Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of the Populations of Dapaong and Its Surroundings in Togo on Sodium/Salt and Potassium Intakes

Background: Food plays an important role in human health. A healthy diet contributes to the improvement of the health of populations. A diet high in sodium/salt and low in potassium has been shown to contribute to cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of the inhabitants of Dapaong and its surroundings on dietary intakes of sodium/salt and potassium. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from 1 November to 15 December 2022 involving 400 adults aged 25 to 44 years. Sampling was done using the probability method and the multistage random sampling technique with proportional allocation. These two methods were applied to select villages, households, and primary targets in each locality according to whether the area of residence was urban or rural. The electronic kobocollect questionnaire was administered to people in households and the interview guide was to resource persons, administrators and community leaders to collect the data. Results: Overall, 80.25% of the respondents had low knowledge of sodium/salt intakes;88.50% had poor attitudes towards the use of foods that provide more sodium/salt and 92.75% had behaviours that were not conducive to reducing excessive salt consumption. With regard to potassium, the same trend was observed in the order of 91%, 72% and 73.75%. Conclusion: The KAP levels of the people studied were not good. The populations are prone to cardiovascular disease. A multisectoral nutritional intervention would be essential to improve the knowledge of the populations on sodium/salt and potassium intakes and therefore favourable to the fight against CVD/NCD.

Measurement of the Effects of Nutritional Education for Reducing Sodium Intakes and Increasing Potassium Intakes

Background: The Togolese population, like those around the world, frequently consumes foods high in salt/sodium and low in potassium, thus exposing them to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Nutritional intervention can help reverse this consumption pattern and reduce related CVD morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to measure the effects of a nutrition education intervention on the consumption frequencies of foods rich in sodium and potassium. Methods: The study was a quasi-experimental before- and-after study, conducted from 08 January to 16 April 2023. It involved 200 adults aged 25 - 64 years, randomly selected from two areas: an intervention area and a non-intervention area. Data were collected in two phases at 3-month intervals in both groups. The intervention consisted of nutrition education (awareness raising and cooking demonstrations) on reducing salt/sodium intake and increasing potassium-rich food intake. The kobocollect electronic questionnaire was administered to the respondents to collect data on the frequency of consumption of foods rich in sodium and potassium. Results: The median age of the respondents was 33 years old (30;38) and 56% of the participants were women, 44% and 69% respectively in the control and intervention groups. Most participants lived in rural areas (51%), 52.4% and 49.5% in the control and intervention groups respectively. Overall, 4% (p individuals reduced their frequency of adding salt at mealtime from more than 3 times a week to less than 3 times, i.e., 5.6% in the intervention group and 1.7% in the control group. The proportion of individuals who consumed meals with green leafy vegetable sauces was reduced from more than 3 times a week to less than 3 times, i.e., 7.5% (p < 0.022), or 1% in the intervention group and 4% in the control group. Education level (0.23 [0.10 - 0.50];p - 6.35];p < 0.0006) were associated with reduced salt addition at meals. The same trend was observed for increased consumption of green leafy vegetable sauces (0.95 [0.03 - 0.99];p male (2 [1.08 - 1.84];p Conclusion: This study was able to measure the effects of a nutrition education intervention for adequate sodium and potassium intakes on changing favourable dietary behaviour through a quasi-experimental study. The results show that the continuation of the intervention will contribute to the adoption of favourable behaviours for the reduction of dietary sodium intakes and the optimisation of potassium intakes.

HAL1 mediate salt adaptation in Arabidopsis thaliana

The yeast HAL1 gene was introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation with vacuum infiltration under the control of CaMV 35S promoter. Thirty-three individual kanamycin resistant plants were obtained from 75,000 seeds. Southern blotting analysis indicated that HAL1 gene had been integrated into all of the transgenic plants’ genomes. The copy number of HAL1 gene in transgenic plants was mostly 1 to 3 by Southern analysis. Phenotypes of transgenic plants have no differences with wild type plants. several samples of transformants were self-pollinated, and progenies from transformed and non-transformed plants (controls) were evaluated for salt tolerance and gene expression. Measurement of concentrations of intracellular K+ and Na+ showed that transgenic lines were able to retain less Na+ than that of the control under salt stress. Results from different tests indicated the expression of HAL1 gene promotes a higher level of salt tolerance in vivo in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants.

Mortar-Pestle and Microwave Assisted Regioselective Nitration of Aromatic Compounds in Presence of Certain Group V and VI Metal Salts under Solvent Free Conditions

Solvent – free Mortar-pestle (grinding) and microwave-assisted nitration reactions (MWANR’s) underwent smoothly in the presence of group V and VI metal salts with high regio-selectivity for anilides, moderately- and non-activated aro-matic compounds. The reactions were conducted under solvent-free conditions, which afforded good to excellent yields. The observed reaction times in MW assisted conditions are in the range of only few minutes.

Response to Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi of Two Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Varieties Subjected to Salt Stress under Semi-Controlled Conditions

Salinity is a major problem that seriously impacts agricultural production, particularly that of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). However, the plant has the ability to associate with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to better tolerate salt stress. Thus, thanks to the extension of the AMF hyphae, the hydromineral nutrition and the tolerance to excess toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-) of the plant are optimized. In this context, the contribution of AMF to the salt stress tolerance of two tomato varieties under semi-controlled conditions was studied. To do this, the frequency and intensity of mycorrhization, the relative mycorrhizal dependency, the survival rates, the aerial and root dry weights, the mineral (P, K+, Na+) and proline contents of the plants subjected to four levels of salinity [0, 70, 140 and 210 mM of NaCl] were evaluated. All the parameters assessed appeared to be dependent on the variety, the fungal strain and the NaCl concentration. With the Lady Nema variety, inoculation with the Claroideoglomus etunicatum strain at [NaCl 140 mM] resulted in the highest frequencies (54%), intensities (40.47%), and relative mycorrhizal dependencies (19.65%). This same symbiotic couple recorded high survival rates (55%) and aerial (2.03 g) and root (0.50 g) dry weights. Significant contents of K+ (Leaves: 7.5 mg⋅g-1;Roots: 4.4 mg⋅g-1 of dry matter), P (Leaves: 15.15 mg⋅g-1 of dry matter) and proline (975 nmoles⋅g-1 of fresh matter) were also recorded by this pair, with the lowest Na+ contents (Leaves: 1.93 mg⋅g-1;Roots: 0.96 mg⋅g-1 of dry matter). For the Mongal variety, at [NaCl 140 mM], the highest frequencies (50.36%), intensities (35.14%) and relative mycorrhizal dependencies (43.95%) were obtained thanks to inoculation with Rhizophagus fasciculatus. The highest survival rates (59%) and aerial (2.58 g) and root (0.79 g) dry weights were also obtained with this symbiotic couple. The contents of K+ (Leaves: 6.1 mg⋅g-1;Roots: 3.09 mg⋅g-1 of dry matter), P (Leaves: 12.49 mg⋅g-1 of dry matter) and proline (942 nmoles⋅g-1 of fresh matter) the most important and those in Na+ the lowest (Leaves: 2.03 mg⋅g-1;Roots: 1.53 mg⋅g-1 of dry matter) were also recorded for this same pair. Thus, the best fungal partner for the Lady Nema variety is C. etunicatum, followed by F. mosseae and R. fasciculatus, while for the Mongal variety it is R. fasciculatus, followed by C. etunicatum and F. mosseae.

高盐废水中硫酸铵和硫酸钠的分质结晶工艺研究

处理高盐废水并回收其中的盐资源是许多生产企业废水综合治理的难题。采用等温溶解平衡法测定了10、15、60、80℃下Na_(2)SO_(4)-(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)-H_(2)O的液固相平衡数据,基于相平衡数据划分了结晶区域。根据高盐废水的组成和液固相平衡数据,提出了分质结晶分离(NH_(4))_(2)SO4和Na_(2)SO_(4)的工艺路线,设计了结晶过程工艺参数并进行了实验验证。结果表明,废水经3步结晶回收得到的(NH4)2SO4纯度达到了99.2%、Na_(2)SO_(4)纯度达到了98.9%,满足GB/T 535—2020《肥料级硫酸铵》和GB/T 6009—2014《工业无水硫酸钠》的纯度指标要求。该研究可为高盐废水中(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)和Na_(2)SO_(4)的回收利用提供参考。

多阳离子位点季铵盐与AEC复配体系的应用性能研究

将含多阳离子位点双子季铵盐表面活性剂(TC-GS)与脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸钠(AE_(9)C)以不同比例复配,并测试了不同复配比例下混合体系的浸润、去污、乳化、抗静电和活性炭分散性能。结果表明,不同复配比例下的TCGS/AE_(9)C体系都为均一透明溶液,表现出优异的复配稳定性。复配体系对帆布片的浸润能力优于单一表面活性剂,其中α_(TC-GS)为0.4时浸润性能最好。复配体系在乳化液体石蜡的过程中表现出协同增效作用。AE_(9)C溶液对炭黑污布和油脂污布都具有较好的去污能力,但与TC-GS复配后去污性能有所下降,可能由于TC-GS在污布表面的吸附阻碍了污渍的洗涤剥离。TC-GS溶液和复配体系溶液均表现出较好的抗静电性能,能够将聚酯织物表面电阻降低至≤10^(10)Ω。最后,大部分复配比例下的TC-GS/AE_(9)C体系溶液都具有良好的分散活性炭的能力;但当复配比与理论等电摩尔比一致时,复配溶液对活性炭的分散稳定性能较差。

清洗剥离操作对循环水系统的影响

某石化公司循环水场由于换热器发生泄漏情况,滋生大量生物黏泥附着在设备及管道上,降低了循环水流速,并生成厌氧菌,导致换热设备进一步腐蚀泄漏,造成恶性循环。大型循环水系统出现水质问题后很难在短时间内恢复,导致换热设备进一步加速腐蚀,为应对这种情况,该公司为循环水装置开发出一种新式杀菌剥离技术,可迅速缓解生物黏泥对水质的影响。对循环水系统进行杀菌处理投加双季铵盐及次氯酸钠等药剂,该药剂具有高效、低毒、成本低、不易受pH值变化的影响、使用方便、对生物黏泥层有较强的剥离作用、化学性能稳定、分散及缓蚀作用较好等特点,通过停塔抽沫、备泵扰动、置换排放等一系列措施,大幅度降低生物黏泥,保证生产装置平稳高负荷运行。

乙醇和氯化铵提取-原子吸收光谱法测定石灰性土壤中的交换性钾、钠、钙、镁

建立乙醇和氯化铵提取-原子吸收分光光度法测定石灰性土壤中的交换性钾、钠、钙、镁。采用乙醇和氯化铵对石灰性土壤进行处理,以离心分离的方式对石灰性土壤中易溶的氯化物和硫酸盐进行清洗及交换性钾、钠、钙、镁离子的提取,提取液以原子吸收分光光度计测定。交换液pH为8.5,乙醇体积分数为70%,氯化铵浓度为0.1 mol/L。交换性盐基钾、钠、钙、镁的质量浓度分别在0~10、0~2.5、0~40、0~5.0 mg/L范围内与吸光度线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.9990,方法检出限分别为0.06、0.10、0.21、0.04 mmol/kg。样品加标回收率为97.0%~104%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.81%~5.85%(n=6)。采用所建方法对土壤有效态成分分析标准物质GBW(E)070336进行测定,测定结果的相对误差为0.40%~6.67%。该方法快速,适用于石灰性土壤中交换性钾、钠、钙、镁的测定。

注射用阿莫西林钠/克拉维酸钾中两组分成盐率的分析

目的建立离子色谱法同时测定注射用阿莫西林钠/克拉维酸钾中钠离子与钾离子的含量,通过计算其成盐率,对不同企业样品的成盐工艺进行评价。方法采用IonPacCS12A阳离子交换色谱柱(4mm×250mm)和IonPac CG12A保护柱(4mm×50m m),检测器为电导检测器,抑制器电流为20mA,以6.7mmol/L甲烷磺酸溶液为淋洗液,流速为1.0 mL/min。结果钠离子浓度在6.01~18.04μg/mL范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999,n=5);平均回收率为100.4%(RSD=0.4%,n=9);钾离子浓度在3.33~9.98μg/mL范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9998,n=5);平均回收率为100.2%(RSD=0.5%,n=9)。测定了37批注射用阿莫西林钠/克拉维酸钾中钠和钾的含量,其成盐率分别为1.00~1.13和0.94~1.05。结论本方法可用于注射用阿莫西林钠/克拉维酸钾中钠离子与钾离子的含量测定,各企业样品成盐情况较好,但需关注成盐剂的残留。

四苯硼钠—季铵盐容量法快速测钾

用四苯硼钠—季铵盐容量法间接测定钾,并与四苯硼钠重量法进行比较。测定1%以上的钾含量时,相对误差<1%,平均回收率为99.52%,标准偏差分别为0.0082、0.0073,变异系数分别为0.82%、0.33%(RSD,n=7)。该方法操作简便、快速、准确,适用于含钾产品的中间控制分析及钾盐、卤水、盐化工产品、钾肥中钾的快速测定。

不同盐分对羊草种子萌发和根芽生长的影响

采用水培发芽方法研究了4种中性盐(NaCl、KCl、Na2SO4、K2SO4)和4种碱性盐(NaHCO3、KHCO3、Na2CO3、K2CO3)及其不同浓度培养对羊草种子萌发和根芽生长的影响。结果表明,钠盐对羊草种子萌发和根芽生长的抑制作用明显大于钾盐,碱性盐大于中性盐,二价盐大于一价盐。Na2CO3和NaHCO3浓度≥20mmol·L-1,Na2SO4、K2CO3和KHCO3浓度≥50mmol·L-1,NaCl、KCl和K2SO4浓度≥100mmol·L-1时对羊草种子萌发达到显著抑制水平。羊草根系对盐分的抑制作用具有敏感性,除5mmol·L-1的NaCl、KCl和NaHCO3外,各种盐分浓度对根长均达到显著抑制水平。相同摩尔浓度(以50mmol·L-1为例)下,羊草种子芽长在NaCl、KCl、Na2SO4、K2SO4、NaHCO3、KHCO3、Na2CO3和K2CO3胁迫下分别比对照下降了26%、5.5%、50.7%、11%、38.7%、37.1%、79%和83.9%。高Na+含量和高pH是抑制羊草种子萌发和根芽生长的主要原因。

氯化钠和碳酸氢铵溶液对黄脊竹蝗的引诱效果

黄脊竹蝗Ceracris kiangsu是中国南方地区重要的竹子食叶害虫。为深入理解黄脊竹蝗趋尿行为的机制,通过林间录像系统测定了黄脊竹蝗对不同质量浓度钠盐(1.0,5.0,10.0,20.0 g·L-1)及铵盐(1.0,2.0,4.0,8.0,10.0,25.0,50.0,75.0,150.0 g·L-1)溶液的行为反应,同时进行了钠盐及铵盐溶液的林间诱捕试验。结果表明:钠盐及铵盐的质量浓度会显著影响黄脊竹蝗的趋泥行为(P<0.05),1.0 g·L-1的碳酸氢铵和1.0 g·L-1氯化钠溶液即可激发黄脊竹蝗的趋泥行为,随着质量浓度的升高,黄脊竹蝗访问铵盐及钠盐次数逐渐增多;黄脊竹蝗成虫对经75.0 g·L-1的碳酸氢铵或10.0 g·L-1氯化钠溶液处理的滤纸有明显的选择偏好(P碳酸氢铵=0.032,P氯化钠=0.043)。林间诱杀试验表明:挥发性铵盐的诱蝗量显著高于钠盐的诱蝗量(P<0.01),挥发性物质在黄脊竹蝗趋泥行为中发挥着重要作用。

室内空气中低浓度甲醛的化学吸收去除法

目的研究应用化学吸收法去除室内空气中低浓度甲醛。方法以酚试剂分光光度法测定甲醛浓度,采用液相吸收法研究了亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸氢钠、硫酸铵、氯化铵、钼酸铵、高锰酸钾等无机物对不同浓度甲醛的去除效果。结果亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸氢钠、酸性高锰酸钾和碱性高锰酸钾对1、10、100mg/L3种浓度的甲醛都有较好的去除效果,去除率分别为达到15.9%、74.7%、93.5%;钼酸铵和中性高锰酸钾对10mg/L甲醛去除率达到25%以上,对100mg/L甲醛的去除率达到35%以上;硫酸铵、氯化铵对不同浓度的甲醛的去除率都低于7.0%。结论酸性和碱性条件下的高锰酸钾,可作为去除室内空气中低浓度甲醛的有效吸收剂。

宛氏拟青霉提取物对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗的生理适应性

为探讨沙棘内生菌提取物作为生物刺激素对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗生长的影响,于沙棘内生菌宛氏拟青霉(Paecilomyces variotii)中提取了生物刺激素PVE(Paecilomyces variotii extracts),并经液相色谱对PVE的活性物质进行了富集纯化。通过水稻液培试验,设无盐(CK)、添加NaCl(NS)、添加PVE和NaCl(PN1)、添加PVE纯化物和NaCl(PN2)4个处理,研究生物刺激素对水稻的耐盐效应。结果表明,施用生物刺激素能够缓解盐胁迫对水稻生长造成的严重抑制。PN1、PN2处理较NS处理提高了叶片与根系的干质量,减少了植株体内的水分流失,增加了根系的直径和吸收面积,但根长相较于CK处理无显著差异;PN2处理叶片鲜质量、叶片含水量、根系含水量较PN1处理分别增加了12.44%、1.13%和0.42%。与NS处理相比,PN1和PN2处理叶片光合速率分别提高了34.08%和40.82%,蒸腾速率分别提高了23.90%和18.86%,PN1和PN2处理还显著提高了叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,使丙二醛(MDA)含量分别降低了28.36%和20.97%。PN2处理叶片和根系中的Na^+含量较NS处理分别降低了36.31%和10.85%,从而降低了Na^+/K^+,保证了植株体内的离子平衡。研究表明,PVE及PVE纯化物在极低的浓度下具有较高的生理活性,并通过减少水分流失、促进根系生长、提高光合速率来减轻氧化损伤,同时以降低Na+流入的方式缓解盐胁迫对水稻幼苗的影响。

季铵盐从碱性钨酸钠溶液中萃取钨的研究

研究了以季铵盐三辛基甲基氯化铵为萃取剂从碱性钨酸钠溶液中萃取钨的过程。考察了萃取剂含量、仲辛醇含量、相比、萃取时间、料液中NaOH浓度对萃取钨过程的影响,并绘制了萃取等温线。结果表明,组成为50%三辛基甲基氯化铵+20%仲辛醇+30%磺化煤油的有机相具有良好的萃钨性能与分相性能,萃取反应在1min内即达到平衡,钨的萃取率和有机相的萃钨饱和容量随料液中NaOH浓度的升高略有下降。该萃取体系能够满足从钨矿氢氧化钠浸出液中深度提取钨的需要。

四苯硼钠返滴定法测定季铵盐研究

季铵盐快速定量分析方法对于季铵盐产品的开发、应用具有重要的意义.应用四苯硼钠返滴定分析方法对季铵盐定量分析进行了研究,探讨了分析结果的重现性和准确性以及NaOH加量对滴定终点的影响,并与沉淀法、HG/T2230-2006十二烷基二甲基氯化铵季铵盐定量分析方法进行了对比.结果表明:该方法适合于季铵盐定量分析,且分析结果重现性好,准确率为99.5%.

盐胁迫下调控玉米胞内Na^(+)/K^(+)比稳定的主要机制与措施

土壤盐渍化显著抑制玉米生长,降低产量。随着盐渍化土壤面积的不断增加,提高玉米耐盐性是育种工作者面临的重要课题。盐害产生的主要变化是Na^(+)富集造成的离子毒害,Na^(+)不断积累导致K^(+)含量呈减少趋势,Na^(+)/K^(+)比是衡量盐害程度的重要指标,维持适宜Na^(+)/K^(+)比是缓解盐胁迫的关键。本文综述了盐胁迫对玉米生长发育的影响、玉米响应盐胁迫的生理生化和分子机制以及玉米维持低Na^(+)/K^(+)比的信号转导与应答机制,这可为后续玉米响应盐胁迫分子机制的深入研究提供支撑。

季铵盐壳聚糖膜对水体中十二烷基苯磺酸钠吸附的研究

以壳聚糖为原料,制备季铵盐壳聚糖膜(QCSM)吸附剂,研究吸附剂对十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)的吸附性能,考察了溶液pH值、吸附时间、浓度和温度的影响。结果表明,吸附适宜条件的为:pH 4.0,吸附时间120 min,吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程描述,吸附等温线用Langmuir方程的拟合效果优于Freundlich和Tempkin方程。在热力学研究表中,ΔG0<0,ΔH0>0,ΔS0>0,表明此吸附过程是自发、吸热和熵增加的过程。

钨钼冶炼过程中除钒

针对钨钼冶炼过程中钒难以深度除去的难题，借鉴海洋化学研究中的元素迁移规律，研究采用高价水合氧化物从钨钼冶炼过程中除钒。结果表明：从钨酸钠溶液中除钒，当铁盐添加量按Fe与v摩尔比为40、溶液pH值为8．5～9．0时，除钒率均能达到99％以上。而在相同条件下，当采用水合铝氧化物和锰氧化物作为除钒剂时，除钒率分别只能达到90％和60％，除钒效果明显不及采用铁盐时的。另外，用于在钼酸钠溶液除钒，当铁盐添加量按Fe与V摩尔比为40、溶液pH值7．5～10．8时，除钒率可达到97％，铝损失率小于5％。而在钼酸铵溶液中，当铁盐添加量按Fe与V摩尔比为10、溶液pH为8．6～9．0时，除钒率在96％以上，同时几乎没有钼损失；当铁盐添加量按Fe与V摩尔比增加到20时，除钒率均高于97％，钼损失率也小于2％。在钨钼冶炼过程中，铁盐可以作为一种有效的除钒试剂。