Long Term Effects of Farming System on Soil Water Content and Dry Soil Layer in Deep Loess Profile of Loess Tableland in China

Soil water is strongly affected by land use/cover in the Loess Plateau in China. Water stored in thick loessal soils is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth. However, soil water in the deep loess proifle, which is critical for maintaining the function of the“soil water pool”is rarely studied because deep proifle soil samples are dififcult to collect. In this study, four experimental plots were established in 2005 to represent different farming systems on the Changwu Tableland：fallow land, fertilized cropland, unfertilized cropland, and continuous alfalfa. The soil water content in the 15-m-deep loess proifles was monitored continuously from 2007 to 2012 with the neutron probe technique. The results showed that temporal variations in soil water proifles differed among the four farming systems. Under fallow land, the soil water content increased gradually over time, ifrst in the surface layers and later in the deep soil layers. In contrast, the soil water content decreased gradually under continuous alfalfa. The distributions of soil water in deep soil layers under both fertilized and unfertilized cropland were relatively stable over time. Thus farming system signiifcantly affected soil water content. Seven years after the start of the experiment, the soil water contents in the 15-m-deep proifles averaged 23.4%under fallow land, 20.3%under fertilized cropland, 21.6%under unfertilized cropland, and 16.0%under continuous alfalfa. Compared to measurements at the start of the experiment, both fallow land and unfertilized cropland increased soil water storage in the 15-m loess proifles. In contrast, continuous alfalfa reduced soil water storage. Fertilized cropland has no signiifcant effect on soil water storage. These results suggest that deep soil water can be replenished under the fallow and unfertilized farming systems. Dry soil layers （i.e., those which have soil water content less than the stable ifeld water capacity） in the subsoil of the Changwu Tableland region can be classiifed as either temporary dry soil layers or persistent dry soil layers. Temporary dry soil layers, which typically form under annual crops, often disappear during wet years. Persistent dry soil layers generally develop under perennial vegetation. Even after removing the vegetation, persistent dry soil layers remain for several decades. This study provides information useful for the conservation and utilization of soil water resources in the Loess Tableland.

Spatial distribution of water-active soil layer along the south-north transect in the Loess Plateau of China

Soil water is an important composition of water recycle in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum.However, intense water exchange between soil-plant and soil-atmosphere interfaces only occurs in a certain layer of the soil profile. For deep insight into water active layer(WAL, defined as the soil layer with a coefficient of variation in soil water content >10% in a given time domain) in the Loess Plateau of China,we measured soil water content(SWC) in the 0.0–5.0 m soil profile from 86 sampling sites along an approximately 860-km long south-north transect during the period 2013–2016. Moreover, a dataset contained four climatic factors(mean annual precipitation, mean annual evaporation, annual mean temperature and mean annual dryness index) and five local factors(altitude, slope gradient, land use, clay content and soil organic carbon) of each sampling site was obtained. In this study, three WAL indices(WALT(the thickness of WAL), WAL-CV(the mean coefficient of variation in SWC within WAL) and WALSWC(the mean SWC within WAL)) were used to evaluate the characteristics of WAL. The results showed that with increasing latitude, WAL-T and WAL-CV increased firstly and then decreased. WAL-SWC showed an opposite distribution pattern along the south-north transect compared with WAL-T and WAL-CV.Average WAL-T of the transect was 2.0 m, suggesting intense soil water exchange in the 0.0–2.0 m soil layer in the study area. Soil water exchange was deeper and more intense in the middle region than in the southern and northern regions, with the values of WAL-CV and WAL-T being 27.3% and 4.3 m in the middle region,respectively. Both climatic(10.1%) and local(4.9%) factors influenced the indices of WAL, with climatic factors having a more dominant effect. Compared with multiple linear regressions, pedotransfer functions(PTFs) from arti?cial neural network can better estimate the WAL indices. PTFs developed by artificial neural network respectively explained 86%, 81% and 64% of the total variations in WAL-T, WAL-SWC and WAL-CV. Knowledge of WAL is crucial for understanding the regional water budget and evaluating the stable soil water reserve, regional water characteristics and eco-hydrological processes in the Loess Plateau of China.

Numerical analysis of loess and weak intercalated layer failure behavior under direct shearing and cyclic loading

The mechanical behavior of the joints inside a loess layer is greatly important in weak intercalation studies owing to its involvement in a wide range of landslides in the loess region in China.The shear behavior of the joints in the loess stratum during direct shear and cyclic loadings was investigated using the PFC2D discrete element software.Loess mudstone and mudstone with weak intercalated layer materials were subjected to direct testing,and cyclic shear tests were conducted with consideration to the influence of normal stress and shear velocity.The macroscopic properties and damage patterns were obtained for six numerical configurations;namely,loess-weathered mudstone with 0°,10°,and-10°joints and weathered mudstone with 0°,10°,and-10°weak intercalated layers.The numerical test results revealed that,in the direct shear tests,the shear stress and shear displacement of the samples increased with the normal stress.In the cyclic shear tests with a total cycle number N=20,the shear stress-shear strain curve of the six different configurations exhibited a hysteresis loop.The numerical tests also revealed that,under cyclic shear,the normal stress and shear velocity affected the shear strength.The degree of damage increased as the shear velocity decreased from 0.1 mm/s to 0.005 mm/s for all six numerical configurations.Compared with the damage pattern of the direct shear tests,the damage of the cyclic shear tests mainly comprised shear cracks and fractures,some shaking consolidation settlement and fewer shear strain occurred around the joints.In the direct shear tests,more compression cracks and fractures occurred in the samples.The damage mainly developed along the joints,and shearing-off damage occurred.The results obtained by this study further elucidate the failure mechanism and microscopic damage response of the joints in the loess stratum in Northwest China.

Coupling action of rainfall and vehicle loads impact on the stability of loess slopes based on the iso-water content layer

To clarify the changes in slope stability of loess slopes under the coupling action of rainfall and vehicle loads.Experiments with different water contents under different environmental conditions were carried out indoors,and the relationship function between water content and shear strength parameters was obtained;based on Geostudio,an equivalent layered calculation model of water content-strength parameters of loess slope was established,the variation law of soil sample matrix suction with volumetric water content was measured by volumetric pressure plate tester.Finally,by using a combination of finite element analysis of saturated/unsatu-rated seepage and limit equilibrium analysis of slope stability,the SLOPE/W module in the modeling software GeoStudio is used to calculate and analyze the effects of vehicle loads,rainfall intensity,rainfall duration,and other working conditions on the stability of loess slopes,respectively.The results show that when the lane is in the middle of the slope,the vehicle load parameters have little effect on the uphill stability,but have a greater impact on the downhill;With the increase in rainfall,the change curves of the slope safety coefficient gradually overlap when the vehicle loads are four-axis,five-axis,and six-axis.This shows that when studying the change of slope safety factor under the dual influence of vehicle loads and rainfall,rainfall is the main cause of slope stability;The change rate of slope safety factor increases gradually with the increase of rainfall,and the change trends of the upper,lower and overall parts of the slope are similar.

我国黄土高原地区地震动衰减关系研究的若干进展

地震动的衰减关系是指地震动随震级、距离和场地条件等变化的经验关系,近年来在我国亦被称为地震动预测方程,是估计地震动及其影响场的主要方法之一,在地震区划和重大工程场地地震安全性评价中被广泛应用。黄土是一种特殊土,在我国广泛分布。我国黄土高原地区地质构造复杂,新构造活动强烈,中强地震频发,地震动的衰减关系有其特殊性,总结我国黄土高原地区地震动衰减关系的研究成果对促进黄土高原地区抗震研究有重要意义。在简要介绍国内外地震动衰减关系研究的基础上,全面系统地总结我国学者在黄土高原地区的地震烈度衰减关系,基岩和土层场地地震动峰值加速度、峰值速度、峰值位移以及反应谱衰减关系方面的研究成果;评述和讨论在黄土覆盖地区地震动衰减研究领域存在的问题和今后的研究方向。文章的研究工作对从事黄土高原地区地震工程研究的科技人员有重要参考价值。

黄土塬区果园-农田交界带土壤水分分布及农田对果园的供水特征

[目的]为探明黄土高原南部塬区果园-农田镶嵌格局下土壤水分空间分布与协同利用特征。[方法]选取长武塬区10龄、21龄和25龄苹果园(AO10、AO21和AO25)及其邻近农田,通过测定2021年雨季后果园-农田交界带有关位点的土壤含水量,定量计算农田土壤储水对果园耗水的贡献。[结果]2021年降水量756 mm,为典型的丰水年份,农田和AO21、AO25果园降雨入渗深度在11月底分别达8.4,7.0,5.0 m。AO10果园-农田交界带以4 m深度为界,其下部土壤含水量较上部大,4-10 m土层平均含水量为25.5%;AO21果园0-7 m土层平均含水量为22.1%,7-10 m为15.0%;AO25果园0-5 m土层平均含水量为20.9%,5-10 m土层平均含水量为13.6%,AO21和AO25果园分别在7.0,5.0 m以下仍存在土壤干层。水平方向上,AO21、AO25果园利用邻近农田土壤水分的距离分别达到5,8 m,农果交界面上农田向果园的供水量,当以干层上界划分土壤剖面,其上为表观供水量,2个果园分别为0.08,0.25 m^(3)/m^(2);其下为实际供水量,分别为0.45,0.81 m^(3)/m^(2)。[结论]黄土塬区果园和农田镶嵌布局是一种较为合理的利用结构,在其规划管理中应考虑果树年限及其相邻农田宽度等因素,研究结果有助于推进区域土壤水资源的可持续利用及其空间优化。

改进的分层总和法在黄土地区高填方地基沉降变形中的应用研究

黄土高填方沉降变形控制是工程建设的重点和难点。通过室内侧限压缩试验和加湿试验,总结了重塑黄土在自重应力和含水率变化下的变形特征。基于分层总和法的思想,引入了Gunary模型和割线模量法,将黄土高填方地基的沉降分为荷载引起的施工沉降和含水率变化引起的施工后沉降,并提出了黄土高填方地基沉降变形的计算方法。结合实际工程背景,预测了高填方工程的沉降变形。结果表明:黄土高填方沉降的主要来源是施工期荷载引起的沉降;随着填土高度的增加,工后沉降占总沉降的比例逐渐增大;在最优含水率条件下,当施工期压实度达到95%以上时即可完成土的排气固结,施工后期为土的排水固结;压实度的控制对高填方工程至关重要;该研究成果丰富了黄土高填方地基沉降变形的计算理论,为黄土高填方工后沉降和湿陷性沉降的研究提供了理论依据,并对黄土高填方工程的施工及工后沉降控制具有一定的参考价值。

草地植被冠层与根系对黄土坡面侵蚀过程的影响

草地植被能有效控制坡面侵蚀,然而不同草地植被类型及其冠层与根系对坡面侵蚀过程的调控作用尚缺乏系统研究。采用人工模拟降雨方法,定量研究了不同雨强下苜蓿与黑麦草冠层与根系对黄土坡面侵蚀过程、径流侵蚀动力及土壤抗侵蚀能力特征的影响。结果表明:与裸坡相比,苜蓿与黑麦草的平均减流效益分别为17.65%和9.80%,减沙效益分别为63.86%和69.88%。不同雨强下两种草被根系减流减沙的平均相对贡献均高于冠层,且根系减沙的相对贡献随雨强的增加而增大。草地植被主要通过削减坡面径流流速和增加坡面阻力的方式实现对降雨径流侵蚀动力的调控,草被根系对坡面径流的减速作用略大于冠层,但其增阻作用却明显小于冠层。黑麦草对坡面径流的减速增阻效益高于相同部位的苜蓿。坡面土壤侵蚀率与水流切应力的关系可用幂函数y=αx^(β)较好地拟合。幂函数系数α解释为单位水流切应力所引起的土壤侵蚀模数,可作为反映土壤抗侵蚀能力的指标。草被根系作用下的幂函数系数减幅远高于冠层,反映了其增强土壤抗侵蚀能力作用明显高于冠层,这主要源于草被根系结构对表层土壤性质的改善。须根系黑麦草强化土壤抗侵蚀能力优于直根系苜蓿。本研究揭示了草地植被调控坡面侵蚀过程是通过地上冠层与根系的共同作用达到同时调控侵蚀动力和土壤抗侵蚀能力实现的,草被根系对坡面侵蚀控制起主导作用,且以须根系草被对黄土坡面侵蚀的调控效果最佳。上述结果可为草地侵蚀过程研究及黄土高原草被建设与管理提供科学依据。

软塑黄土层对浅埋黄土超大断面隧道围岩变形的影响

为解决在建西延高铁洛川隧道长大距离穿软塑黄土层施工中存在的问题,进行围岩变形数值模拟分析,建立三台阶预留核心土法施工模型,软塑黄土层分布在拱顶、边墙、拱底时,不同层厚(1、3、5 m)对拱顶下沉及拱腰收敛变形产生影响,结合监控量测数据提出合理的变形控制措施。研究结果表明:(1)对软塑黄土层不同分布以及不同厚度工况下围岩位移进行对比,发现软塑黄土层的存在增大了围岩位移,软塑黄土层分布较其厚度影响更明显,当软塑黄土层位于隧道拱顶上方且厚度为5 m时,影响最大。(2)浅埋软塑黄土隧道在超前管棚作用下,围岩竖向位移与水平位移相较于无管棚超前支护时位移减小,在穿软塑黄土层施工时要及时做好防护。(3)拱顶下沉及拱腰收敛随开挖均呈断崖式急剧变形、持续缓慢变形和变形趋于平稳3个阶段。因此,实际施工时应及时开展开挖初期急剧变形阶段的变形控制,并加强围岩监控量测。

厚黄土层深部开采覆岩和地表移动规律研究

为了揭示黄土层深部开采条件覆岩和地表移动规律,基于孟村矿401101工作面开采地质条件,采用地表实测和数值模拟相结合的方法,分析了煤层开采过程中地表移动盆地的分布和变化特征,计算确定了下沉、倾斜、曲率、水平移动和水平变形最大值;揭示了厚黄土层深部开采地表沉降量小、移动变形集中、地表移动前期具有突发性沉陷特点,确定了地表活跃阶段下沉量占沉陷总量的66.8%;确定了该矿地表移动角量参数和概率积分预计参数;研究了采动覆岩的位移和应力变化规律。研究成果可为该采区后续工作面和类似采矿条件矿井的开采规划设计和采动损害控制提供有益参考。

Vertical Atmospheric Structure of the Late Summer Clear Days over the East Gansu Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, by using the sounding data collected in LOPEX05, we have analyzed the vertical atmospheric structure and boundary layer characteristics of temperature and humidity in the late summer over the east Gansu loess plateau. The results show that the bottom of the stratosphere is at about 16 500 m and varies between 14 000 m and 18 000 m above the ground. The center of the westerly jet is located between 8300 m and 14 300 m above the ground and its direction moves between 260~ and 305~. There is an inverse humidity layer at about 3000 m height above the ground. The maximum of the air temperature occurs at 1700 LST in the layer below 800 m above the ground. The inversion layer is relatively thick. The time that the maximum of the vapor occurs is not the same for different layers. The depth of the atmospheric boundary layer can reach about 1000 m and the depth of the stable boundary layer can be 650 m.

A Continuum One——Dimensional Model for Radionuclide Migration Testing in Unsaturated Loess

Unsaturated radionuclide migration experiments were conducted in a pit inside the testing hall. Several types of radionuclides were used in the experiments . Tritium was used as a tracer for water movement in unsaturated loess . Other kinds of radionuclides were also used in order to obtain fundamental parameters for radionuclide migration so that further environmental assessment of low-level radioactive waste disposal can be carried out . Mechanisms governing unsaturated flow in loess , that is , principles of one-way lateral flow , are presented qualitatively in this paper . And a continuum one-dimensional model for radionuclide migration testing is developed based on the experiments conducted under the particular conditions at the test site . The data measured from the tests were compared with solutions of this one -dimensional model . Results show that this model is feasible for modeling radionuclide migration in unsaturated loess .

湿陷性黄土地区高填方地基工程关键技术问题与实践

以陕西省延安市某黄土高填方地基工程为研究对象,分析了我国西北湿陷性黄土丘陵沟壑区域开展挖填方工程面临的关键技术问题。详细介绍了工程的挖填方概况、工程地质和水文地质条件以及高填方地基设计和施工对策。结合场地形成的过程,对施工期及工后沉降监测数据进行分析,得到了黄土高填方场地形成过程中不同阶段地基沉降的特点和规律:填方区工后沉降量随填土厚度的增大而增大,填土厚度相近区域,原地基覆盖土层的厚度越大,工后沉降越大。

双层均质边坡临界高度研究及其稳定性分析

基于边坡塑性极限理论,假定组合对数螺旋线破坏机构,直接推导出双层均质边坡的临界高度方程。通过强度折减法使边坡逐步处于极限平衡状态,进而获得边坡的稳定性安全系数。该方法直接进行外功率积分,无需采用数值方法解决外功率积分困难,并且显式表达边坡临界高度。针对强度折减过程中优化计算对初值的依赖性问题,基于均质边坡上限法的对数螺旋线优化参数,提出了层状边坡初值估算方法,通过重点空间重点搜索,使得边坡稳定性分析过程更加高效。通过算例的验证与对比分析,表明该方法具有较高的计算精度和稳定性,指出上限法在层状边坡局部稳定性分析中存在的问题,并重新构造出可以兼容整体与局部破坏模式的目标函数,解决该问题。最后,以兰州市某黄土边坡为工程背景,采用多种方法进行了稳定性分析,验证了所提方法的可靠以及初值的低依赖性,可快速有效的应用于工程实践。

黄土填方场地强夯与分层碾压施工过程的内部沉降监测方法

黄土填方场地采用强夯法与分层碾压法处理时,会引起较大的冲击荷载与振动荷载,导致施工期埋设的监测元件易被破坏且补救困难。为此结合填方场地施工特点,对深层沉降标法、电磁式沉降仪法和串接式位移计法进行改进,主要包括:当采用深层沉降标法时,施工期将沉降钢板预埋至填土内不同高程,竣工后钻孔测量沉降钢板的高程变化,确定施工期总沉降,然后利用同一钻孔安装深层沉降标,采用水准测量方法观测工后沉降;当采用电磁式沉降仪法时,将沉降管及沉降磁环通过钻孔与探井安装至填土地基内,沉降管端部深入基岩内,将基岩内安装的沉降磁环作为相对基准点观测内部沉降,以减少施工期管口高程频繁变化引起的测量误差;当采用串接式位移计法时,在填方地基内同一垂直线方向,设置若干位移计监测单元,通过分段测量、逐段累加方法,获得填方场地不同深度处的沉降量。上述监测方法的集成应用实现了填方地基内部沉降的全程、连续监测,也可为类似工程监测提供参考。

黄土层套管封隔钻井防漏堵漏工艺技术研究与应用

陕北黄土层钻井过程中易发生漏失,且堵漏作业困难,由于漏失深度的不确定性增大了施工黄土层防漏的难度,65m以内经漏失采用导管封固基本能得到解决,当漏失超过65m时导管封固法已经无法满足防漏要求,针对黄土层深井段漏失特点进行分析,研究一种表层变径钻头,通过表层套管封隔钻井工艺技术能有效地解决了黄土层深井段漏失问题。应用结果表明该项工艺配套技术的实施,使黄土层防漏、堵漏难度大幅度降低。

山东地区黄土研究综述

山东地区黄土开始堆积时期普遍较晚,目前已见的剖面中,以青州傅家庄剖面堆积厚度最大(30m以上),起始堆积时间最早,出露的最老层位为L9,TL测年时间约为0.8MaB.P.。山东地区黄土成因类型多样,物质来源广泛,其岩性特征与其他地区的黄土有明显的差别;在本地区内部,黄土的差异也比较明显,大体可分为两大成因分布区:渤海湾滨海与岛屿区和鲁中山前区。前者黄土粒度较粗,且普遍含有海相微体化石,其物质来源主要为末次冰期时期出露的渤海陆架物质,西北气流携带而来的内陆远源物质占次要地位。而后者黄土类型成因多样,东部的潍坊、青州黄土分布区,受到末次冰期时强劲冬季风的影响,物质来源主要为北部出露的渤海湾,向西至淄博、济南地区则已逐渐过渡为西北内陆风尘物质成分占据主导。

砂层在黄土中的减渗作用及其计算

本文根据非饱和土壤水的达西定律,对砂层在黄土中的减渗作用及在整个过程中使入渗率由非线性衰减阶段转为线性稳渗阶段的机理做了分析论述。在此基础上提出了不同砂层质地(中值粒径d50 )与埋深条件下稳渗率fp 的计算方法,建立了砂层质地的中值粒径d50 及埋深Z与吸力值Sm 的关系。根据水量平衡原理,得到了入渗过程中由非线性衰减阶段开始进入稳渗阶段的时间t1 。经试验资料验证,以上计算式不仅计算精度较好,且具有一定的实用性,特别是在缺少土、砂水分运动参数的情况下。

黄土高原土壤干层初步研究

在详细描述土壤干层现象和类型的基础上 ,分析了土壤干层的成因 ,即低降水高蒸发、水土流失、植被类型选择失当、群落生产力过高和群落密度过大等 ,指出土壤干层的危害主要表现为使局部小气候环境趋于旱化、土地退化、植被生长衰退、天然下种更新不良及加大造林难度等 ,最后提出了缓解土壤干层对黄土高原生态环境的恢复和重建的意义和重要性。

黄土层中灌溉对尿素淋失特征的影响

通过灌溉施肥实验和N素淋失通量法,研究黄土塬区和黄土台面阶地区超根层黄土中NH4-N和NO3-N的分布和运移规律,结果表明,在根层土壤贫N时,3m以下尿素N淋失率为13.2%～41.3%,在根层土壤富N时,淋失率为56.6%～83.5%,即黄土灌区在灌水定额较大时,仍然会产生强烈的N淋溶损失,因此,在黄土灌区科学施肥和节水灌溉对提高肥效和保护地区水质至关重要。