Theoretical analysis and engineering application of controllable shock wave technology for enhancing coalbed methane in soft and low‑permeability coal seams

Coalbed methane(CBM)is a significant factor in triggering coal and gas outburst disaster,while also serving as a clean fuel.With the increasing depth of mining operations,coal seams that exhibit high levels of gas content and low permeability have become increasingly prevalent.While controllable shockwave(CSW)technology has proven effective in enhancing CBM in laboratory settings,there is a lack of reports on its field applications in soft and low-permeability coal seams.This study establishes the governing equations for stress waves induced by CSW.Laplace numerical inversion was employed to analyse the dynamic response of the coal seam during CSW antireflection.Additionally,quantitative calculations were performed for the crushed zone,fracture zone,and effective CSW influence range,which guided the selection of field test parameters.The results of the field test unveiled a substantial improvement in the gas permeability coefficient,the average rate of pure methane flowrate,and the mean gas flowrate within a 10 m radius of the antireflection borehole.These enhancements were notable,showing increases of 3 times,13.72 times,and 11.48 times,respectively.Furthermore,the field test performed on the CSW antireflection gas extraction hole cluster demonstrated a noticeable improvement in CBM extraction.After antireflection,the maximum peak gas concentration and maximum peak pure methane flow reached 71.2%and 2.59 m^(3)/min,respectively.These findings will offer valuable guidance for the application of CSW antireflection technology in soft and low-permeability coal seams.

Rockburst mechanism in soft coal seam within deep coal mines

A number of rockburst accidents occurring in soft coal seams have shown that the rockburst mechanism involved in soft coal seams is significantly different from that involved in hard coal seams. Therefore, the method used to evaluate rockburst in hard coal seams is not applicable to soft coal seams. This paper established an energy integral model for the rockburst-inducing area and a friction work calculation model for the plastic area. If the remaining energy after the coal seam is broken in the rockburstinducing area is greater than the friction work required for the coal to burst out, then a rockburst accident will occur. Mechanisms of ‘‘quaking without bursting" and ‘‘quaking and bursting" are clarified for soft coal seams and corresponding control measures are proposed as the optimization of roadway layouts and use of ‘‘three strong systems"(strong de-stressing, strong supporting, and strong monitoring).

Characteristics of compression fracture of ＂three soft＂ coal bed by perfusion and gas sucking technique

Against the particularity of stratum-structure in ＂three soft＂ mine areas, according to rock indoor test and on-site sucking experiment, discussed the characteristics of argillization, compression fracture and sucking technique of soft coal with low permeability. It is clearly pointed out that the gas can be highly effectively sucked only by compression fracture along the occurrence of the coal seam, creating inter-seams crack belt because of the difference of bulgy deformation. After the flooding experiment in the 24080 workface of Pingdingshan No. 10 mine, the average single-bore volume of gas increases from 77 m3 to 7 893 mS, while decay cycle extended from 7 days to 80-90 days. Also, the single-bore extracting rate of gas increases to 33%.

Distribution of ground stress on Puhe Coal Mine

Puhe Coal Mine is a typical Tertiary coal in Shenbei mining area. With an increase in mining depth, tectonic stress field becomes more complex, leading to increased deformation and failure of the soft rock roadway. Stress becomes an important factor of mine safety and stability. This paper analyzes the distribution of the regional tectonic field, and determines the distribution of situ stress measurement through measuring the ground stress field in the main mining area level of Puhe Coal Mine using stress relief method. The acquired in situ stress data at different locations and depths provide a reference for the rational arrangement of the stop and mine roadway supporting design, which are of great significance for the efficient safety production of the mine.

Macro and micro grouting process and the influence mechanism of cracks in soft coal seam

Grouting is an important method to reinforce soft coal roadway,and the presence of primary cracks in the coal body has an important influence on the grouting effect.With the discrete element simulation method,the grouting process of the soft coal seam was simulated.The mechanism of primary cracks on grouting was revealed,while the influence of fracture characteristics and grouting pressure on the grouting effect was analyzed.The results demonstrated that grouting in the soft coal seam involves the stages of seepage,rapid splitting,slow splitting,and stability.Due to the presence of primary cracks,the grouting diffusion radius increased significantly.Under the slurry pressure,the tensile stress concentration was formed at the crack tip,and the slurry split the coal once the splitting pressure was reached.In addition,the distribution characteristics of fractures are found to have a great influence on the grouting effect.It is observed that smaller fracture spacing is associated with a larger slurry diffusion radius and thus easier penetration of the primary crack tips.The fracture angle affects the direction of fracture propagation.The secondary fracture formed by splitting is a tensile fracture,which is more likely to extend along the direction parallel to the maximum principal stress.Overall,these simulation results have guiding significance for the setting of reasonable spacing of grouting holes in the practice of grouting engineering.

Experimental analysis of pore structure and fractal characteristics of soft and hard coals with same coalifcation

Accurate and quantitative investigation of the physical structure and fractal geometry of coal has important theoretical and practical signifcance for coal bed methane(CBM)development and the prevention of dynamic disasters such as coal and gas outbursts.This study investigates the pore structure and fractal characteristics of soft and hard coals using nitrogen and carbon dioxide(N_(2)/CO_(2))adsorption.Coal samples from Pingdingshan Mine in Henan province of China were collected and pulverized to the required size(0.20–0.25 mm).N_(2)/CO_(2)adsorption tests were performed to evaluate the specifc surface area(SSA),pore size distribution(PSD),and pore volume(PV)using Braunuer-Emmett-Teller(BET),Barrett-Joyner-Halenda(BJH),and Density Functional Theory(DFT).The pore structure was characterized based on the theory of fractal dimensions.The results unveiled that the strength of coal has a signifcant infuence on pore structure and fractal dimensions.There are signifcant diferences in SSA and PV between both coals.The BJH-PV and BET-SSA obtained by N_(2)-adsorption for soft coal are 0.029–0.032 cm^(3)/g and 3.523–4.783 m^(2)/g.While the values of PV and SSA obtained by CO_(2)-adsorption are 0.037–0.039 cm^(3)/g and 106.016–111.870 m^(2)/g.Soft coal shows greater SSA and PV than hard coal,which is consistent with the adsorption capacity(VL).The fractal dimensions of soft and hard coal are respectively diferent.The Ding coal exhibits larger D1 and smaller D_(2),and the reverse for the Wu coal seam is observed.The greater the value of D1(complexity of pore surface)of soft coal is,the larger the pore surface roughness and gas adsorption capacity is.The results enable us to conclude that the characterization of pores and fractal dimensions of soft and hard coals is diferent,tending to diferent adsorption/desorption characteristics.In this regard,the results provide a reference for formulating corresponding coal and gas outburst prevention and control measures.

Outburst control in soft and outburst prone coal seam using the waterjet slotting technique from modeling to field work

The paper discussed a comprehensive numerical simulation and field work by the usage of waterjet slotting tech- nique to prevent the occurrence of outbursts in soft and outburst prone coal seams. This was based on the geological and ge- omechanical conditions of Jinjiachong Colliery, Guizhou Province, associated with varied waterjet slotting parameters such as slotting penetration, slotting thickness and slotting distance along the length of borehole. Also, to understand the variation of internal stress of coal seams after waterjet slotting application, the internal stress levels were compared with and without slot- ting application, and the results indicate that the internal effective stress levels can be reduced to 70% and 45% for the vertical and horizontal stresses, respectively, and the gas concentration can be increased up to 5 times when the waterjet slotting is ap- plied.

Analysis of factors of top coal caving in fully mechanized sublevel caving face in soft coal and control

According to the analysis of the mechanism of top coal caving, the caving condition was pointed out, and many factors of caving were also determined. Then the relationship between factors and caving was studied. Based on the above research, one effective method by using field monitoring was brought forward to determine the controlling factor. Then some related key technologies were provided, such as keeping the integrality of the top-coal, raising the horizontal resistance of supports and decreasing the real end-face distance etc.. At last one application of this method was presented, and it was proved to be an effective method.

松软煤层大采高工作面煤壁片帮机理及深浅孔交替超前预注浆加固技术研究

目的为探究松软煤层大采高工作面煤壁片帮机理,并对片帮严重的松软煤层大采高工作面煤壁进行有效控制,方法利用材料力学理论得到煤壁片帮的频发位置,引入煤壁剪切破坏准则,得出松软煤体煤壁片帮的主控因素。并以李村煤矿1305工作面为例,通过FLAC3D建立数值模型,以煤壁最大位移、煤体破坏深度、支承压力大小和支承压力峰值位置4个因素作为参考比较对象,通过引入正交试验法,研究了煤层埋深、内摩擦角、黏聚力、抗拉强度以及支护强度对煤壁片帮的影响程度。结果结果表明:煤体自身的物理力学性质(内摩擦角和黏聚力)是影响煤壁片帮的主要因素,其次煤体的赋存条件(埋深)也是一个较为关键的影响因素。结论工业性试验基于正交试验结果提出了大采高综采工作面深浅孔交替超前预注浆加固技术,有效控制了李村煤矿1305工作面煤壁片帮严重情况,为其他类似地质条件大采高综采工作面煤壁片帮控制提供了借鉴。

“三软”厚煤层回采巷道掘锚一体机工艺优化及应用

“三软”厚煤层回采巷道围岩整体强度低,且岩层结构组合普遍变化较大,造成掘进工作面悬露顶板稳定性差异明显,部分顶板稳定性较差区域无法直接采用掘锚一体机及配套施工工艺,造成掘进工作面频繁停工,整体掘进效率下降。针对此类问题,以沙吉海煤矿“三软”厚煤层回采巷道为工程背景,采用现场调研、理论分析、数值模拟等综合研究方法,阐明了掘进工作面悬露顶板漏冒、掘锚一体机陷入底板或跑偏、煤壁片帮是制约掘锚一体机在“三软”厚煤层回采巷道中应用的关键制约因素;考虑悬露顶板厚度、扰动影响系数、顶板各岩层强度及各岩层完整性等参量的影响,建立和推导了掘进工作面悬露顶板极限跨距计算公式;形成了以掘进工作面悬露顶板极限跨距计算为主导的巷道围岩稳定性分级方法,将“三软”厚煤层回采巷道围岩划分为极稳定、稳定、中等稳定、不稳定、极不稳定5个级别;提出了不同稳定性级别围岩条件下掘锚一体机装备及施工工艺分类优化方案,并从截割滚筒位态调整、底板接地处理、巷帮作业平台增设等方面给出了困难作业环境下掘锚一体机应用对策。研究成果在沙吉海煤矿B1003W05工作面巷道进行了工程应用,其分类优化方案可有效保障掘锚一体机在“三软”厚煤层中的正常运行,相比邻近巷道采用悬臂式掘进机综掘工艺,掘进速度提升了1.0~1.8倍。

露天矿顺倾软岩边坡内排追踪压帮治理工程——以贺斯格乌拉南露天煤矿首采区南帮为例

软岩露天煤矿实现安全高效开采的重点是边坡稳定。为解决露天矿顺倾软岩边坡稳定性治理难题,在分析边坡稳定性主控因素的基础上,提出了露天矿顺倾软岩边坡内排追踪压帮治理工程。以贺斯格乌拉南露天煤矿首采区南帮为工程背景,兼顾采场与内排土场边坡稳定性,采用极限平衡法和数值模拟相结合的手段,设计了采场边坡的空间形态,提出了采场与内排土场边坡协同治理方案,可最大限度地安全回收边坡压覆煤炭资源。研究结果表明:弱层暴露长度是露天矿顺倾软岩边坡稳定性的主控因素,控制采场与内排土场间的追踪距离是改善边坡稳定性的有效途径;随着追踪距离的增加,边坡破坏模式从以圆弧为侧界面、弱层为底界面的切层-顺层-剪出滑动逐渐过渡为以圆弧为侧界面、弱层为底界面的切层-顺层滑动,边坡稳定性逐渐下降;内排土场及其与采场构成的复合边坡稳定性随破坏底板弱层回填岩石范围的增大呈指数函数规律提高;贺斯格乌拉南露天煤矿首采区南帮浅部边坡留设40 m运输平盘、15 m保安平盘,底帮深部边坡角29°,追踪距离控制在50 m之内时可满足安全要求;内排土场基底弱层完全破坏并回填岩石倾向长度60 m时可满足安全要求。研究成果为软岩露天煤矿边坡稳定性治理提供了新思路。

软硬交错倾斜煤层下煤矿钻孔机器人钻杆系统振动特性研究

煤矿钻孔机器人钻杆系统振动特性的研究是钻进轨迹预测及控制的重要前提。考虑水平钻进过程中钻杆系统与煤层交互约束的复杂机制,搭建煤矿钻孔机器人钻进实验平台及振动监测系统,开展不同软硬煤层及煤层倾斜角度下的水平钻进实验;采用经验模态分解方法对采集数据进行分解、滤波和重构处理,以消除噪声干扰,进而研究软硬交错倾斜煤层下钻孔机器人钻杆系统振动特性。研究结果表明:钻孔机器人无论是在硬→中硬→软煤层还是软→中硬→硬煤层中钻进,钻杆系统的纵向、横向、扭转振动幅度均随煤层倾斜角度的增大而增大;同一煤层倾斜角度下,钻孔机器人在软→中硬→硬煤层中钻进较在硬→中硬→软煤层中钻进时,钻杆系统的纵向、横向及扭转振动幅度更大;煤层倾斜角度较小时,软硬交错煤层对钻杆系统振动特性的影响较大,煤层倾斜角度较大时,煤层倾斜角度对振动特性的影响大于软硬交错煤层的影响;较大的砂石对钻杆系统振动产生一定影响。

顺倾软岩露天煤矿到界边坡参数及高效开采技术研究

针对顺倾软岩露天煤矿到界边坡参数问题,从经济、技术及安全等角度出发,结合高效开采技术,基于极限平衡法提出一种基于高效开采技术的顺倾软岩露天煤矿到界边坡参数研究方法,并以扎尼河露天矿为工程背景,对二采区西帮到界边坡参数及高效开采技术进行研究。结果表明:当西帮边坡同帷幕保持50 m安全距离时,边坡沿帷幕破坏的稳定系数满足到界边坡安全储备系数要求;而正常到界边坡参数满足安全储备系数要求但压覆煤量较大,通过对二采区西帮实施预应力锚索加固后,边坡角可提高约7°,资源回收率有极大的提升,剖面1和剖面2在单米宽度下可多采煤炭资源1.09万t、0.97万t,且边坡仍处于稳定状态。研究结果可为类似的顺倾软岩露天煤矿到界边坡参数的确定及原煤开采方法提供借鉴。

多弱层顺倾软岩边坡控制开采技术

针对多弱层顺倾软岩边坡下部压煤问题,从边坡变形风险可控以及资源回收最大化角度出发,在分析地质资料和弱层层位的基础上,结合单一弱层的控制开采技术,提出了多弱层顺倾软岩边坡控制开采技术;以扎尼河露天矿北端帮边坡为工程背景,基于极限平衡理论,分析了北端帮边坡的稳定性,对多弱层控制的顺倾软岩边坡控制开采方案进行了研究。研究表明:通过多弱层顺倾软岩边坡控制开采技术的实施,可在采场深部增加内排物料形成“中间桥”工艺,对深部弱层形成“压覆”,对整体边坡形成“支撑”,保证边坡沿各弱层滑动均得以控制,实现多弱层顺倾软岩边坡煤炭高效回收以及蠕动形变的稳定性控制。

大倾角三软煤层回采巷道围岩变形破坏特性研究

采用相似模拟方法进行不同应力条件下大倾角煤层回采巷道的围岩破坏特性研究,结果表明,随着顶压系数k的增加,顶底板逐渐出现离层、剪切、滑移直至冒落,0≤k≤2时,锚网索支护起到了良好的锚固作用。k>2.5时,锚网索支护逐渐失效,巷道两帮中部及顶板中部破坏明显;随着顶压系数的增加,顶底范围的巷道分维数增速较快,增量显著,两帮范围的分维数D在增量和增速方面比顶底较低,说明顶底受顶压的影响大于两帮。顶板锚杆锚索轴力大于两帮,左侧顶部、帮部应力大于右侧;顶压系数0≤k≤2时,测点位移量较小,断面收缩率较低,锚网索支护效果较好,顶底板的变形量大于两帮,左侧(留三角煤处)变形量大于右侧,顶板及两帮中部变形量最大。

某综采工作面松软煤层开采矿压显现规律分析及控制措施

顶板松软的巷道极易出现岩层破碎下沉、煤壁片帮和支架压架等严重问题。为解决松软巷道围岩破碎和支护方案不合理等问题,对某煤矿4156综采工作面开采过程中的应力显现进行研究。采用现场实测的方法,对回采进程中支架实时观测到的载荷及围岩形变量进行分析。研究结果表明,在倾角影响下位于工作面上部支架的载荷明显小于工作面下部;受到超前采动应力影响的巷道出现严重收缩,结合围岩形变趋势得出超前采动应力影响范围,并提出具有针对性的加强支护措施。研究结果可为相似地质条件下煤层开采巷道支护及支架选型提供参考,同时可保障工作面安全高效开采。

松软煤层放顶煤开采瓦斯治理和防灭火技术研究

松软煤层放顶煤开采面临着瓦斯治理和防灭火技术难题。结合了9-806工作面的具体情况,对开采过程中面临的瓦斯治理和防灭火问题进行了系统的分析,并采取了针对性的防治措施。结果显示,瓦斯防治受到了通风设施损坏、瓦斯含量大和采动的影响,防灭火受到了易燃气体、浮煤以及防灭火技术的影响。为此,需要从产学研合作制定合理的防灭火措施、投用高负压瓦斯抽放泵、减少巷道漏风、做好有毒有害气体的监测工作等几个方面出发进行防治。

浅埋厚软煤层首采区开拓方案设计

近年来伴随煤炭行业经济回暖,煤矿采区设计成为煤炭企业的关键技术之一,采区设计即企业通过合理规划采区范围与煤柱大小,并按设计要求布置工作面、巷道及硐室对煤炭资源进行安全绿色智能开采。本文针对五举煤矿厚软煤层首采区巷道及硐室位置进行精密设计,并对首采面矿压监测与矿井生产能力及服务年限进行设计,本矿共含3层可采煤层,共布置30个工作面,并对应工作面及煤层进行布置井底车场、带式输送机暗斜井、回风暗斜井与井下暗斜井,最终设计生产能力为300万t/a,设计服务年限为14.2 a。

深井软岩注浆加固支护技术应用研究

本文以深井生产工作为例展开分析,结合设计情况分析巷道变形破坏原因,采用理论计算和数值模拟相结合的方法,研究巷道围岩应力分布与变形破坏特征等,提出了采用注浆加固支护技术控制巷道围岩变形破坏的相关方法,并对巷道加固后的稳定性进行了监测。通过研究表明得出,采用注浆加固支护技术能有效控制巷道变形破坏,保证了巷道的稳定性和安全性。

阳泉矿区碎软煤层深孔气动定向钻进关键技术与实践

【目的】针对山西阳泉矿区碎软煤层瓦斯精准、超前、区域治理需求,提出采用气动定向钻进煤层预抽钻孔的技术方案。【方法】在分析气动定向钻进成孔技术难题的基础上,开发了适用于阳泉矿区碎软煤层赋存条件的气动螺杆钻具稳定运转技术、钻孔轨迹精确控制技术、深孔高效排渣技术、气动套铣打捞技术,优化了气动定向钻进装备配套方案,并在阳泉矿区碎软煤层中开展了现场工业性试验。【结果和结论】结果表明:(1)通过优化气动螺杆钻具结构和工艺流程、设计低风阻管路,有效解决了气动螺杆钻具的异常制动,实现了稳定高效运转。(2)通过优化钻孔设计轨迹和工艺参数、设计大角度造斜钻具组合和研制气动冲击螺杆钻具,保障了钻孔轨迹的精确调控,提高了煤层钻遇率。(3)通过复合强排渣技术和短起钻冲孔工艺的应用,有效提升了钻孔排渣效率。(4)通过采用气动套铣打捞技术,配套设计的专用可退式打捞筒,满足阳泉区矿区碎软煤层孔内复杂事故处理需要,并成功处理2起严重卡钻事故。(5)在阳泉矿区某矿施工完成孔径120 mm的10个定向钻孔,成孔深度均达到450 m以上,最大钻孔深度达到607 m,最大单班进尺76 m。碎软煤层定向孔取得了显著的瓦斯抽采效果,单孔日均抽采瓦斯纯量最大达971.96 m^(3),实现了阳泉矿区碎软煤层瓦斯长时间稳定抽采。研究成果为阳泉矿区碎软煤层瓦斯高效治理提供了新的技术途径,具有显著的应用和推广价值。