and the trans-cistransformation of NH_2-NH-NO, are suggested to be the possible rate-limiting step, corresponding to the energy barriers of 20.3 and 22.7 kcal/mol, respectively. In the early reaction steps to generate NH_2-NH-NO, the main role of sulphuric acid is to donate proton, which can be replaced by nitric acid or hydrochloric acid. From the energy point of view, isopropanol has similar reactivity as methanol and ethanol.

Effects of Chemical Mutagen(Sodium Azide)on Onion Grown in Organic and Inorganic Fertilized Soil

The effects of chemical agent(Sodium Azide)on Onion growing in organic and inorganic fertile soil was to be examined during this study.The analy­sis work was carried out within the green house of the research laboratory technology of the Oke Ogun Science Laboratory Technology,Saki,Oyo State.Onion seeds were soaked inside different beakers containing the mixture of Sodium Azide and water mixed with 10 ml of Phosphate solu­tion for 4 hours.Also,the control was soaked with normal water and 10 ml of Phosphate buffer solution.The treated seeds of onions was planted in plastic containers containing 4.2 g of weighed humus soil within the green house at the Department of research lab Technology of The Oke Ogun poly­technic school,Saki Oyo State.The samples parameter were taken daily for six consecutive months.The result obtained was additionally subjected to statistical analysis by using DMRT techniques.The results showed that the stem length was ranged from 11.39±0.62 and 9.98±0.52 with sample of onion without sodium Azide and inorganic had the highest stem length values and samples of onion with Sodium Azide and inorganic had very cheap stem length.However,the leave length ranged from 29.63±0.12 and 22.45±0.10 with the Onion samples with inorganic and Organic fertilizers which had the highest leave length and sample of onion without Sodium Azide was very low leave length.The results of this study showed that each one the parameters studied within the plant were low with Sodium Azide treatment.The decrease in plant growth,plant heights,root lengths,and Phaonerogam survival,fruit yield per plant and height at maturity with agent concentration.It is hereof suggested that Sodium Azide(NaN3)was expected to produce mutation in onion that area unit extremely liable to harmful pathogens and making them cheap to be useful for farmers.

Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside protects against sodium azide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in human neuroblastoma cells

Objective:Mitochondrial dysfunction is evident in the early stage of Alzheimer's disease(AD).Therefore development of drugs that protect mitochondrial function is a promising strategy for AD.The present work was to investigate the effects of 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucosides(TSG) on a mitochondrial dysfunction cell model induced by sodium azide and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.Methods:Mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP) was detected by a fluorescence method.Cellular adenosine triphosphate(ATP) level was measured using a firefly luciferase-based kit.Reactive oxygen species(ROS) was detected using dichlorofluorescin diacetate(DCFH-DA).The expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax were measured by Western blotting assay.Flow cytometry was utilized to measure apoptosis.Results:Pretreatment of TSG(25-200 μmol/L) for 24 h significantly elevated MMP and ATP content,reduced ROS level and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio,and inhibited apoptosis in SH-SY5 Y cells exposed to sodium azide.Conclusion:These results suggest that TSG protects SH-SY5 Y cells against sodium azide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis.These findings are helpful to understand the protective effect of TSG on mitochondria,which are involved in the early stage of AD.

Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Bis(2,2'-bpy)bis(azide)cobalt(Ⅲ)nitrate dihydrate

The title complex [CoIII(2, 2?bpy)2(N3)2]種O3?H2O was obtained by an auto-oxidization reaction of cobalt nitrate with 2, 2-bpy and sodium azide in aqueous solution at room temperature, and violet single crystals were prepared in ethanol solution. The structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. The crystal is of triclinic, space group P ?with a = 8.285(4), b = 11.990(8), c = 12.596(7) ? a = 86.630(3), b = 86.280(5), g = 71.130(10)? C20H20CoN11O5, Mr = 553.40, Z = 2, V = 1180.6(12) ?, F(000) = 568, Dc = 1.557 g/cm3, m = 0.784 mm-1, R = 0.0403 and wR = 0.1008. The title complex consists of a [CoⅢ(2, 2?bpy)2(N3)2]+ cation, a NO3- anion and two lattice water molecules. The center CoⅢ ion coordinated by two chelating 2, 2?bpy ligands and two terminal azide groups with a CoN6 coordination environment exhibits a distorted octahedral geometry.

Bacterial Deterioration in the Limestone Minaret of Prince Muhammad and Suggested Treatment Methods, Akhmim, Egypt

El-Amir Muhammad’s minaret in Akhmim, Sohag, Egypt, is constructed of limestone and has been exposed to many factors of damage as a result of the high levels of ground water. Limestone is strongly affected by ground water, especially when being impure. The current work discusses the results of analytical techniques including chemical testing to determine the types of soluble salts through optical microscopy, electronic scanning electron microscope with an X-ray energy dispersion system (ESEM) to study and determine the causes of rapid degradation. Microbial weathering phenomena toward limestone were also studied. Different bacteria and fungi were isolated from outdoors and indoors of air and limestone of the building of which Bacillus cereus OK447647, B. subtilis OK447648, Serratia marcescens OK447650, Pseudomonasoryzihabitans OK447649, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Penicillium chrysogenum and Cladosporium cladosporoids were the most representative. B. cereus OK447647 and B. subtilis OK447648 have shown ability for calcium carbonate dissolving. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of sodium azide were investigated against the growth of microbial isolates. Sodium azide at 100 ppm was found to be the best treatment for bacterial isolates although it had no significant effect against fungi.