Theory,technology and application of grouted bolting in soft rock roadways of deep coal mines

The grouted bolt,combining rock bolting with grouting techniques,provides an effective solution for controlling the surrounding rock in deep soft rock and fractured roadways.It has been extensively applied in numerous deep mining areas characterized by soft rock roadways,where it has demonstrated remarkable control results.This article systematically explores the evolution of grouted bolting,covering its theoretical foundations,design methods,materials,construction processes,monitoring measures,and methods for assessing its effectiveness.The overview encompassed several key elements,delving into anchoring theory and grouting reinforcement theory.The new principle of high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative active control is introduced.A fresh method for dynamic information design is also highlighted.The discussion touches on both conventional grouting rock bolts and cable bolts,as well as innovative grouted rock bolts and cables characterized by their high pretension,strength,and sealing hole pressure.An examination of the merits and demerits of standard inorganic and organic grouting materials versus the new inorganic–organic composite materials,including their specific application conditions,was conducted.Additionally,the article presents various methods and instruments to assess the support effect of grouting rock bolts,cable bolts,and grouting reinforcement.Furthermore,it provides a foundation for understanding the factors influencing decisions on grouted bolting timing,the sequence of grouting,the pressure applied,the volume of grout used,and the strategic arrangement of grouted rock bolts and cable bolts.The application of the high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative control technology in a typical kilometer-deep soft rock mine in China—the soft coal seam and soft rock roadway in the Kouzidong coal mine,Huainan coal mining area,was introduced.Finally,the existing problems in grouted bolting control technology for deep soft rock roadways are analyzed,and the future development trend of grouted bolting control technology is anticipated.

Mechanics model and numerical analysis of floor heave in soft rock roadway

The mechanism of floor heave was analyzed by establishing mechanics models and solving differential equations. The amount of floor heave is proportional to the abutment pressure of surrounding rock, roadway width, and the distance of support pressure peak to the roadway and is inversely proportional to the elastic modulus of floor rock. Using FLAC2D to simulate floor rock grouting in soft rock roadway verifies the active role of floor rock grouting in the floor controlling of soft rock roadway; floor rock grouting and grouting range directly impact on the stability scope of surrounding rock, namely, with the increase of grouting range, the subsidence of roof, the approach of both sides, and the amount of floor heave decreased gradually, the stability of surrounding rock is enhanced

Anchoring mechanism and application of hydraulic expansion bolts used in soft rock roadway floor heave control

Comparing with the resin bolt, the hydraulic expansion bolt has different anchoring mechanism and application advantage. According to the working mechanism of the hydraulic expansion bolt, its anchoring force is expressed in four forms including support anchoring force, tension anchoring force, expansion anchoring force and tangent anchoring force, and their values can be obtained on the basis of each calculation formula. Among them, the expansion anchoring force, which is the unique anchoring force of the hydraulic expansion bolt, can provide confining pressure to increase the strength of rock. Aiming at solving the problem of stability control in the soft rock roadway in Jinbaotun Coal Mine which has a double layer of 40 U-type sheds and cannot provide enough resistance support to control floor heave, the study reveals the mechanism of floor heave in the soft rock roadway, and designs the reasonable support parameters of the hydraulic expansion bolts. The observed results of floor convergence indicate that the hydraulic expansion bolts can prevent the development and flow of the plastic zone in the floor rock to control floor heave. Research results enrich the control technology in the soft rock roadway.

Floor heave in the west wing track haulage roadway of the Tingnan Coal Mine: Mechanism and control

Floor heave of a roadway is a dynamic phenomenon that often happens in the roadways of coal mines. It seriously affects safe production in the coal mine. Floor heave has long been one of the most difficult problems to be resolved during coal mining. An analysis of floor heave in the soft rock surrounding the roadway, and the factors influencing it, allowed the deformation mechanism in the west wing double track haulage roadway of the Tingnan Coal Mine to be deduced. Three types of floor heave are observed there: intumescent floor heave, extrusion and mobility floor heave, and compound floor heave. Control measures are proposed that have been adopted during a recent repair engineering project. Control of the floor heave in the west wing track haulage roadway was demonstrated. The reliability and rationality of a combined support technology including floor anchors, an inverted arch, and anchoring of both sides was verified by mine pressure data and the field observations. Waterproofing measures were also under-taken to assist in the control of floor heave.

Control technology for floor heave of Jurassic soft rock in the Erdos Basin of China: A case study

The deformation of soft rock roadway caused by floor heave is a major challenge for coal mines in China western mining areas. To achieve security and stability of soft rock roadway, this work considered the headgate at panel 11505 of the Yushujing Coal Mine as background. First, based on the limit equilibrium method and slip line field theory,a model of floor heave was established, the mechanism of floor heave control was analyzed, and an optimized support method was proposed. Then, the displacement, stress and failure zones around the surrounding rock with the original and optimized support were studied by FLAC. Finally, the serviceability of the support method was verified by field application. The results showed that the main deformation form of soft rock roadway is floor heave, and 0.5 m is relatively reasonable thicknesses of the inverted arch. The extrusion failure zone and shear failure zone were mainly affected by tensile and shear failure, respectively. The modification of floor and the effective support are key points. The failure zone was consistent between numerical simulation and theoretical calculation. The maximum convergences of floor heave determined by numerical simulation and field measurement were 220 mm and 240 mm, respectively, which were reduced by 55% and 60% compared with the original support, and the convergence between sidewalls decreased considerably. The optimized support method controls the floor heave well.

Analysis of soft rock roadway deformation mechanism in Zhangshuanglou Mine

On basis of ground stress surveying and analysis of physical nature and mechanics character of rock, the deformation mechanism of west main roadway in Zhangshuanglou Mine is studied. It is put forward that engineering mechanics nature, infiltration of water and concentrated stress on pillar are the main factors to affect stability of the west main roadway. The overall thinking used to restore the roadway is raised.

高地应力缓斜半煤岩巷道断面形状优化研究

为了优化高地应力缓斜半煤岩巷道的断面形状,以东欢坨矿3018工作面运道为工程背景展开研究。通过复变函数理论推导得出了倾斜煤层中不同断面形状的应力解析解,然后运用FLAC3D数值模拟求解了不同断面形状巷道的应力集中和塑性区情况,并以此为基础确定了巷道最优断面形状,最后结合现场工业性试验对研究结果的可靠性进行了验证。研究结果表明:高地应力作用下缓斜半煤岩巷道破坏呈现非对称形式;不管断面形状如何,巷道均在左、右两底角处呈现高应力集中,且应力集中程度矩形>梯形>直墙拱形;直墙拱形巷道稳定性最佳,梯形巷道次之,矩形稳定性最差,确定直墙拱形为最终巷道断面形状;现场巷道表面位移量监测结果表明,直墙拱形巷道更能满足现场安全生产要求。

大断面半煤岩巷道变形破坏机理研究及控制技术

针对大断面半煤岩巷道围岩变形控制难题,以小保当煤矿一号井大断面半煤岩巷道为研究背景,测试了巷道围岩岩层分布、围岩地应力分布及裂隙发育,分析了巷道围岩的变形破坏演化特征。通过实验室试验以及数值模拟分析了半煤岩组合体力学性能及其变形破坏形态,揭示了强度较低的煤体最先在煤岩交界面发生破裂、滑移,变形不断向深部延伸,随着煤岩体完整性及强度的持续弱化,造成巷帮由下而上的非均匀渐进性失稳破坏,揭示了提高大断面半煤岩巷道围岩稳定性的关键在于控制煤岩交界面非协调变形。基于此提出了采用高预应力锚杆支护与薄弱区域加强支护的变形控制思路,制定了小保当一号井大断面巷道半煤岩巷道围岩变形控制方案,并开展了井下工业试验,取得了较好的应用效果,在监测期内巷道顶板的位移量为28 mm,两帮的位移量为80 mm,底板的位移量为43 mm,随后围岩变形趋于稳定,巷帮煤岩交界处的变形控制效果显著,表明采用该方案可有效控制大断面半煤岩巷围岩变形。

深部顶板夹煤层巷道变形破坏分析及其控制

为了探究深部顶板夹煤层软岩巷道大变形破坏问题,以平煤六矿三水平戊二胶带运输巷为工程背景,开展夹煤层巷道围岩破坏分析及控制对策的研究。首先,构建原支护体系组合拱力学模型,推导出直墙半圆拱形巷道稳定判别式;其次,提出“锚网索-梁-注浆-组合砂浆锚索”联合返修控制对策,即沿戊8煤层顶板进行巷道扩刷,采用锚网索、梯子梁完成基本支护,对围岩进行深浅孔注浆加固、顶板及两帮关键部位布置组合砂浆锚索等加强支护,并通过数值模拟分析返修前后应力、位移场分布特征;最后,开展工业性试验,并监测矿压。结果表明:两帮及顶底板最大收敛量分别为93、112 mm,后期变形速率均低于1 mm/d,围岩变形得到有效控制,返修效果良好。

Quantitative analysis of parameters’influence on the stability of coal roadway clamped by upper and lower soft rock with extra thickness

In this paper,a physical model of coal roadway which is clamped by upper and lower softrock with extra thickness was built according to the characteristics of soft rock strata in china's western mining area.Then,a series of orthogonal numerical experiments were carried out by selecting the strength and stiffness parameters of soft rock and coal seam as well as the in situ stress of soft rock strata as experimental factors and roadway displacements(convergence displacements of sides,displacement of roof to floor)as experimental indexes.By constructing the F statistics with different inspection levels,evaluation method for influence of the experimental factors on stability indexes were defined.Thus,influence degrees of specified parameters on the stability of roadway were divided into five classes as follows:highly significant influence,significant influence,relatively significant influence,little significant influence,and no influence respectively which realize the quantitative analysis of the influence degrees of experimental factors.The finite element calculation results showed that main failure mode of coal roadway that usually showed as tension failure of coal seam in roof and deformation factors of coal seam had the most remarkable effect on roadway displacements.The conclusions provide theoretical basis for further analysis of the mechanism of"roof burst"in roadway maintenance.

近距离煤层采空区下综放工作面巷道合理位置研究

近距离煤层综放工作面开采空间大,采动强度高,下位煤层回采巷道受上煤层采动影响存在应力集中、巷道支护困难等问题,因此近距离煤层综放工作面巷道合理位置的选取对后期支护控制起到关键性作用。以西露天煤矿2煤层和1煤层1分层为研究对象,综合考虑了上煤层开采时的底板应力降低区域和下煤层开采时的极限平衡区域,确定了下煤层巷道的合理位置应在距离实体煤柱内错22.79 m以上的区域。基于上述理论计算结果,分析了上煤层开采后底板应力分布规律及不同内错距下巷道围岩变形破坏特征及规律,结果表明:①距离采空区底板越近,应力最大值与最小值相差越明显;②随着内错距不断增大,围岩应力和应力集中系数呈现急剧降低-缓慢增大-稳定的趋势,在内错距20~25 m内应力及应力集中系数相对较小;③巷道围岩塑性区范围呈现先减小后增大的趋势,当巷道处于内错20,25 m时巷道围岩破坏相对较小;④巷道变形量随着内错距增大而逐渐减小,当内错距增加至25 m时,巷道围岩移进量基本保持不变;⑤确定巷道合理内错距为20~25 m。工程应用结果表明:巷道采用内错距24 m布置时,巷道围岩松动破坏深度及变形量均在可控范围内,进一步证明了该内错距的合理性。

顶强帮弱半煤岩巷道围岩变形特性及控制对策

针对“顶强帮弱”半煤岩巷道巷帮围岩塑性破坏范围大、锚杆支护强度不足等围岩控制难题,以某矿8#煤层回采巷道为工程背景,在围岩力学性能测试、钻孔可视化观测及声波法实测巷帮不同高度松动圈的基础上,对该类巷道围岩的力学及宏观变形特征进行了研究,得出巷帮煤层既是影响巷道整体稳定的“短板”,又是支护的“关键”。建立数值模型分析了“顶强帮弱”半煤岩巷道围岩受采动影响的变形特征、应力分布规律及承载特性,提出了强化帮部薄弱部位的围岩控制对策,并进行了工业性试验。结果表明:对“顶强帮弱”半煤岩巷道帮部煤层采用“锚杆+斜拉穿层锚索+强护表构件”的支护对策可使其处于三向压缩受力状态,约束其向巷道内挤出变形,发挥封闭及主动促稳作用。

厚煤层软岩定向预裂切顶自成巷技术

为解决厚煤层软岩巷道沿空留巷巷道变形量大,不能满足施工要求的问题,通过对工作面地质条件分析,采用类比法,确定预裂爆破采用双向聚能管,装药结构采用4-2-2-1-0方式,钻孔设计倾角15°,孔间距1 m,孔深9 m。通过矿压监测,在采用顶板定向预裂切顶等技术后,16011工作面周期来压平均压力减小1 490 kN,降低25.9%,沿空留巷段巷道成型较好,变形量较小,能够满足巷道施工要求。

近距离煤层采掘关系对下位巷道围岩变形规律影响研究

近距离煤层上煤层工作面与下位煤层巷道采掘关系发生变化时,巷道围岩变形失稳机理会更加复杂,而目前针对上煤层工作面与下位煤层巷道推进方向不同时巷道受载动态演化规律及失稳特征的研究较少。以陕北能东煤矿近距离煤层为研究对象,采用理论分析、数值模拟与现场实测相结合的方法,对上煤层工作面回采后下位煤层巷道的稳定性进行了研究。理论分析得出,上煤层工作面开采后所产生的底板裂隙深度为22.5 m,未发育至下位煤层巷道。按采掘空间位置关系将回采工作面与巷道分为相向、相交、背向3个状态,数值模拟当巷道与工作面的空间位置关系发生变化时下位煤层巷道围岩的变形情况,结果表明:①上煤层工作面与下位煤层巷道的采掘关系为相交与背向推进时,巷道围岩应力呈先增后减再增的趋势,在推进距离为90 m时,最大应力为6.5 MPa,应力集中系数为1.49,在推进距离为100~110 m时,巷道围岩应力降低幅度最大,降低了53.2%,在推进距离为150 m时应力最小,为0.95 MPa,之后不断增大,直到恢复至原岩应力。②巷道围岩位移量在推进距离为100~150 m时增长幅度较大,在150 m时顶板位移量达到最大,为0.036 m,随着巷道越接近边界煤柱,其巷道位移量越小。现场实测结果表明:上煤层工作面过下位煤层巷道时,巷道位移量显著增长,顶板最大位移量为3.41 cm,与数值模拟结果一致;相交推进过程中若地质条件简单可以适当加快推进速度,减小上煤层工作面开采对下位煤层巷道的影响。

深井高应力软岩巷道底鼓力学机理及控制技术研究

为解决林西矿深井高应力软岩巷道底鼓问题,论文通过理论分析和现场实测相结合方法,研究分析出了深井高应力软岩巷道底鼓力学机理及控制技术,得出了如下结论:(1)推导出了巷道两侧底板极限破坏深度、极限破坏宽度以及沿滑移面有效滑动力的计算公式;(2)判断出了林西矿1791-2工作面回风巷底板破坏为挤压流动性底鼓,全断面破坏鼓起形式;(3)分析出了巷道底鼓机理、底鼓原因以及控制途径;(4)提出了“顶、帮、底同治”控制巷道底鼓技术,顶帮采用高强预应力锚杆网+锚索支护,底板采用预应力锚索锚注加固+混凝土铺底技术;(5)现场工业试验表明巷道底鼓得到了有效遏止,能够满足正常使用要求。

深井软岩巷道围岩蠕变失稳机理与关键控制技术

治理深部软岩巷道围岩蠕变失稳是实现安全采掘作业的必要前提,以顾桥煤矿为工程背景,采用实验测试、理论分析、工业性实验、现场监测等方法进行深入研究。结果表明:顾桥矿深部巷道围岩强度较弱,浸水后容易导致长期强度、弹性模量、黏聚力、内摩擦角较大幅度下降,岩石软化、底板松动圈持续扩展以及围岩整体稳定性降低;围岩内外承载结构的特殊形状近似竖向椭圆。以改善承载结构的稳定性为基点,提出了底板深孔注浆技术,底板深孔注浆可以快速改变承载结构形状,将不稳定的近似竖向椭圆形状转变为稳定性很高的近似圆形形状。

层理劣化影响下破碎顶板巷道变形机理及控制研究

为解决层理劣化的破碎顶板下巷道支护难题,以辛置煤矿东四运输延伸巷为工程背景,研究了该巷道层理劣化的顶板变形破坏规律,提出了相应的支护对策,并进行了现场应用。采用FLAC3D中的interface单元,建立了含层理的巷道顶板模型,分析了层理影响下破碎顶板变形破坏特征,对比了不同支护方案的巷道围岩变形规律。对层理劣化的顶板,高预应力锚杆能充分提高顶板自承载能力,进而降低锚杆支护密度,既能控制巷道围岩变形,亦能提高掘进速度。最终,将提出的支护对策应用于现场,监测数据表明:该支护对策能保证巷道围岩稳定,且有利于提高巷道掘进速度,对类似的层理劣化的破碎顶板下巷道支护提供了参考。

极薄煤层半煤岩巷道切顶成巷矿压规律研究

针对禾草沟二号煤矿1105工作面回风巷出现的矿压显现异常、支护困难等现象,结合矿井实际情况,确定采用沿空留巷支护技术。通过数值模拟和现场实测相结合的方法对切顶成巷矿压规律进行研究,研究结果表明:切顶留巷后,巷道顶板垂直应力明显下降,工作面回采过程中,顶板应力变化呈单峰分布,工作面超前支承应力影响范围大于60 m,工作面侧向支承应力影响范围约为60 m,当工作面回采到90 m时,巷道顶板垂直应力变化达到最大。根据矿压监测结果,薄煤层切顶爆破之后,恒阻锚索受力明显减小,成巷效果良好,恒阻锚索和巷道围岩变形均呈现“稳定—快速—缓慢—稳定”的变化趋势。巷道顶底板最大变形位置为巷道中部,顶板在工作面回采110 m后达到稳定状态,底板在工作面回采80 m后达到稳定状态。

回采巷道底鼓机理及防治技术研究

以曹家滩煤矿122110工作面回采巷道为工程背景,采用理论分析、现场实测的方法对巷道底鼓机理及稳定控制进行研究。研究表明:“切槽卸压+补偿锚索”的加强支护方案使得平均两帮移近量增加了3.61 mm,最大两帮移近量增加了5 mm,最大底鼓量减小了743 mm,平均底鼓量减小了578.94 mm,实现了巷道整体稳定。优化的支护方案在曹家滩煤矿的应用取得了良好的效果,从而为高应力区松软底板巷道支护提供了借鉴。

动压影响区松软留顶煤巷道支护技术研究

厚煤层开采工作面回采巷道断面普遍较大,随着矿井采掘深度和开采范围的不断增大,回采巷道围岩控制难度增加,这就需要做好动压巷道围岩变形控制。本文以某煤矿11307回顺为研究对象,分析动压影响下松软留顶煤巷道围岩变形特征及影响因素,并提出具体支护方案。总体来说,采用锚杆索、注浆、钢筋托梁及金属网组合支护顶板,采用锚杆索、金属网组合支护巷帮。工程应用后,11307回顺巷道位移变形量较小,可满足使用需要。