Observation of the Double Sodium Layer Over Haikou,China by Lidar

A Double Sodium Layer(DSL) structure was observed during the night of August 22, 2011 over Haikou,China(20°N,110°E) by Na lidar.This DSL comprised a typical sodium layer at altitudes of 80～105km and a higher sodium layer at altitudes of 105～115km in about 0.5 h.A wavelength of 589 nm dye laser pumped by a Nd:YAG laser was used to make the measurement. The backscattered fluorescence photons from the sodium layer were collected by a telescope with a primary mirror of 1000 mm in diameter.The sodium density of these layers during the nighttime observation in the Mesosphere and Lower-Thermosphere(MLT) was studied.

Alkali and alkaline ions co-substitution of P2 sodium layered oxides for sodium ion batteries

Alkali and alkaline ion substitutions enhance the electrochemical properties of P2 sodium layered oxide,while the effect on electrochemical property enhancement of alkali and alkaline ions co-substitution is still unclear.In this work,the structural and electrochemical properties of the Li alkali and Mg alkaline ions co-substituted P2 layered oxide Na_(0.67)(Li_(0.5)Mg_(0.5))_(0.1)(Ni_(0.33)Mn_(0.67))_(0.9)O_(2)are investigated in detail.Compared to the pristine and single-ion substituted materials,the co-substituted material shows an enhanced cycling performance with a reversible ca-pacity of 127 mAh/g and a capacity retention of 75%over 100 cycles at 0.5C.Galvanostatic intermittent titration technique(GITT)and cyclic voltammetry(CV)results show that the Li and Mg synergistically improve the ion diffusion.Moreover,the structure stability is also improved by the Li and Mg co-substitution that is clarified by operando X-ray diffraction(XRD)measurements.These results explain the origin of the enhanced electrochemical properties of the Li/Mg co-substituted P2 layered oxides for sodium ion batteries.

Lidar observation campaigns on diurnal variations of the sodium layer in Beijing and Wuhan, China

Based on observations from daytime lidars in eastern China,diurnal cycles of the sodium layer over Wuhan(30.5°N,114.6°E)and Beijing(40.5°N,116°E)are investigated.Diurnal variations of Na density,root mean square(RMS)layer width,and centroid height of the sodium layer are analyzed.Results reveal that the large diurnal cycles of the sodium layer are controlled mainly by 24-hr oscillations at the two observation sites.The diurnal variation of the sodium layer over Wuhan was modulated mainly by tidal perturbations during the lidar observation campaign.Conversely,the diurnal variation over Beijing was controlled principally by photoionization and photochemistry effects during another campaign,and there was little evidence of direct tidal perturbations.These comparisons suggest that the diurnal variation of the sodium layer perhaps has obvious regional characteristics across China.The variation can be either controlled mainly by tidal perturbations or by photoionization and photochemistry effects in different seasons.

24 h continuous observation of sodium layer over Wuhan by lidar

Based on the dual-wavelength lidar we have developed, the 24 h continuous ob- servation has been realized in its sodium channel by using Faraday atomic filter technology and other relevant technologies. This will facilitate the continuous ob- servation of the sodium layer and the relevant upper atmosphere over Wuhan. A result of about 50 h observation indicates that the daytime column density of so- dium layer over Wuhan is slightly increased compared to that during the nighttime, and the characteristics of the sporadic sodium layer occurring during the daytime are compared with that during the nighttime.

Simulation of response of sodium layer to the propagation of gravity wave

A time-dependent two-dimensional photochemical-dynamical coupling gravity wave model of sodium layer is developed, which combines the sodium photochemical theory, a time-dependent two-dimensional atmospheric photochemical model, a two-dimensional gravity wave model, and the International Reference Ionosphere model (IRI-95)with the diabatic process induced by photochemical reactions and the transport of chemical species by gravity waves included. The pseudospectral method is used in the horizontal direction, the finite difference approximations are used in vertical direction z and time t. And FICE method is used to solve the model. The simulation results indicate that intense perturbations of the sodium layer can be induced by the propagation of gravity waves. The results are consistent with the observations.

Determination of Iron in Layered Crystal Sodium Disilicate and Sodium Silicate by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Boric Acid as a Matrix Modifier

The effects of matrix silicate and experimental conditions on the determination of iron in flame atomic absorption spectrometry （FAAS） were investigated. It was found that boric acid as a matrix modifier obviously eliminated silicate interference. Under the optimum operating conditions, the determination results of iron in layered crystal sodium disilicate and sodium silicate samples by FAAS were satisfactory. The linear range of calibration curve is 0-10.5 μg.mL^-1, the relative standard deviation of method is 1.2%-2.2%, the recovery of added iron is 96.0%- 101%, the sensitivity is 0.19 μg.mL^-l and the detection limit is 77 ng.mL^-1. The effect of the determination of iron of the standard curve method, standard addition calibration and colorimetry method was the same, but the first has the merits of rapid sample preparation, reduced contamination risks and fast analysis.

Single-phase P2-type layered oxide with Cu-substitution for sodium ion batteries

The development of high-performance layered oxide cathodes for sodium ion batteries (SIBs) continues to facing be hindered by severe challenges to date.Herein,a single-phase P2-Na0.67Mn0.6Ni0.2Co0.1Cu0.1O2(NMNCC) comprising multiple-layer-oriented stacked nanoflakes is designed and synthesized via a simple sol-gel method.The large lattice parameters ensure a large three-dimensional frame,which enables the diffusion of sodium ions.Owing to its optimal morphology structure modulation transition metal substitution strategy,the MNCC electrode delivers a reversible capacity of 131.3 mAh g^-1 at 0.1 C with retention of 86.7%after 200 cycles.In addition,it provides an initial capacity of 86.7 mAh g^-1,and a retention of 80.0%after 500 cycles even at a current density of up to 1 A g^-1.The stable single-phase structure and slight volume shrinkage observed after Na+extraction further delay structural degradation.High Na+mobility and low Na+diffusion resistance are also guarantee the excellent rate performance of the NMNCC electrode.Thus,we determine that the NMNCC cathode is significant in the advancement of promising novel layered oxide cathodes.

New layered metal oxides as positive electrode materials for room-temperature sodium-ion batteries

In order to achieve better Na storage performance, most layered oxide positive electrode materials contain toxic and expensive transition metals Ni and/or Co, which are also widely used for lithium-ion batteries. Here we report a new quaternary layered oxide consisting of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Ti transition metals with O3-type oxygen stacking as a positive electrode for room-temperature sodium-ion batteries. The material can be simply prepared by a high-temperature solidstate reaction route and delivers a reversible capacity of 94 m Ah/g with an average storage voltage of 3.2 V. This paves the way for cheaper and non-toxic batteries with high Na storage performance.

High capacity sodium-rich layered oxide cathode for sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries have attracted significant recent attention currently considering the limited available lithium resource. However, the energy density of sodium-ion batteries is still insufficient compared to lithium-ion batteries, mainly because of the unavailability of high-energy cathode materials. In this work, a novel sodium-rich layered oxide material（Na_2 MnO_3） is reported with a dynamical stability similar to that of the Li_2 MnO_3 structure and a high capacity of269.69 mA·h·g1, based on first-principles calculations. Sodium ion de-intercalation and anionic reaction processes are systematically investigated, in association with sodium ions migration phenomenon and structure stability during cycling of Nax MnO3（1 ≤ x ≤ 2）. In addition, the charge compensation during the initial charging process is mainly contributed by oxygen, where the small differences of the energy barriers of the paths 2 c→4 h, 4 h→2 c, 4 h→4 h, 2 c→2 b, and 4 h→2 b indicate the reversible sodium ion occupancy in transitional metal and sodium layers. Moreover, the slow decrease of the elastic constants is a clear indication of the high cycle stability. These results provide a framework to exploit the potential of sodium-rich layered oxide, which may facilitate the development of high-performance electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

First time observation of sodium layer over Wuhan,China by sodium fluorescence lidar

The structure of the WIP sodium fluorescence lidar and the preliminary observation result for the sodium layer are reported.

Novel Cathode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries Derived from Layer Structured Titanate Cs₂Ti₅O₁₁·(1 + x)H₂O

A layer structured titanate Cs2Ti5O11·(1 + x)H2O (x = 0.70) has been prepared in a solid state reaction using Cs2CO3 and anatase type TiO2 at 900°C. Ion exchange reactions of Cs+ in the interlayer space were studied in aqueous solutions. The single phases of Li+, Na+ and H+ exchange products were obtained. The three kinds of resulting titanates were evaluated for use as the cathodes in rechargeable sodium batteries after dehydrations by heating at 200°C in a vacuum. The electrochemical measurements showed that they exhibited the reversible Na+ intercalation-deintercalation in a voltage range of 0.5 - 3.5 V or 0.7 - 4.0 V. The Li+ exchange product showed the best performance of the discharge-charge capacities in this study. The initial Na+ intercalation-deintercalation capacities of the Li2Ti5O11 were 120 mAh/g and 100 mAh/g;the amounts of Na+ correspond to 1.9 and 1.6 of the formula unit, respectively. The titanates are nontoxic, inexpensive and environmentally benign.

Low concentration of sodium hyaluronate temporarily elevates the tear film lipid layer thickness in dry eye patients with lipid deficiency

AIM： To investigate the effects of different concentrations of artificial tears on lipid layer thickness （LLT） and blink rate （BR） in dry eye patients. METHODS： This study included 106 eyes of 58 patients with dry eye. The lipid deficiency type was defined as the LLT baseline 〈75 nm. The LLT and BR were measured at baseline and 1, 5 and 15min after the instillation of 0.1% or 0.3% sodium hyaluronate （SH） eye drops by using the LipiView ocular surface interferometer. RESULTS： In the lipid deficiency group, the LLT increased from baseline at 1rain post instillation. The LLT after the instillation of 0.1% SH was significantly higher than that after the instillation of 0.3% SH （P〈0.001）. The LLT returned to baseline at 15min post instillation of 0.1% SH and at 5min post instillation of 0.3% SH. In the non-lipid deficiency group, the LLT decreased from baseline at lmin and returned to baseline at 5rain for both treatments. The BRs were not significantly different at different time points for both treatments. CONCLUSION： SH eye drops induce a short-term increase in LLT of patients with lipid deficiency. A low concentration of artificial tears have a stronger effect than a high concentration of artificial tears on the increase in LLT. in comparison, SH eye drops induce a transient and slight decrease in LLT of patients without lipid deficiency. A low concentration of artificial tears might be better for patients with lipid deficiency.

海藻酸钠-羧甲基纤维素钠凝胶涂层对锌负极稳定性的影响

通过一种绿色、自交联策略,基于海藻酸钠(SA)和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)中羧基对Zn^(2+)的离子缔合作用,利用旋涂法在锌电极表面原位构建了具有孔结构的柔性SA+CMC凝胶涂层(Zn@SA+CMC)。涂层中富含羟基,羟基的强吸附效应能够使涂层与锌电极紧密结合,减少界面处的副反应。柔性涂层不仅能适应锌电镀过程中的体积变化,还表现出较好的亲锌性,更低的成核过电压,更高的离子电导率,有利于Zn^(2+)均匀沉积,有效抑制了锌枝晶的生成。因此,Zn@SA+CMC对称电池能稳定运行890 h(3 mA·cm^(-2));Zn@SA+CMC||MnO_(2)全电池表现出优越的倍率和循环性能。

基于共混和层层自组装方法协同交联剂对琼胶/海藻酸钠复合膜性能的影响

以琼胶和海藻酸钠为成膜基质,通过共混和层层自组装两种方法制备了琼胶/海藻酸钠共混膜和双层膜,并引入交联剂柠檬酸和阿魏酸,通过测定复合膜的机械强度、耐水性、热稳定性、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,FT-IR)和微观结构等指标,探究了不同制膜方式结合交联剂对复合膜性能的影响。结果表明,与共混膜相比,双层膜表现出更优异的机械性能和耐水性,添加交联剂后,膜的水蒸气透过率(P<0.05)显著降低,拉伸强度、热稳定性和不透明度提高。其中柠檬酸交联的双层膜综合性能最佳,即拉伸强度51.57 MPa,断裂伸长率26.02%,水溶性24.42%,溶胀率101.67%。FT-IR分析表明柠檬酸通过与琼胶和海藻酸钠发生酯化反应形成CO进行共价交联,而阿魏酸通过与成膜基质形成氢键进行非共价交联。扫描电镜分析表明琼胶和海藻酸钠的相容性良好,各膜表面均平整、光滑,而添加交联剂后,膜截面褶皱减少,膜结构更加紧密。由此表明,层层自组装技术和交联剂的结合使用可以制备出综合性能更好的复合膜。

P2型层状氧化物正极的人工界面层构筑及储钠性能

P2型Na_(2/3)Ni_(1/3)Mn_(2/3)O_(2)(P2-NNMO)工作电压高、安全性好、成本低,是有潜力的钠离子电池正极材料。针对P2-NNMO正极钠不足和P2-NNMO正极与电解液的界面问题,通过化学预钠化法(P2-NNMO正极和联苯钠的自发反应),构造了一种富含无机物的人工界面层,可使外源性的钠嵌入氧化物正极层间。结果表明:预钠化形成的人工界面层含有的NaF,可有效缓解正极材料被有机溶剂侵蚀及过渡金属的溶出;同时人工界面层也改善了钠离子的扩散动力学。改性后的正极(P2-NNMO@CEI)在电压为2~4 V、电流密度为20 mA/g的条件下,放电比容量为95.1 mA·h/g、首次库伦效率为88.5%;在50 mA/g下循环280次后容量保持率为84.2%。该研究为层状氧化物正极表面改性提供了一种有效方法,也为电极材料的界面设计提供了新的思路和方向。

中纬度中间层顶钠原子密度高度分布的长期变化趋势研究(2010—2021)

中间层顶/低热层区域(the Mesosphere/Lower Thermosphere,简称MLT)的高度为70~110 km,为了研究这一区域对太阳活动的响应,本文以钠原子为示踪物,对北京延庆(116.0°E,40.5°N)钠共振荧光激光雷达2010年1月—2021年8月近一个太阳活动周期的数据进行了分析,发现钠原子柱密度的长期变化显著,与太阳黑子数的变化呈现出正相关趋势.延庆钠层质心高度的线性趋势在这期间总共上升了311.4±706.6 m,长期变化趋势并不显著.自2018年开始,半高全宽对应的高度范围出现了明显的增加,但是上边沿升高的幅度不大,目前受到广泛关注的热层金属层的观测与研究更依赖于激光雷达探测灵敏度的提升.

钠离子电池用O3型层状金属氧化物研究进展

O3型层状金属氧化物具有理论容量高、制备简单等优势,是有前景实现商业化应用的钠离子电池正极材料之一。固有的缺点严重限制了层状金属氧化物正极的商业化进程,迫切需要解决。系统总结不可逆相变、表面侵蚀、产气等问题,分析比较固相法、共沉淀法和溶胶凝胶法等3种常用合成方法的优缺点,对O3型层状金属氧化物相关改性策略进行归纳,包括元素掺杂、表面包覆、混相设计和高熵设计等。

钠电池层状过渡金属氧化物正极材料

锂离子电池(LIBs)因其良好的循环寿命以及较高的能量密度广泛应用于各种电子设备中,但锂电池成本较高且存在一定的安全性问题。钠离子电池(SIBs)是目前LIBs最有希望的补充或替代品。SIBs具有与锂电池相似的“摇椅式”工作原理,相较于锂电池,其在成本和安全性上显现出较好的优势。然而SIBs在能量密度与循环稳定性方面仍存在着诸多挑战。正极材料作为钠电池的主要组成部分,在很大程度上决定了电池的成本和性能。层状过渡金属氧化物(Na_(x)TMO_(2))正极材料因其高离子电导率和比容量以及环境友好等优点,成为了目前最有前景的钠电池正极材料之一。本文介绍了SIBs正极材料的分类,并重点从其结构、合成方法以及其所面临的挑战和改性策略这几个方面对Na_(x)TMO_(2)中能够稳定存在的两相(P2和O3相)进行阐述。最后,总结了目前层状过渡金属氧化物正极材料所存在的问题并提出后续材料的改性方向,以期为开发具有更优异的电化学性能、更符合市场需求、能实现大规模生产与应用的SIBs提供思路。

Bi掺杂O3型NaNi_(0.5)Mn_(0.5)O_(2)钠离子电池层状正极材料的制备与储钠性能

O3型NaNi_(0.5)Mn_(0.5)O_(2)拥有高理论比容量且易于制备,是商业钠离子(Na+)电池的首选正极材料之一,但其循环稳定性仍面临挑战。利用Bi对NaNi_(0.5)Mn_(0.5)O_(2)进行改性。研究发现,Bi的引入可以在晶粒生长过程中通过调节表面能实现晶粒细化,并且Bi的掺杂增加了层状正极材料的晶胞参数,为Na+提供了宽的扩散通道,提高了Na+的扩散能力,优化了Na^(+)在脱嵌过程中的可逆性。改性后的NaNi_(0.495)Mn_(0.5)Bi_(0.005)O_(2)实现了在2.0~4.0 V的电势区间内0.2 C倍率下的可逆容量为138.1 mAh/g,在5 C倍率下循环100圈后容量保持率可以达到97%。

钠离子电池层状正极材料的相变研究进展

近年来,随着锂离子电池的大规模商业化应用,锂资源储量短缺和价格上涨的问题引起了广泛关注。钠离子电池因其钠储量丰富、能量密度可观、成本低廉等优势,在未来大规模储能装置的应用中前景广阔。正极材料是影响钠离子电池性能的关键因素,其中层状氧化物正极材料因具有高比容量、高工作电压、环境友好等优点而备受青睐。然而由于其脱嵌钠过程中易发生有害的相变导致电池的循环性能欠佳,制约着钠离子电池规模化应用于储能体系。因此,文章介绍了层状氧化物正极材料的结构分类,概述了材料在钠脱嵌时发生的相变历程,揭示层状氧化物正极材料相变机理及其对电化学性能的影响,最后提出了可以抑制相变的改性策略,并对层状氧化物正极材料的应用前景进行了展望。