Carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)has emerged in oil and gas industries as a superior substitution to the conventional HPAM and xanthan gum(XG)for high viscosity polymer flooding application.In this study,the combined effec...Carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)has emerged in oil and gas industries as a superior substitution to the conventional HPAM and xanthan gum(XG)for high viscosity polymer flooding application.In this study,the combined effect of conventional surfactant,sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate(SDBS)and CMC for potential surfactant-polymer(SP)flooding in enhanced oil recovery(EOR)has been investigated.Thereafter,SDBS–CMC interaction and the functional groups present in CMC were appropriately identified.The presence of various C–O bonds signifies the existence of carboxymethyl group which greatly influence the rheological properties of CMC solution.The behaviour of SDBS–CMC was characterized by their viscosity,shear rate,solubilization,wettability,and surface tension.Tertiary flooding utilizing SDBS-CMC was performed and compared to commercial SDBS-XG SP flooding.The results indicate several SDBS-CMC combinations are favourable for EOR application.Solution viscosity shows direct relationship with CMC concentrations.Consequently,at any given SDBS concentrations,significant increment was observed at 0.3 wt%and above.However,the trend displayed inconclusive relation to SDBS fractions.Majority of the SDBS-CMC combinations generate Winsor III emulsions particularly at CMC of 0.2 and 0.3 wt%,while Type II were observed in few combinations.Increasing CMC concentrations increased the contact angle,while gradual reductions were observed with SDBS concentrations.The gradual reduction in surface tension was highly influenced by the addition of CMC rather than SDBS.A novel combination of 0.3 wt%SDBS and 0.4 wt%CMC possessed an encouraging criterion in term of viscosity,solubilization,and surface tension reduction for EOR application.Flooding experiment from several SDBS-CMC combinations proved to recover additional oil ranging 16.4–20.2%of oil initially in place(OIIP).The trend in incremental oil recovery is similar to that of when utilising SDBS-XG.展开更多
The leaching behaviors of enrofloxacin （ENR）, a fluoroquinolone group antibiotic, in three different standard soils, namely sandy, loamy sand and sandy loam were investigated according to OECD guideline 312. In addi...The leaching behaviors of enrofloxacin （ENR）, a fluoroquinolone group antibiotic, in three different standard soils, namely sandy, loamy sand and sandy loam were investigated according to OECD guideline 312. In addition, the effects of tenside, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate （DBS） on the mobility of ENR in two different soils were studied. The mobility of ENR in all three standard soils was very similar and was mostly （98%） concentrated on the top 0-5 cm segment of the soils at pH 5.7. The DBS can enhance the mobility of ENR in soils but the impact was in general negligible under the studied conditions.展开更多
基金The authors would like to thank Ministry of Higher Education(MOHE),Malaysia,Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,Johor Bahru(Grant Number:QJ130000.3551.07G12)Universiti Teknologi MARA,Shah Alam,for funding thisresearch.
文摘Carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)has emerged in oil and gas industries as a superior substitution to the conventional HPAM and xanthan gum(XG)for high viscosity polymer flooding application.In this study,the combined effect of conventional surfactant,sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate(SDBS)and CMC for potential surfactant-polymer(SP)flooding in enhanced oil recovery(EOR)has been investigated.Thereafter,SDBS–CMC interaction and the functional groups present in CMC were appropriately identified.The presence of various C–O bonds signifies the existence of carboxymethyl group which greatly influence the rheological properties of CMC solution.The behaviour of SDBS–CMC was characterized by their viscosity,shear rate,solubilization,wettability,and surface tension.Tertiary flooding utilizing SDBS-CMC was performed and compared to commercial SDBS-XG SP flooding.The results indicate several SDBS-CMC combinations are favourable for EOR application.Solution viscosity shows direct relationship with CMC concentrations.Consequently,at any given SDBS concentrations,significant increment was observed at 0.3 wt%and above.However,the trend displayed inconclusive relation to SDBS fractions.Majority of the SDBS-CMC combinations generate Winsor III emulsions particularly at CMC of 0.2 and 0.3 wt%,while Type II were observed in few combinations.Increasing CMC concentrations increased the contact angle,while gradual reductions were observed with SDBS concentrations.The gradual reduction in surface tension was highly influenced by the addition of CMC rather than SDBS.A novel combination of 0.3 wt%SDBS and 0.4 wt%CMC possessed an encouraging criterion in term of viscosity,solubilization,and surface tension reduction for EOR application.Flooding experiment from several SDBS-CMC combinations proved to recover additional oil ranging 16.4–20.2%of oil initially in place(OIIP).The trend in incremental oil recovery is similar to that of when utilising SDBS-XG.
基金supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50921064, CHN 04/010)
文摘The leaching behaviors of enrofloxacin （ENR）, a fluoroquinolone group antibiotic, in three different standard soils, namely sandy, loamy sand and sandy loam were investigated according to OECD guideline 312. In addition, the effects of tenside, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate （DBS） on the mobility of ENR in two different soils were studied. The mobility of ENR in all three standard soils was very similar and was mostly （98%） concentrated on the top 0-5 cm segment of the soils at pH 5.7. The DBS can enhance the mobility of ENR in soils but the impact was in general negligible under the studied conditions.
