Soft ground tunnel lithology classification using clustering-guided light gradient boosting machine

During tunnel boring machine(TBM)excavation,lithology identification is an important issue to understand tunnelling performance and avoid time-consuming excavation.However,site investigation generally lacks ground samples and the information is subjective,heterogeneous,and imbalanced due to mixed ground conditions.In this study,an unsupervised(K-means)and synthetic minority oversampling technique(SMOTE)-guided light-gradient boosting machine(LightGBM)classifier is proposed to identify the soft ground tunnel classification and determine the imbalanced issue of tunnelling data.During the tunnel excavation,an earth pressure balance(EPB)TBM recorded 18 different operational parameters along with the three main tunnel lithologies.The proposed model is applied using Python low-code PyCaret library.Next,four decision tree-based classifiers were obtained in a short time period with automatic hyperparameter tuning to determine the best model for clustering-guided SMOTE application.In addition,the Shapley additive explanation(SHAP)was implemented to avoid the model black box problem.The proposed model was evaluated using different metrics such as accuracy,F1 score,precision,recall,and receiver operating characteristics(ROC)curve to obtain a reasonable outcome for the minority class.It shows that the proposed model can provide significant tunnel lithology identification based on the operational parameters of EPB-TBM.The proposed method can be applied to heterogeneous tunnel formations with several TBM operational parameters to describe the tunnel lithologies for efficient tunnelling.

A New Method of Combination of Electroosmosis, Vacuum and Surcharge Preloading for Soft Ground Improvement

As a rapid and effective ground improvement method is urgently required for the booming land reclamation in China＇s coastal area, this study proposes a new combined method of electroosmosis, vacuum preloading and surcharge preloading. A new type of electrical prefabricated vertical drain （ePVD） and a new electroosmotic drainage system are suggested to allow the application of the new method. This combined method is then field-tested and compared with the conventional vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method. The monitoring and foundation test results show that the new method induces a settlement 20% larger than that of the conventional vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method in the same treatment period, and saves approximately half of the treatment time compared with the vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method according to the finite element prediction of the settlement. The proposed method also increases the vane shear strength of the soil significantly. The bearing capacity of the ground improved by use of the new proposed method raises 118%. In comparison, there is only a 75% rise when using the vacuum combined with surcharge preloading method during the same reinforcement period. All results indicate that the proposed combined method is effective and suitable for reinforcing the soft clay ground. Besides, the voltage applied between the anode and cathode increases exponentially versus treatment time when the output current of power supplies is kept constant. Most of the voltage potential in electroosmosis is lost at electrodes, leaving smaller than 50% of the voltage to be effectively transmitted into the soil.

Influence of cement-fly ash-gravel pile-supported approach embankment on abutment piles in soft ground

Abutment piles in soft ground may be subjected to both vertical and horizontal soil movements resulting from approach embankment loads. To constrain the soil movements, the soft soil ground beneath the approach embankment is often improved using composite pile foundations, which aim at mitigating the bump induced by high-speed trains passing through the bridge. So far, there is limited literature on exploring the influence of the degree of ground improvement on abutment piles installed in soft soil grounds. In this paper, a series of three-dimensional （3D） centrifuge model tests was performed on an approach embankment over a silty clay deposit improved by cement-fly ash-gravel （CFG） piles combined with geogrid. Emphasis is placed on the effects of ground replacement ratio （m） on the responses of the abutment piles induced by embankment loads. Meanwhile, a numerical study was conducted with varying ground replacement ratio of the pile-reinforced grounds. Results show that the performance of the abutment piles is significantly improved when reinforcing the ground with CFG piles beneath the approach embankment. Interestingly, there is a threshold value of the replacement ratio of around 4.9% above which the effect of CFG pile foundations is limited. This implies that it is essential to optimize the ground improvement for having a cost-effective design while minimizing the risk of the bump at the end of bridge.

Numerical Analyses of Bearing Capacity of Deep-Embedded Large-Diameter Cylindrical Structure on Soft Ground Against Lateral Loads

Presented in this paper is a three-dimensional plastic limit analysis method of bearing capacity of the deeply-embedded large-diameter cylindrical structure in the cross-anisotmpic soft ground. The most likely failure mechanism is assumed to be of a composite rupture surface which is composed of an individual wedge in the passive zone or two wedges in both active and passive zones near the mudline, depending on the separation or bonding state at the interface between the cylindrical structure and neighboring soils in the active wedge, and a truncated spherical slip surface at the base of the cylinder when the structure tends to overturn around a point located on the symmetry axis of the structure. The cylindrical structure and soil interaction system under consideration is also numerically analyzed by the finite element method by virtue of the general-purpose FEM software ABAQUS, in which the soil is assumed to obey tie Hill＇s criterion of yield. Both the failure mechanism assumed and the plastic limit analysis predictions are validated by numerical computations based on FEM. For the K0-consolidated ground of clays typically with anisotropic undrained strength property, it is indicated through a parametric study that limit analysis without consideration of anisotropy of soil overestimates the lateral ultimate bearing capacity of a deeply-embedded cylindrical structure in soft ground in a certain condition.

Influence of dynamic pressure on deep underground soft rock roadway support and its application

Due to high ground stress and mining disturbance, the deformation and failure of deep soft rock roadway is serious, and invalidation of the anchor net-anchor cable supporting structure occurs. The failure characteristics of roadways revealed with the help of the ground pressure monitoring. Theoretical analysis was adopted to analyze the influence of mining disturbance on stress distribution in surrounding rock,and the change of stress was also calculated. Considering the change of stress in surrounding rock of bottom extraction roadway, the displacement, plastic zone and distribution law of principal stress difference under different support schemes were studied by means of FLAC3D. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel was proposed for bottom extraction roadway that underwent mining disturbance. We carried out a similarity model test to verify the effect of support in dynamic pressure. Monitoring results demonstrated the change rules of deformation and stress of surrounding rock in different supporting schemes. The supporting scheme of U-shaped steel had an effective control on deformation of surrounding rock. The scheme was successfully applied in underground engineering practice, and achieved good technical and economic benefits.

Measured Performance and Analysis of the Residual Settlement of a PVD-Improved Marine Soft Ground

Prefabricated vertical drains(PVDs)are commonly used to shorten the drainage path for consolidation as part of the improvement of marine soft ground.Many studies that focus on the primary consolidation settlement of PVD-improved soft ground have been conducted;however,residual settlement has been scarcely investigated.Residual settlement is the net effect of secondary compression and the remaining primary consolidation and generally occurs while the facilities are operating.In this study,residual settlement was investigated using the measured field settlement data obtained from the surface settlement plate and multilayer settlement gauges.This study determined that PVD still has some effect on residual settlement and can reduce the settlement times.Residual settlement is only related to the PVD-improved soil layer and only occurs significantly in the middle zone of that layer over a few months.The middle zone may be related to the time delay of excess pore water pressure dissipation.This study concluded that the remaining primary consolidation in the PVD-improved soil layer is the primary cause of residual settlement,whereas secondary compression in the PVD-improved soil layer is only a minor cause.

Discussion on bearing capacity of soft rock ground based on in-situ load test

The suitability of five methods was discussed here,taking the typical results from in-situ load test of Renshou Mansion and Caifu Plaza in Yueyang City for example.It shows that bearing capacity can be obtained by the proportion load and limit load from p-s curve with the first and the second point of contraflexure easily.It is recommended that the accurate value of bearing capacity can be obtained by hyperbola fitting method and minimum curvature radius method theoretically.The rebound method is clear in principle,in which the elastoplasticity characteristic is thought about.Out of consideration for the unsteadiness and unobviousness of bearing capacity from relative settlement method,it can be only adopted as reference.So bearing capacity of soft rock ground should be determined by weathering condition of soft rock and curve type.

近远场地震下RC大跨轻柔拱桥减隔震支座方案优化

为探明不同地震动输入对某大跨轻柔拱桥减隔震的影响,通过非线性有限元模型分析近远场地震下桥梁结构的响应规律,得到大桥支座的优化布置方案.首先,基于模态分析,对比该桥与传统钢筋混凝土(RC)拱桥动力特性差异;其次,选取不同脉冲周期的近场地震动、近场无脉冲及远场长周期地震动记录;最后,研究近远场地震下拱桥的响应行为和损伤演化路径,得到优化桥梁的减隔震支座设计方案.研究结果表明:近场脉冲及远场长周期地震下的桥梁结构响应大于无脉冲地震响应;纵竖向地震下高墩柱剪力及弯矩包络曲线呈“S”形,墩身中部易形成塑性铰,高阶振型影响显著;桥梁纵桥向先于横向震损,损伤路径依次为矮柱、高墩柱及拱肋实心-空心截面段;摩擦摆支座减震效果最佳但位移较大,高阻尼支座方案在近场中长脉冲周期及远场长周期地震下仍会发生损伤,板式橡胶支座方案因无法保证支座同步滑移而不能形成准隔震体系;“高阻尼+摩擦摆”混合方案的支座位移小,拱肋及墩柱均处于弹性,是近断层大跨轻柔RC拱桥的优选减隔震方案.

基于时间窗的机场地面保障车辆动态调度

机场各类地面资源的优化配置是机场场面运行优化的核心问题,而机场地面保障任务的调度是其中的关键一环。针对机场地面保障车辆的调度问题,考虑航班延误、提前等情况,构建了双阶段机场地面保障车辆调度模型,并设计双阶段启发式算法进行求解;基于中国某大型机场的实际运行数据,以清水车和食品车调度为例分别进行仿真实验。结果表明:对比先到先服务策略,清水车行驶总距离减少55.31%,食品车行驶总距离减少47.38%;对比传统遗传算法,清水车行驶总距离减少19.31%,食品车行驶总距离减少22.93%;动态调整后,清水车新增总行驶距离1.2%,食品车总行驶距离新增3.2%,均在可接受范围之内。可见,双阶段机场地面保障车辆调度模型能提高大型机场场面运行效率,为机场航班实际地面保障任务调度提供理论依据和决策支持。

软土地基上的港口陆域回填区场地地震反应分析

在软土地基上通过回填砂形成的港口后方陆域,其场地为在密实砂层下卧软弱土层的特殊场地。利用一维场地地震反应分析软件DEEPSOIL的时域非线性分析方法建立分析模型,选择10组地震加速度记录作为输入地震动,分析该类特殊场地的地震反应。结果表明,软弱土层在强震作用下会产生大的剪切变形,使滞回阻尼充分发挥从而耗散地震能量;地震在通过软弱土层向上传递过程中迅速减小,软弱土层具有明显的减震和隔震效果。

多元荷载作用下软基深水高桩码头结构承载特性研究

软基深水高桩码头结构受到恶劣外海环境荷载及复杂工作荷载等多元荷载的共同作用。研究表明,船舶撞击荷载是该结构水平向控制荷载,但波浪长期循环荷载作用会引起桩周土体软化,进而导致码头结构在其它荷载作用下承载特性的劣化。鉴于此,首先基于ABAQUS有限元软件建立了深水高桩码头结构-地基土体相互作用的三维弹塑性有限元模型;然后,借助USDFLD子程序实现了同时考虑土体强度弱化和刚度衰减的模拟,进而开展了未考虑土体软化、仅考虑土体强度弱化、仅考虑土体刚度衰减以及同时考虑土体强度弱化和刚度衰减对码头结构承载特性影响的对比分析。研究结果表明,与未考虑土体软化时撞击荷载作用下码头结构安全系数相比,仅考虑土体强度弱化时其值降低14.72%,仅考虑土体刚度衰减时其值降低15.28%,同时考虑土体强度弱化和刚度衰减时其值降低19.44%,且考虑土体软化后桩周土体的塑性应变范围明显增大,极限状态时桩身应力值减小,结构稳定性显著降低。

真空预压与真空井点降水用于软土处理的机理差异

真空预压与真空井点降水两种工艺均可用于软土地基处理,表观上两者都是通过抽真空使土体内孔隙水排出并使软土沉降,但目前对两者的工艺和机理等关键差异的认识不深入,难以有效指导现场施工。真空预压和真空井点降水在抽真空设备、竖向排水通道和密封边界等设备与工艺方面有显著差异;两者的的排水机理也有着本质区别。真空预压的加固机理是负压作用下土体发生塑料排水板水平向排水固结,同时塑料排水板内的水向上流动与重力无关;真空井点降水的加固机理是群井抽水引起地下水位降低,土体的浮重度变为湿重度导致荷载增大使土体沉降,同时井点管内的水向上流动受重力影响。在工艺和机理的差异分析的基础上,进一步明确了真空预压和真空井点降水在10个关键方面的差异,包括加固机理、影响深度、不同深度的真空传播、土体水平变形、竖向排水与重力的关系、抽真空位置影响、与外界是否连通、影响区成因、地下水位变化、是否形成非饱和带。

临近既有铁路增建新线地基处理施工影响比较分析

我国东南沿海一带,铁路既有线的建设时代久远、铁路路基建设标准低,地基土质条件差,受增建新线铁路路基的地基处理施工影响明显。对地基处理施工进行现场监测,选取施工影响小的地基处理方法对保障既有铁路运营安全至关重要。根据超孔隙水压力、地表位移和深层位移的现场施工监测数据,分析地基处理施工影响范围和程度,得到以下结论:(1)施工影响由大到小的排序为高压旋喷桩(管桩)>水泥搅拌桩>全方位高压喷射(MJS)桩>布袋桩;(2)水泥搅拌桩施工影响范围在5 m左右,高压旋喷桩施工影响范围高达10 m,布袋桩施工影响范围大约为3 m,MJS桩施工影响范围在4 m左右。对比高压旋喷桩、管桩、布袋桩和MJS桩与搅拌桩施工影响大小,优化临近既有铁路增建新线的地基处理方案,可以有效控制增建新线地基处理对既有铁路的扰动影响,确保既有铁路安全。

鄂尔多斯高原砒砂岩区植被恢复潜力

评估黄河流域砒砂岩区的植被承载力,可以为流域植被建设和土地退化问题治理提供科学依据。本研究以鄂尔多斯高原砒砂岩典型分布区为研究区,基于植被在不同地形因素下的差异性分布划分为不同的砒砂岩生境类型,分析2000—2022年不同生境类型下植被变化趋势,并通过植被覆盖度反演得到的地上生物量定量化探究其承载潜力。结果表明:鄂尔多斯高原总体植被覆盖度每年以3.7%的速率缓慢增加,其中裸露砒砂岩区增长速率最高,覆沙砒砂岩区增加速率最低。2022年全区地上生物量相对于2000年增长了115.5%,达到219.49 g·m-2,其中覆土砒砂岩区地上生物量年均值最高(185.29 g·m-2)。植被覆盖度变化以及地上生物量在空间分布上类似,呈东南方向高,西北方向低。对照实际地上生物量发现裸露、覆沙、覆土砒砂岩区的植被地上生物量的现有量分别占其可承载潜力的75.2%、80.9%、84.2%。总的来说,各区域植被呈现增加趋势,仍有一定的发展潜力,其中裸露砒砂岩区增加潜力最大。

软土地层基坑群模型试验相似材料研制及应用

针对基坑群连续开挖存在的耦合效应问题,首先确定相似材料配比方案,通过正交试验得出合理的配比材料,进而设计基坑群模型试验来研究两侧基坑叠加作用影响下车站基坑的围护结构和土体表层变形.研究结果表明:满足该软土地层相似常数的土层材料配比为(石英砂∶滑石粉∶双飞粉∶膨润土∶水=0.27∶0.27∶0.232∶0.058∶0.17);基坑群开挖时由于相邻墙体引起的墙后土拱效应叠加导致坑间土体水平应力降低,围护结构受力和变形量减小,坑间土体沉降量增大;基坑间距是支护结构变形的主要影响因素,两侧基坑间距位于1H~2H之间(H为基坑深度),接近1倍开挖深度一侧的叠加影响大于接近2倍开挖深度一侧.

软土基础核岛厂房振动台试验数值模拟分析

采用土-结相互作用分区分析方法(partitioned analysis of soil-structure interaction,PASSI),对软土地基核岛厂房振动台试验中的筏基-混凝土框架模型以及桩基-混凝土框架模型进行了数值模拟,对比分析了振动台试验结果与数值模拟结果,并对软土地基下核岛厂房土-基础-结构的地震响应特征进行了分析。对2种模型输入调幅为0.05、0.10、0.20 g的RG160、Chi-Chi与Landers地震波,对比分析了各工况下振动台试验与数值模拟的土体与结构加速度放大系数、楼层反应谱、筏基底部土压力时程、桩身应变以及桩身弯矩。结果表明:数值模拟结果能较好地反映振动台试验结果;经过土层放大作用,随着楼层的增高,振动台试验和数值模拟中的加速度放大系数随之增大,反映了同样的规律;振动台试验与数值模拟所得的土-结体系的反应谱均与输入地震动频谱特征及体系的振动特性相关;振动台试验中,筏板基础会出现倾覆现象,筏基底部土压力时程表现出“东高西低”的现象,但数值模拟中筏基底部的土压力时程未出现此种现象,其原因是数值模拟中未考虑土体与基础的接触非线性;数值模拟中群桩的地震响应与试验的宏观现象基本吻合,定量上有差异,是数值模拟中未考虑桩的非线性所致。

高地应力软岩隧道初支侵限诱因及控制措施研究

高地应力软弱围岩隧道施工易发生软岩大变形不良地质灾害,进一步引发掌子面失稳塌方、初支结构破坏、钢拱架弯折、初支结构侵限等不良现象,严重影响施工安全,阻碍工期。依托九绵高速白马隧道工程,结合工程特点,从围岩自身力学特性及高地应力软岩变形特征方面深入分析了白马隧道初支侵限机理,并针对此特点,提出了一套适用于软岩大变形初支结构侵限专项施工方案。研究结果表明,由于地下水的侵蚀,炭质千枚岩发生软化,岩体力学性质变差,自承能力降低,在高地应力持续作用下,围岩发生挤压大变形,进一步诱导初支侵限。变更支护方案后,6 m锚杆结合小导管注浆加固对围岩变形有一定控制作用,但6 m锚杆无法将松动区岩块锚固在稳定母体中,不能充分发挥锚杆悬吊能力,对围岩变形控制效果有限,无法满足现场围岩变形需求,建议采用8 m长锚杆。初支拆换过程中应实时监测围岩变化情况,明确围岩变化方向、速率、累计值等,并根据现场实时监测数据反馈施工,实时调整支护参数,确保施工质量。

上软下硬地层隧道盾构施工地表沉降影响因素及规律研究

为研究盾构隧道穿越上软下硬地层时,开挖面内不同土岩厚度比对地表沉降的影响,以贵阳轨道交通3号线某区间隧道为工程背景,保持隧道埋深和双线隧道间距不变,建立7种工况下的三维有限元模型,通过与实测数据对比分析得到沉降规律,并利用双线隧道的44组地表沉降数据,拟合出适用于当地复合地层的Peck分段公式。研究结果表明:从整体看,数值模拟的沉降曲线均为W形,地表最大沉降位于先行隧道上方;穿越红黏土层时地表更易受到扰动而产生不均匀沉降,随着土岩厚度比的减小,模拟曲线对称性增强,左右隧道的沉降差缩小,整体沉降值基本表现为减小趋势;总结土岩厚度比与修正系数的关系,图表显示Peck分段公式能较好地预测贵阳上软下硬地层的沉降规律。

深厚欠固结软土悬浮桩复合地基固结沉降

沿海填土地区通常存在软土地基,其中软土层较厚,土壤欠固结现象普遍存在。这导致了诸如承载力不足、固结周期长、沉降量大等问题。为改善欠固结软土地基的低承载能力问题,依托珠海南湾大道悬浮桩地基工程,采用Flac3D有限差分计算软件建立复合地基模型,并将计算结果与短期监测数据进行比对,以验证模型的准确性。对深厚欠固结软土悬浮桩复合地基的沉降变形特征、孔隙水压力消散特征以及土体有效应力增长过程进行了研究。研究结果表明:模型的计算结果与监测数据基本吻合,数值模型能够准确反映饱和软土复合地基的固结和沉降特征,为深厚欠固结软土地基的道路施工提供了理论参考。

软土地层45m级超深基坑工程实测变形性状分析

以上海软土地区某挖深45m级超深基坑工程为背景,分析了其实测变形特性。结果表明:地下连续墙的侧向位移随开挖深度的增大而逐渐变大,且变形空间效应显著;由于开挖深度大,地下连续墙的绝对侧向变形量也较大,但最大侧向位移平均值与开挖深度的比值仅为0.43%,与上海软土地区挖深小于30m的基坑变形统计平均值接近;地下连续墙及立柱受开挖卸荷影响,竖向位移表现为隆起,且在底板浇筑工况下隆起值趋于稳定,立柱的最大回弹达65mm;各道支撑轴力增量基本发生在紧邻下方土体开挖工况,且最大轴力值基本发生在第六、七、八道支撑中;基坑外地表沉降均呈“凹槽形”,随施工阶段的推移地表沉降逐步增加,且发生最大沉降的位置随之逐步向坑外发展,而无量纲化地表沉降仍处于上海软土地区统计的沉降包络线范围之内;此外,基坑周边管线、磁悬浮的变形均较小,表明基坑工程的安全可控。