The role of polyurethane foam compressible layer in the mechanical behaviour of multi-layer yielding supports for deep soft rock tunnels

The polyurethane foam(PU)compressible layer is a viable solution to the problem of damage to the secondary lining in squeezing tunnels.Nevertheless,the mechanical behaviour of the multi-layer yielding supports has not been thoroughly investigated.To fill this gap,large-scale model tests were conducted in this study.The synergistic load-bearing mechanics were analyzed using the convergenceconfinement method.Two types of multi-layer yielding supports with different thicknesses(2.5 cm,3.75 cm and 5 cm)of PU compressible layers were investigated respectively.Digital image correlation(DIC)analysis and acoustic emission(AE)techniques were used for detecting the deformation fields and damage evolution of the multi-layer yielding supports in real-time.Results indicated that the loaddisplacement relationship of the multi-layer yielding supports could be divided into the crack initiation,crack propagation,strain-hardening,and failure stages.Compared with those of the stiff support,the toughness,deformability and ultimate load of the yielding supports were increased by an average of 225%,61%and 32%,respectively.Additionally,the PU compressible layer is positioned between two primary linings to allow the yielding support to have greater mechanical properties.The analysis of the synergistic bearing effect suggested that the thickness of PU compressible layer and its location significantly affect the mechanical properties of the yielding supports.The use of yielding supports with a compressible layer positioned between the primary and secondary linings is recommended to mitigate the effects of high geo-stress in squeezing tunnels.

Numerical modeling of large deformation and nonlinear frictional contact of excavation boundary of deep soft rock tunnel

Roadways excavated in soft rocks at great depth are difficult to be maintained due to large deformation of surrounding rocks, which greatly influences the safety and efficiency of deep resources exploitation. During the excavation process of a deep soft rock tunnel, the rock wall may be compacted due to large deformation. In this paper, the technique to address this problem by a two-dimensional (2D) finite element software, large deformation engineering analyses software (LDEAS 1.0), is provided. By using the Lagrange multiplier method, the kinematic constraint of non-penetrating condition and static constraint of Coulomb friction are introduced to the governing equations in the form of incremental displacement. The numerical example demonstrates the efficiency of this technology. Deformations of a transportation tunnel in inclined soft rock strata at the depth of 1 000 m in Qishan coal mine and a tunnel excavated to three different depths are analyzed by two models, i.e. the additive decomposition model and polar decomposition model. It can be found that the deformation of the transportation tunnel is asymmetrical due to the inclination of rock strata. For extremely soft rock, large deformation can converge only for the additive decomposition model. The deformation of surrounding rocks increases with the increase in the tunnel depth for both models. At the same depth, the deformation calculated by the additive decomposition model is smaller than that by the polar decomposition model.

Development of a new type of foam concrete and its application on stability analysis of large-span soft rock tunnel

The long-term stability of large-span soft rock tunnel is influenced greatly by the creep effect of surrounding rock.The development of a new type of foam concrete which has the property of high compressibility and low ductility was introduced.And it was made as filling material of reserved deformation layer between the first lining and the second lining used in large-span soft rock tunnel.The effect of the new type of foam concrete was simulated as filling material of reserved deformation layer using numerical simulation.Through the comparison with the common large-span soft rock tunnel,the vault settlement and surrounding convergence are reduced by about 61% and 45%,respectively,after creep of 100 a.And in the second lining,the plastic zone reduces apparently and the maximum equivalent plastic strain decreases relatively.So,it can be found that the application of the new type of foam concrete as the filling material of reserved deformation layer can relieve the excessive force in second lining induced by rock creep,reduce its deformation and improve the stability of tunnel.

Time-dependent squeezing deformation mechanism of tunnels in layered soft-rock stratum under high geo-stress

Large squeezing deformation of layered soft rock tunnel under high geo-stress has a significant time-dependent deformation behavior.In this paper,we studied the deformation mechanism during the construction period of deep-buried softrock tunnel by means of a combination of field observations and a numerical method.First,a new classification criterion for large deformations based on the power exponent variation law between the deformation and the strength-stress ratio is proposed.Then,the initial damage tensor reflecting the bedding plane(joint)distribution and an equivalent damage evolution equation derived from the viscoplastic strain are introduced based on the geometric research method,i.e.,a new rheological damage model(RDL model)of layered soft rock is established consisting of elastic,viscous,viscoelastic,viscoplastic and plastic elements.A field test was conducted on the Maoxian tunnel in Sichuan province,southwestern China,which is in broken phyllite(layered soft rock)under high geo-stress.The tunnel has experienced large deformation due to serious squeezing pressure,thus we adopted double primary support method to overcome the supporting structure failure problems.The rheological parameters of phyllite in the Maoxian tunnel were recognized by using SA-PSO optimization,and the RDL model does a good job in describing the time-dependent deformation behavior of a layered soft-rock tunnel under high geo-stress.Thus,the RDL model was used to investigate the supporting effect and bearing mechanism of the double primary support method.Compared with the single primary support method,the surrounding rock pressure,secondary lining force,surrounding rock deformation,and the depth of the damage to the rock mass was reduced by 40%-60%after the double primary support method was used.

Optimization of construction scheme and supporting technology for HJS soft rock tunnel

For a soft rock tunnel under high stress in jointed and swell soft rock （HJS）, two construction schemes pilot-tunneling enlarging excavation and step-by-step excavation were optimized using FLAC20, and the deformation effects of the two construction schemes were verified by field tests. Based on engineer- ing geological investigation and mechanical analysis of large deformations, the complex deformation mechanisms of stress expansion and structural deformation of the soft rock tunnel were confirmed, and support countermeasures from the complex deformation mechanism converted to a single type were proposed, and the support parameters were optimized by field tests. These technologies were proved by engineering practice, which produced significant technical and economic benefits.

NEW THEORY IN TUNNEL STABLILITY CONTROL OF SOFT ROCK──MECHANICS OF SOFT ROCK ENGINEERING

Tunnel stability control is a world-wide difficult problem. For the sake of solving it,the new theory of soft rock engineering mechanics has been estabilished. Some key points,such as the definition and classification of soft rock, mechanical deformation mechanism of a soft rock tunnel, the critical support technique of soft rock tunnel and the new theory of the soft rock tunnel stability control are proposed in this paper.

Analysis of mechanical behavior of soft rocks and stability control in deep tunnels

Due to the weakness in mechanical properties of chlorite schist and the high in situ stress in Jinping II hydropower station, the rock mass surrounding the diversion tunnels located in chlorite schist was observed with extremely large deformations. This may significantly increase the risk of tunnel instability during excavation. In order to assess the stability of the diversion tunnels laboratory tests were carried out in association with the petrophysical properties, mechanical behaviors and waterlweakening properties of chlorite schist. The continuous deformation of surrounding rock mass, the destruction of the support structure and a large-scale collapse induced by the weak chlorite schist and high in situ stress were analyzed. The distributions of compressive deformation in the excavation zone with large deformations were also studied. In this regard, two reinforcement schemes for the excavation of diversion tunnel bottom section were proposed accordingly. This study could offer theoretical basis for deed tunnel construction in similar geological condition~

Study on the Deformation Mechanism of a Soft Rock Tunnel

The large deformation of soft rock tunnel is one of the key problems to be overcome in the tunnel construction stage.In the present study,the deformation mechanism of a representative tunnel and some related countermeasures are investigated using field tests and engineering geological analysis.Owing to the scarce performances of methods based on other criteria such as small pipe spacing,anchor bolt length and steel frame spacing,a new support scheme is implemented and optimized.Results show that shear failure and bedding sliding are produced under high horizontal stress conditions.The low strength of the surrounding rock results in the uneven convergence of both sides of the tunnel.With the aforementioned new support scheme,however,most of such problems can be mitigated leading to good stability properties and ensuing economic advantages.

Study on the new shell bolting and shotcrete support and its application in soft rock tunnels

A new kind of tunnel support was put forward on the basis of the anchor spraysupport principle. The mechanics of the new three-dimensional steel bar shotcrete liningsupport was studied and the structure's internal forces were analyzed. The model experiment was done relying on the industrial test. The conclusion of numerical calculationsproved that the ANSYS program is reasonable and creditable. It was compared to otherkinds of support that are commonly used in soft rock tunnels. The technique and economiccontrasts of the typical tunnel with support three-dimensional steel bar were completed.

Soft ground tunnel lithology classification using clustering-guided light gradient boosting machine

During tunnel boring machine(TBM)excavation,lithology identification is an important issue to understand tunnelling performance and avoid time-consuming excavation.However,site investigation generally lacks ground samples and the information is subjective,heterogeneous,and imbalanced due to mixed ground conditions.In this study,an unsupervised(K-means)and synthetic minority oversampling technique(SMOTE)-guided light-gradient boosting machine(LightGBM)classifier is proposed to identify the soft ground tunnel classification and determine the imbalanced issue of tunnelling data.During the tunnel excavation,an earth pressure balance(EPB)TBM recorded 18 different operational parameters along with the three main tunnel lithologies.The proposed model is applied using Python low-code PyCaret library.Next,four decision tree-based classifiers were obtained in a short time period with automatic hyperparameter tuning to determine the best model for clustering-guided SMOTE application.In addition,the Shapley additive explanation(SHAP)was implemented to avoid the model black box problem.The proposed model was evaluated using different metrics such as accuracy,F1 score,precision,recall,and receiver operating characteristics(ROC)curve to obtain a reasonable outcome for the minority class.It shows that the proposed model can provide significant tunnel lithology identification based on the operational parameters of EPB-TBM.The proposed method can be applied to heterogeneous tunnel formations with several TBM operational parameters to describe the tunnel lithologies for efficient tunnelling.

Soft rocks in Argentina

Soft rocks are a still fairly unexplored chapter in rock mechanics. Within this category are the clastic sedimentary rocks and pyroclastic volcanic rocks, of low to moderate lithification （consolidation, cemen- tation, new formed minerals）, chemical sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks formed by minerals witk Mohs hardness less than 3.5, such as limestone, gypsum, halite, sylvite, between the first and phyllites, graphitic schist, chloritic shale, talc, etc., among the litter. They also include any type Of rock that suffered alteration processes （hydrothermal or weathering）. In Argentina the study of low-strength rocks has not received much attention despite having extensive outcrops in the Andes and great impact in the design criteria. Correlation between geomechanical properties （UCS, deformability） to physical index （porosity, density, etc.） has shown promising results to be better studied. There are many studies and engineering projects in Argentina in soft rock geological environments, some cited in the text （Chihuido dam, N. Kirchner dam, J. Cepernic Dam, etc.） and others such as International Tunnel in the Province of Mendoza （Corredor Bioceanico）, which will require the valuable contribution from rock mechanics. The lack of consistency between some of the physical and mechanical parameters explored from studies in the country may be due to an insufficient amount of information and/or non-standardization of criteria for testing materials. It is understood that more and better academic and professional efforts in improv- ing techniques will result in benefits to the better understanding of the geomechanics of weak rocks.

极高地应力软岩隧道非对称变形机理及支护优化研究

针对极大断面公路隧道施工中出现的非对称大变形问题,考虑高地应力第一主应力与隧道轴线关系、层状软岩夹层与互层状态、掌子面软岩空间不对称、地下水等因素,基于对工程地质条件、围岩与支护结构失效及破坏特征的分析,结合岩样物理力学特性室内试验研究及地应力实测情况,探究了非对称大变形形成机理并提出针对性的支护结果优化方案。结果表明:高地应力层状软岩隧道围岩不对称变形是在岩层倾角α、最大水平主应力与隧道轴线夹角β和岩层夹角γ、围岩岩性和地下水综合作用下的大变形,围岩不对称部位由以上几种因素共同决定;当主应力σ1与隧道轴线既不垂直也不平行时,会产生挤压性偏压构造水平地应力,使隧道横断面侧向受力不对称,发生偏压性非对称大变形;通过改变锚杆的布设方式、提高超前注浆小导管的长度和刚度、喷射临时封闭、在防水板与喷射砼间增加高密度橡塑海绵板缓冲层等措施,可以有效的减少变形量,防止围岩因开挖扰动而松动和坍塌。

软土地层盾构掘进土体稳定性模型试验研究

针对软土地层盾构掘进周围土体稳定性问题,自主研制了TJ-TBM2015多功能微型隧道掘进试验平台,通过改变外壳直径以模拟地层损失,采用动力控制系统,微型隧道掘进机可以实现盾构隧道的连续动态机械开挖。基于试验平台进行了地表无超载、地表有局部超载和隧道临近穿越群桩基础3种工况的盾构隧道掘进试验,通过传感器监测不同工况掘进过程中地表沉降变形和隧道周围土体的应力变化,研究土体的稳定性特征,并进行横向对比分析。结果表明,隧道开挖引起的土体应力重分布主要发生在隧道中心1倍直径范围内;局部超载对土体稳定性影响有限,但超载会造成其所在位置附近地表沉降增大;群桩基础对地层起到了一定的加固和隔离作用。

高地应力软岩隧道长期稳定性分析

研究目的:高地应力软岩具有明显的流变特性,流变过程中岩体参数随时间发生变化。本文结合梁王山隧道的设计施工方案,采用Cvisc模型对其施工过程及运营期间的围岩和支护的受力和变形情况进行分析,查明了隧道在施工阶段和长期运营阶段的应力、应变和变形特性以及隧道支护结构的内力与变形随时间发展规律。研究结论:(1)在软岩隧道工程施工中,施工时应对隧道初支拱脚处适当加固,控制拱脚变形;(2)不仅要保证施工期的安全,更需要关注隧道在后期运营过程中的长期稳定性;(3)需根据全寿命周期内的围岩流变稳定状态设计支护结构的刚度,从而确保隧道结构长期稳定;(4)本研究成果可为高地应力软岩隧道施工安全和长期稳定性研究提供参考。

施工期铁路隧道软岩大变形快速分级方法研究

研究目的:西南复杂艰险山区等典型构造活跃区的构造地质环境复杂,断裂、褶皱发育,构造应力显著,铁路隧道围岩大变形问题突出,随着构造活跃区铁路隧道工程日益增加,将面临更严峻的大变形问题。在隧道施工开挖过程中,快速判别可能发生的大变形等级,有利于施工工法的调整和支护措施的制定。研究结论:(1)深入分析构造软岩大变形工程案例,以施工期掌子面开挖揭示围岩分级数据为基准,结合区域地应力、岩层厚度、岩性等大变形关键控制因素,快速判定大变形等级,提出了施工期铁路隧道围岩大变形快速分级方法,并结合典型工程案例对分级方法的有效性和准确性进行了验证;(2)本研究成果可应用于施工期间铁路隧道开挖围岩大变形的快速分级,适用于工程地质勘察领域。

软硬不均地层盾构隧道荷载模式研究

系统考虑隧道埋深、滑移面形式、侧压力系数与地层的关联,提出一种适用于软硬不均地层的盾构隧道荷载模式。对于浅埋隧道,基于椭球体理论推导极限状态下滑移面为椭圆的侧压力系数及竖向松动土压力表达式,并构建力学平衡方程推导侧压力计算式;对于深埋隧道,考虑软硬不均地层突变性并对太沙基理论滑移面宽度进行合理修正,推导对应的围岩压力计算式;再结合软硬不均地层分界线位于隧道水平中线上方、下方2类典型工况,推导出隧底反力表达式;最后结合工程实例对所提荷载模式进行验证。结果表明:与修正惯用法荷载体系相比,所提方法得到的软土-硬土隧道顶部、下半拱竖向土压力与实测值的误差分别缩小74%和172%;相较于软土-硬土隧道,该方法应用于土层-岩层隧道时,计算得到的下半拱竖向土压力、隧底侧向土压力与实测值的误差更小,即所提荷载计算模式更符合隧道实际受荷状态,且当隧道埋深与开挖直径之比较大以及下部地层越坚硬时,其适用性越强。

Horizontal freezing study for cross passage of river-crossing tunnel

To determine the appropriate soft foundation treatment for a river-crossing tunnel, freezing reinforcement design and technology were introduced based on the channel tunnel design and construction practice. Through finite element analysis and engineering practices, two rows of horizontal perforated freezing pipes were designed and installed on both sides of a passage for tunnel rein- forcement, which produced the thickness and strength of frozen crust that satisfied the design requirements. These information are valuable for guiding the design and construction of river-crossing tunnels in coastal areas.

超大埋深软岩隧道平行导洞合理超前距离研究

为解决滇藏铁路丽香线哈巴雪山隧道施工过程中产生的大变形问题,采用数值模拟、现场监测的方法,对哈巴雪山隧道不同平行导洞超前距离下隧道变形及正洞区域应力进行研究,提出平行导洞的合理超前距离。研究结果表明:1)哈巴雪山隧道平行导洞超前正洞的距离应设定为100 m,此时平行导洞对正洞区域的应力释放效果已达90%以上。2)平行导洞的设置使正洞拱顶沉降减小6.92%,上台阶水平收敛减小14.58%,下台阶水平收敛减小10.8%。由此可知,平导超前开挖能够减小正洞支护变形,对正洞水平收敛的控制效果大于拱顶沉降。

高层建筑上部结构施工对邻近软土隧道影响的数值分析

已有研究表明,高层建筑从下部至上部的结构施工阶段,以及竣工后运营阶段,都会对邻近的地铁隧道产生影响。然而,目前国内关于高层建筑对邻近隧道影响的研究主要关注下部结构施工阶段,对上部结构施工阶段的研究成果较少。因此,本文针对城市化进程中高层建筑施工对邻近软土隧道影响的问题展开研究,以上海市某高层商办楼项目为案例,采用Plaxis 3D软件建立三维有限元数值模型,通过现场监测数据验证模型准确性后,分析了坑隧水平间距、坑隧垂直间距和基坑深度对隧道结构内力和变形的影响。研究发现,隧道的最大位移、轨道高差、上下行线差异沉降均会随着坑隧水平间距与隧道中心埋深的增加而减小,随基坑开挖深度的增加变化不明显,3个影响因素对隧道最大弯矩的影响均不明显;此外,3个影响因素对隧道沉降的影响程度相近,但坑隧水平间距为主要影响因素。

西(宁)成(都)铁路高地应力节理发育软岩地层隧道支护体系研究

为保证西成铁路高地应力节理发育软岩大变形隧道安全修建,采用现场勘察、室内试验、地应力测试、工程类比、数值模拟等方法展开研究,结果表明,西成铁路与毗邻兰渝线地质条件类似,均以二叠系、三叠系板岩与砂岩为主,层理清晰、节理裂隙发育,地应力以水平主应力为主导,水平主应力在10~30 MPa之间,竖直主应力在4~13 MPa之间,有较强水平构造应力作用,兰渝线控制围岩变形主要采用增加预留变形量、自进式长锚杆、钢花管加固、增加初支及衬砌刚度、钢纤维喷射混凝土等技术措施。在此基础上针对西成铁路节理发育软岩大变形主要发生在垂直节理倾角方向上的特点,提出首先增大矢跨比,然后增大钢拱架刚度,对于Ⅲ级大变形在垂直节理方向设置预应力锚索的非对称大变形隧道支护体系,该支护体系相比传统支护体系能够减小13.8%~21.2%软岩变形,对于控制节理发育软岩变形效果良好。