Theoretical analysis and engineering application of controllable shock wave technology for enhancing coalbed methane in soft and low‑permeability coal seams

Coalbed methane(CBM)is a significant factor in triggering coal and gas outburst disaster,while also serving as a clean fuel.With the increasing depth of mining operations,coal seams that exhibit high levels of gas content and low permeability have become increasingly prevalent.While controllable shockwave(CSW)technology has proven effective in enhancing CBM in laboratory settings,there is a lack of reports on its field applications in soft and low-permeability coal seams.This study establishes the governing equations for stress waves induced by CSW.Laplace numerical inversion was employed to analyse the dynamic response of the coal seam during CSW antireflection.Additionally,quantitative calculations were performed for the crushed zone,fracture zone,and effective CSW influence range,which guided the selection of field test parameters.The results of the field test unveiled a substantial improvement in the gas permeability coefficient,the average rate of pure methane flowrate,and the mean gas flowrate within a 10 m radius of the antireflection borehole.These enhancements were notable,showing increases of 3 times,13.72 times,and 11.48 times,respectively.Furthermore,the field test performed on the CSW antireflection gas extraction hole cluster demonstrated a noticeable improvement in CBM extraction.After antireflection,the maximum peak gas concentration and maximum peak pure methane flow reached 71.2%and 2.59 m^(3)/min,respectively.These findings will offer valuable guidance for the application of CSW antireflection technology in soft and low-permeability coal seams.

Rockburst mechanism in soft coal seam within deep coal mines

A number of rockburst accidents occurring in soft coal seams have shown that the rockburst mechanism involved in soft coal seams is significantly different from that involved in hard coal seams. Therefore, the method used to evaluate rockburst in hard coal seams is not applicable to soft coal seams. This paper established an energy integral model for the rockburst-inducing area and a friction work calculation model for the plastic area. If the remaining energy after the coal seam is broken in the rockburstinducing area is greater than the friction work required for the coal to burst out, then a rockburst accident will occur. Mechanisms of ‘‘quaking without bursting" and ‘‘quaking and bursting" are clarified for soft coal seams and corresponding control measures are proposed as the optimization of roadway layouts and use of ‘‘three strong systems"(strong de-stressing, strong supporting, and strong monitoring).

Distribution of ground stress on Puhe Coal Mine

Puhe Coal Mine is a typical Tertiary coal in Shenbei mining area. With an increase in mining depth, tectonic stress field becomes more complex, leading to increased deformation and failure of the soft rock roadway. Stress becomes an important factor of mine safety and stability. This paper analyzes the distribution of the regional tectonic field, and determines the distribution of situ stress measurement through measuring the ground stress field in the main mining area level of Puhe Coal Mine using stress relief method. The acquired in situ stress data at different locations and depths provide a reference for the rational arrangement of the stop and mine roadway supporting design, which are of great significance for the efficient safety production of the mine.

Macro and micro grouting process and the influence mechanism of cracks in soft coal seam

Grouting is an important method to reinforce soft coal roadway,and the presence of primary cracks in the coal body has an important influence on the grouting effect.With the discrete element simulation method,the grouting process of the soft coal seam was simulated.The mechanism of primary cracks on grouting was revealed,while the influence of fracture characteristics and grouting pressure on the grouting effect was analyzed.The results demonstrated that grouting in the soft coal seam involves the stages of seepage,rapid splitting,slow splitting,and stability.Due to the presence of primary cracks,the grouting diffusion radius increased significantly.Under the slurry pressure,the tensile stress concentration was formed at the crack tip,and the slurry split the coal once the splitting pressure was reached.In addition,the distribution characteristics of fractures are found to have a great influence on the grouting effect.It is observed that smaller fracture spacing is associated with a larger slurry diffusion radius and thus easier penetration of the primary crack tips.The fracture angle affects the direction of fracture propagation.The secondary fracture formed by splitting is a tensile fracture,which is more likely to extend along the direction parallel to the maximum principal stress.Overall,these simulation results have guiding significance for the setting of reasonable spacing of grouting holes in the practice of grouting engineering.

Ground stability of underground gateroad with 1 km burial depth： A case study from Xingdong coal mine, China

本文采用数值模拟、案例分析、现场试验相结合的综合研究方法分析千米埋深煤矿巷道围岩稳定性。首先,在试验巷道进行了地应力监测与煤岩体力学性能测试;然后,通过FLAC^(3D)数值模拟软件分析了试验巷道围岩位移场、应力场、塑性区与锚杆受力特征。研究结果表明,软岩特性与高地应力是深部巷道失稳的主要因素,高应力引起的剪切滑移破坏是深部巷道围岩的主要破坏模式;不合理的支护方式,特别是锚杆索长度短且预紧力低、缺少高强二次支护、底板无支护等亦是巷道失稳的原因。基于上述研究,提出了集长锚杆索、可缩性环形支架、注浆加固于一体的联合加固措施,并通过现场监测验证了支护方案的合理性。本文研究成果为深入理解千米深井巷道破坏机制提供了借鉴。

Experimental analysis of pore structure and fractal characteristics of soft and hard coals with same coalifcation

Accurate and quantitative investigation of the physical structure and fractal geometry of coal has important theoretical and practical signifcance for coal bed methane(CBM)development and the prevention of dynamic disasters such as coal and gas outbursts.This study investigates the pore structure and fractal characteristics of soft and hard coals using nitrogen and carbon dioxide(N_(2)/CO_(2))adsorption.Coal samples from Pingdingshan Mine in Henan province of China were collected and pulverized to the required size(0.20–0.25 mm).N_(2)/CO_(2)adsorption tests were performed to evaluate the specifc surface area(SSA),pore size distribution(PSD),and pore volume(PV)using Braunuer-Emmett-Teller(BET),Barrett-Joyner-Halenda(BJH),and Density Functional Theory(DFT).The pore structure was characterized based on the theory of fractal dimensions.The results unveiled that the strength of coal has a signifcant infuence on pore structure and fractal dimensions.There are signifcant diferences in SSA and PV between both coals.The BJH-PV and BET-SSA obtained by N_(2)-adsorption for soft coal are 0.029–0.032 cm^(3)/g and 3.523–4.783 m^(2)/g.While the values of PV and SSA obtained by CO_(2)-adsorption are 0.037–0.039 cm^(3)/g and 106.016–111.870 m^(2)/g.Soft coal shows greater SSA and PV than hard coal,which is consistent with the adsorption capacity(VL).The fractal dimensions of soft and hard coal are respectively diferent.The Ding coal exhibits larger D1 and smaller D_(2),and the reverse for the Wu coal seam is observed.The greater the value of D1(complexity of pore surface)of soft coal is,the larger the pore surface roughness and gas adsorption capacity is.The results enable us to conclude that the characterization of pores and fractal dimensions of soft and hard coals is diferent,tending to diferent adsorption/desorption characteristics.In this regard,the results provide a reference for formulating corresponding coal and gas outburst prevention and control measures.

露天矿顺倾软岩边坡内排追踪压帮治理工程——以贺斯格乌拉南露天煤矿首采区南帮为例

软岩露天煤矿实现安全高效开采的重点是边坡稳定。为解决露天矿顺倾软岩边坡稳定性治理难题,在分析边坡稳定性主控因素的基础上,提出了露天矿顺倾软岩边坡内排追踪压帮治理工程。以贺斯格乌拉南露天煤矿首采区南帮为工程背景,兼顾采场与内排土场边坡稳定性,采用极限平衡法和数值模拟相结合的手段,设计了采场边坡的空间形态,提出了采场与内排土场边坡协同治理方案,可最大限度地安全回收边坡压覆煤炭资源。研究结果表明:弱层暴露长度是露天矿顺倾软岩边坡稳定性的主控因素,控制采场与内排土场间的追踪距离是改善边坡稳定性的有效途径;随着追踪距离的增加,边坡破坏模式从以圆弧为侧界面、弱层为底界面的切层-顺层-剪出滑动逐渐过渡为以圆弧为侧界面、弱层为底界面的切层-顺层滑动,边坡稳定性逐渐下降;内排土场及其与采场构成的复合边坡稳定性随破坏底板弱层回填岩石范围的增大呈指数函数规律提高;贺斯格乌拉南露天煤矿首采区南帮浅部边坡留设40 m运输平盘、15 m保安平盘,底帮深部边坡角29°,追踪距离控制在50 m之内时可满足安全要求;内排土场基底弱层完全破坏并回填岩石倾向长度60 m时可满足安全要求。研究成果为软岩露天煤矿边坡稳定性治理提供了新思路。

松软煤层大采高工作面煤壁片帮机理及深浅孔交替超前预注浆加固技术研究

目的为探究松软煤层大采高工作面煤壁片帮机理,并对片帮严重的松软煤层大采高工作面煤壁进行有效控制,方法利用材料力学理论得到煤壁片帮的频发位置,引入煤壁剪切破坏准则,得出松软煤体煤壁片帮的主控因素。并以李村煤矿1305工作面为例,通过FLAC3D建立数值模型,以煤壁最大位移、煤体破坏深度、支承压力大小和支承压力峰值位置4个因素作为参考比较对象,通过引入正交试验法,研究了煤层埋深、内摩擦角、黏聚力、抗拉强度以及支护强度对煤壁片帮的影响程度。结果结果表明:煤体自身的物理力学性质(内摩擦角和黏聚力)是影响煤壁片帮的主要因素,其次煤体的赋存条件(埋深)也是一个较为关键的影响因素。结论工业性试验基于正交试验结果提出了大采高综采工作面深浅孔交替超前预注浆加固技术,有效控制了李村煤矿1305工作面煤壁片帮严重情况,为其他类似地质条件大采高综采工作面煤壁片帮控制提供了借鉴。

“三软”厚煤层回采巷道掘锚一体机工艺优化及应用

“三软”厚煤层回采巷道围岩整体强度低,且岩层结构组合普遍变化较大,造成掘进工作面悬露顶板稳定性差异明显,部分顶板稳定性较差区域无法直接采用掘锚一体机及配套施工工艺,造成掘进工作面频繁停工,整体掘进效率下降。针对此类问题,以沙吉海煤矿“三软”厚煤层回采巷道为工程背景,采用现场调研、理论分析、数值模拟等综合研究方法,阐明了掘进工作面悬露顶板漏冒、掘锚一体机陷入底板或跑偏、煤壁片帮是制约掘锚一体机在“三软”厚煤层回采巷道中应用的关键制约因素;考虑悬露顶板厚度、扰动影响系数、顶板各岩层强度及各岩层完整性等参量的影响,建立和推导了掘进工作面悬露顶板极限跨距计算公式;形成了以掘进工作面悬露顶板极限跨距计算为主导的巷道围岩稳定性分级方法,将“三软”厚煤层回采巷道围岩划分为极稳定、稳定、中等稳定、不稳定、极不稳定5个级别;提出了不同稳定性级别围岩条件下掘锚一体机装备及施工工艺分类优化方案,并从截割滚筒位态调整、底板接地处理、巷帮作业平台增设等方面给出了困难作业环境下掘锚一体机应用对策。研究成果在沙吉海煤矿B1003W05工作面巷道进行了工程应用,其分类优化方案可有效保障掘锚一体机在“三软”厚煤层中的正常运行,相比邻近巷道采用悬臂式掘进机综掘工艺,掘进速度提升了1.0~1.8倍。

松软煤层放顶煤开采瓦斯治理和防灭火技术研究

松软煤层放顶煤开采面临着瓦斯治理和防灭火技术难题。结合了9-806工作面的具体情况,对开采过程中面临的瓦斯治理和防灭火问题进行了系统的分析,并采取了针对性的防治措施。结果显示,瓦斯防治受到了通风设施损坏、瓦斯含量大和采动的影响,防灭火受到了易燃气体、浮煤以及防灭火技术的影响。为此,需要从产学研合作制定合理的防灭火措施、投用高负压瓦斯抽放泵、减少巷道漏风、做好有毒有害气体的监测工作等几个方面出发进行防治。

深井软岩注浆加固支护技术应用研究

本文以深井生产工作为例展开分析,结合设计情况分析巷道变形破坏原因,采用理论计算和数值模拟相结合的方法,研究巷道围岩应力分布与变形破坏特征等,提出了采用注浆加固支护技术控制巷道围岩变形破坏的相关方法,并对巷道加固后的稳定性进行了监测。通过研究表明得出,采用注浆加固支护技术能有效控制巷道变形破坏,保证了巷道的稳定性和安全性。

煤矿深井软弱围岩巷道锚架注支护施工技术研究

针对巷道在围岩应力作用下会产生较大的移近量,提出煤矿深井软弱围岩巷道锚架注支护施工技术,分别从锚杆设置、金属网铺设、钢支架架设以及注浆施工等方面进行设计,明确了具体的施工材料、方式及操作要点,并利用实例验证技术的先进性,结果显示,煤矿深井巷道两帮移近量和巷道顶底板移近量始终稳定在较低水平,应用效果较好。

采动影响巷道支护方案设计及效果

为减少松软煤层围岩巷道受采动影响的破坏,提高煤层开采的安全性,以某矿为对象,分析该矿松软煤层在采动影响下围岩的变化规律,设计巷道联合支护技术为“锚网喷+锚索梁+注浆”。与无支护技术相比,经联合支护优化后,该矿巷道顶底板及两帮变形量分别降低68.5%、50%、61%,降幅明显,表明该联合支护技术能有效控制围岩变形,支护效果好。

动压影响区松软留顶煤巷道支护技术研究

厚煤层开采工作面回采巷道断面普遍较大,随着矿井采掘深度和开采范围的不断增大,回采巷道围岩控制难度增加,这就需要做好动压巷道围岩变形控制。本文以某煤矿11307回顺为研究对象,分析动压影响下松软留顶煤巷道围岩变形特征及影响因素,并提出具体支护方案。总体来说,采用锚杆索、注浆、钢筋托梁及金属网组合支护顶板,采用锚杆索、金属网组合支护巷帮。工程应用后,11307回顺巷道位移变形量较小,可满足使用需要。

三软煤层条件下工作面浅孔注水钻孔设置方式探索

针对告成煤矿三软煤层生产过程中,煤尘比较突出、劳动作业环境恶劣和容易诱发煤尘事故等问题,在23041综采工作面进行了工作面浅孔注水伪斜钻孔设置方法的试验和探索,并将该方法与现用的注水垂直钻孔设置方法进行了对比试验。实践证明,工作面浅孔注水伪斜钻孔设置方法可减少综采工作面生产过程中粉尘的产生量,对促进安全生产具有重要意义。

露天煤矿顺倾软岩边坡形态“三段式”优化研究

针对露天煤矿顺倾软岩边坡空间形态问题,从控制边坡稳定性角度出发,在分析地层岩性差异以及弱层层位的基础上,结合采场深部横采内排追踪压帮的三维效应,突破传统等分平盘线性边坡设计方法,将边坡划分为3段,提出了顺倾软岩边坡形态“三段式”优化设计方法;以扎哈淖尔露天煤矿煤岩破碎站区段南帮边坡为工程背景,基于极限平衡理论与数值模拟相结合的方法,分析了南帮边坡二维、三维稳定性,对顺倾软岩边坡空间形态参数进行了优化,并分析了边坡形态“三段式”优化带来的经济效益。研究表明:扎哈淖尔露天煤矿煤岩破碎站区段南帮横采内排追踪距离需控制在50 m内,深部断面形态以运输平盘30 m、保安平盘5 m组合形式进行设计;采用“三段式”边坡设计比等分平盘线性边坡设计及仅考虑断面形态效应的逐阶段边坡设计在断面上沿走向每单位长度分别可多出煤9271.82 t和7623.89 t,剥采比为0.48 m3/t和0.89 m3/t,有利于实现煤炭资源的安全高效回收。

综放工作面顶板灾害类型和发生机制及防治技术

综放工作面采出煤层厚度大,上覆岩层活动空间大,易发生顶板事故。为理解综放工作面顶板灾害发生机制,统计分析了部分煤矿综放工作面顶板灾害案例,按顶板条件及灾害特征将综放工作面顶板灾害分为松软顶板大面积切顶压架和坚硬顶板大面积垮落及压架2类。分别以崔木煤矿和曹家滩煤矿综放工作面为例,分析了2类顶板灾害发生特点,提出了相应顶板灾害发生机制:松软顶板工作面顶板胶结性弱,支架实际刚度不足致使顶板在煤壁处断裂,破断后易失稳,同时支架支护强度不足,最终导致切顶压架灾害;坚硬顶板工作面顶板整体性好,不易破断,悬顶到一定极限突然破断,对支架造成冲击,若断裂线在煤壁处则极易导致工作面切顶压架。结合工程实践,提出了2类顶板灾害防治技术措施:对于松软顶板综放工作面采取合理提高支架刚度、支护效率以及工作面推进速度,加强预警等手段预防大面积切顶压架灾害;对于坚硬顶板工作面除加强支架管理、合理开采设计等,还需从顶板改性入手,如采用井下区域水力压裂技术弱化顶板,防治顶板大面积垮落和压架灾害。

松软破碎厚煤层综放回采巷道围岩失稳特征及控制技术

以鹤煤公司九矿3204孤岛综放面顺槽为研究对象,采用相似模拟方法研究了巷道围岩变形破坏特征和顶煤离层机理,提出强力护表和锚杆锚索协同支护的围岩控制方法。结果表明:随着支承压力的增加,锚固区和非锚固区裂隙逐渐发育,在掘进和受采动影响初期阶段,强力护表锚固能够保证巷道顶帮围岩的稳定;当支承压力集中系数k>2时,巷道围岩表面位移急剧增加,断面面积急剧减小,支护受力亦急剧增大。工业性试验表明,所提出的强力护表和锚杆锚索协同支护方法,能够保证服务期间巷道围岩的稳定,研究结果可为松软破碎厚煤层综放回采巷道支护提供技术参考。

三软煤层综采工作面超前异型上架钢棚支护技术

针对嵩山矿2200工作面运输巷后期受采动影响剧烈,断面收缩非常明显,需多次翻修等问题,以嵩山矿2200工作面运输巷沿空留巷工程条件为背景,使用36U型钢棚替代Π型钢梁支护,再以打设锁梁锚索,在顶梁两侧各施工1根锚索(?21.6 mm×5.5 m),配合卡缆前盖进行加固顶梁,36U型钢棚支护配合锚索+锁梁锚索为主要研究点,通过现场典型工业性试验印证支护技术是否先进,支护参数是否合理,并可运用工业性试验的反馈信息进一步优化巷道支护参数,找到嵩山煤矿工作面超前段最优支护参数,以便全矿推广应用。研究减少了维修巷道工程量,减少了围岩松动圈的扩大,维修费用具体减少了385万元,减少了一个替棚茬口,为采煤工作面上、下三角区顶板的控制创造了条件。

急倾斜松软厚煤层智能化综采液压支架优化研究

为解决川煤集团急倾斜松软厚煤层综采存在的问题,在原大倾角、大采高支架可靠防倒、防滑和防飞矸的基础上,对分体运输搬家倒面安装困难导致开采效率不高的问题进行分析研究,优化设计了ZY5400/18/48JD大采高大、伸缩比支架,实现整机安全运输,适应软底开采;依托智能化综采技术,实现急倾斜综采支架防倒、防滑精准控制和支架姿态管理;优化支架适应性,采取伪俯斜开采工艺,减少煤壁片帮和工作面飞煤、飞矸,保障工作面人员及设备安全,实现安全高效开采。