Preparation and performance evaluation of the slickwater using novel polymeric drag reducing agent with high temperature and shear resistance ability

Slickwater fracturing fluids are widely used in the development of unconventional oil and gas resources due to the advantages of low cost,low formation damage and high drag reduction performance.However,their performance is severely affected at high temperatures.Drag reducing agent is the key to determine the drag reducing performance of slickwater.In this work,in order to further improve the temperature resistance of slickwater,a temperature-resistant polymeric drag reducing agent(PDRA)was synthesized and used as the basis for preparing the temperature-resistant slickwater.The slickwater system was prepared with the compositions of 0.2 wt%PDRA,0.05 wt%drainage aid nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether phosphate(NPEP)and 0.5 wt%anti-expansion agent polyepichlorohydrindimethylamine(PDM).The drag reduction ability,rheology properties,temperature and shear resistance ability,and core damage property of slickwater were systematically studied and evaluated.In contrast to on-site drag reducing agent(DRA)and HPAM,the temperature-resistant slickwater demonstrates enhanced drag reduction efficacy at 90℃,exhibiting superior temperature and shear resistance ability.Notably,the drag reduction retention rate for the slickwater achieved an impressive 90.52%after a 30-min shearing period.Additionally,the core damage is only 5.53%.We expect that this study can broaden the application of slickwater in high-temperature reservoirs and provide a theoretical basis for field applications.

Mechanism of high temperature reduction on iron carbide preparation with low-grade siderite

The carburization roasting followed by magnetic separation is a feasible method to utilize low-grade siderite ore.In order to enhance the carburization efficiency and separation effciency,high temperature reduction was carried out,and its mechanism was demonstrated by measuring carburization index,phase change,and microstructure under a carbon-sulfur infrared analyzer,an X-ray diffractometer,and a metallurgical microscope.The results show that both the carburization effciency of siderite pellet and the separation efficiency of iron carbide from gangue are very low.However,high temperature reduction is a useful way to enhance the carburization efficiency,as it can accelerate the reduction reaction rate and carburization reaction rate.Furthermore,high temperature reduction can improve the growth of iron carbide particle,promote the carburization efficiency,and strengthen the sodium modification reactions,thereby greatly accelerating the separation efficiency of iron carbide and gangue.When the siderite pellets were reduced at 1050℃ for 90 min and carburized at 650℃ for 120 min,the carburization index of carburized pellets reached 36.06.After magnetic separation treatment,an electric furnace burden assaying 83.12 wt.%Fe and 6.96 wt.%C was prepared,and the corresponding iron recovery rate was 95.43%.The high temperature reduction is promisingly adopted to promote the utilization of low-grade siderite ores using carburization-magnetic separation technology.

Influence of Steam and Sulfide on High Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction

The influences of steam and sulfide on the efficiency of NOx reduction using ammonia(NH_(3))over the nanometer-class V-W/Ti catalyst in conditions of high temperature is experimentally investigated using a steady-flow reactor.The results showed that selective catalytic reduction(SCR)is inhibited by H_(2)O at low temperature,but higher NO conversion efficiency is achieved at high temperature since the reaction of NH_(3) oxidized by O_(2) to NOx is inhibited by H_(2)O.The activity of SCR is promoted by SO_(2) in the temperature range of 200~500℃,the NO conversion efficiency was improved to 98%from 94%by adding SO_(2).SCR would be improved at 350~500℃ when H_(2)O and SO_(2) exist at the same time.Furthermore,the positive influence to the NOx conversion was proved in the presence of H_(2)O and SO_(2) as a result of the European Stationary Cycle test.

INVESTIGATION INTO REDUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF NO IN HIGH TEMPERATURE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS

The characteristics of reducing NO in high temperarure combustionproducts are studied for the control of emissions of high concentration NO_x.It showsthat the main factors affecting the reduced characteristic of NO contained in hishtemperature gases are the combustion equivalent ratio, the coulins rate of the com-bustion gas and the tempoirature level when no reductants are added. A new methodof reducing NO by injecting hydrocarbon fuels has been adopted. It is found that theresults are very effective, and the method is simple and practicable. The chemical ki-netic models of reducing NO with and without injection of reductants are developed.

Fabrication of high temperature grating on thermal barrier coatings based on solute-solvent separation soft lithography

In this study, an etched-SiO-film grating fabrication technique based on solute-solvent separation soft lithography is developed. By using this new technique, high temperature grating with frequency of 600 lines/mm is successfully fabricated on the surface of thermal barrier coatings(TBCs). During the fabrication process, the microstructure and chemical compositions of ceramic coating before and after polishing is analyzed with a digital microscope and the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope(EDS) in scanning electron microscope(SEM). And then the grating on TBCs is heated at the temperature ranging from 300℃ to 1000℃ for examining the high temperature resistance. In the practical application, the displacement and strain field around the crack on the ceramic surface are investigated with geometry phase analysis(GPA). The successful results verify that the etched-SiO-film grating has a good oxidation resistance and can be applied to high temperature deformation measurement of TBCs.

Design of the material performance test apparatus for high temperature gas-cooled reactor

Most materials can be easily corroded or ineffective in carbonaceous atmospheres at high temperatures in the reactor core of the high temperature gas-cooled reactor(HTGR).To solve the problem,a material performance test apparatus was built to provide reliable materials and technical support for relevant experiments of the HTGR.The apparatus uses a center high-purity graphite heater and surrounding thermal insulating layers made of carbon fiber felt to form a strong carbon reducing atmosphere inside the apparatus.Specially designed tungsten rhenium thermocouples which can endure high temperatures in carbonaceous atmospheres are used to control the temperature field.A typical experimental process was analyzed in the paper,which lasted 76 hours including seven stages.Experimental results showed the test apparatus could completely simulate the carbon reduction atmosphere and high temperature environment the same as that confronted in the real reactor and the performance of screened materials had been successfully tested and verified.Test temperature in the apparatus could be elevated up to 1600oC,which covered the whole temperature range of the normal operation and accident condition of HTGR and could fully meet the test requirements of materials used in the reactor.

Pt-Al₂OM₃Composite Material Designed for Cyclic Production of Optical Glasses under High Temperature Conditions

The article considers one of the possible approaches to the solution of an urgent issue of metal consumption reduction, increase of operating life and maximum operating temperature as well as reduction of irrecoverable losses of platinum products and alloys when operating under high temperature conditions, particularly for glassblowing and single crystal growing crucibles. A two-layered composite material based on platinum-group metals and corundum plasma ceramics is thoroughly investigated. A successful experience of crucibles exploitation, designed for production of high temperature optical glasses from the composite and results of the research on composite material specimens are described.

合成聚合物类抗高温钻井液降黏剂研究进展

随着石油工业的发展和浅层石油资源的消耗,油气勘探开发技术不断趋向于深井和超深井钻探工艺。然而深井底部的高温会导致钻井液出现分散、聚集、钝化现象,使得钻井液的黏度增加、流动性变差,这为深井钻井作业带来了巨大的技术挑战。钻井液用抗高温降黏剂可以降低钻井液的黏度,调节钻井液的流变性,在保持钻井液稳定性和钻井效率方面具有重要作用。合成聚合物类降黏剂具有分子结构可设计性强、抗高温性能突出等特点,广泛用于抗高温钻井液。本文综述了合成聚合物类抗高温降黏剂的研究现状,介绍了羧酸类、磺酸类、羧酸磺酸类、两性离子类降黏剂的抗高温性能及降黏机理,可为新型抗高温降黏剂的分子设计提供参考。

探究冷瓶机与超高温瞬杀热能综合利用方法

随着饮料生产工艺的不断发展,提高能源利用效率并降低生产过程中的碳排放已成为行业关注的核心问题。在果汁饮料的热灌装生产中,超高温瞬杀技术用于杀菌,而冷瓶机则用于快速降温。然而,现有的加热与降温工艺彼此独立,未实现热能的有效循环利用。本文提出了一种冷瓶机与超高温瞬杀热能综合利用方法,通过阶段式热能回收与动态调节机制,构建热能闭环利用系统。经过客户现场试验表明,该方法显著降低了蒸汽和冷媒的使用量,优化了冷瓶机的能量负担,实现了节能减排目标,为饮料生产过程的可持续发展提供了重要支持。

Effect of yttrium and manganese addition on catalytic soot combustion activity and anti-high-temperature stability of CeO_(2) catalyst

In order to analyze the influence of the addition of yttrium and manganese on the soot combustion performance and high temperature stability of CeO_(2) catalyst,a series of Y/Mn-modified CeO_(2) catalysts were prepared.The effects of structural properties,textural properties,oxygen vacancies,Ce^(3+),surface adsorbed oxygen species,reduction properties and desorption properties of oxygen species on the activity were analyzed by various characterization methods.The results of the activity test show that the addition of manganese is beneficial to enhancement of the activity,while the addition of yttrium increases the amount of reactive oxygen species,but decreases the activity.After aging at 700℃,the activity of the CeMn catalyst decreases most sharply,while the catalytic activity of the CeY catalyst can be maintained to a certain extent.Interestingly,the addition of yttrium and manganese at the same time can stabilize the activity.The fundamental reason is that yttrium and manganese move to the surface of the solid solution after aging,which increases the reduction performance of the catalyst,thus contributing to the increase of activity.Although the activity of CeYMn catalyst decreases after aging at 800℃,it is still higher than that of other catalysts aged at 700℃.

高温高湿环境下兔软组织爆炸伤后感染动物模型建立的研究

目的:建立高温高湿环境下兔软组织爆炸伤后感染模型,为研究高温高湿环境下此类创伤后感染治疗提供依据。方法:中国人民解放军南部战区总医院于2023年6月~2023年7月选取24只成年新西兰大白兔进行实验,随机分为常温常湿组(对照组)与高温高湿组(研究组)各12只。全身麻醉备皮后分别在不同温度和湿度条件下距兔左侧胸部1 cm处放置电雷管并爆炸致伤。在不同时间点测量创面面积,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色评估创面周围软组织炎性反应及感染情况。收集创面渗液,评估细菌负荷及感染严重程度。结果:爆炸后12 h研究组创伤面积大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=7.012,P<0.05)。两组HE染色均可见炎性反应浸润及组织坏死。研究组在创伤后12 h即出现明显组织坏死及感染,而对照组在创伤后24 h才出现组织腐烂和感染。高温高湿环境下,创面面积和深度越大,细菌负荷越重。结论:高温高湿条件下兔软组织爆炸伤后感染模型能真实模拟特殊条件下爆炸伤后软组织感染情况,具有良好的重复性与稳定性,可用于高温高湿条件下软组织爆炸伤后感染理论和治疗的实验研究。

某城镇污水厂污泥脱水工艺选择与设计

福建省宁德市某城镇污水处理厂自提标改造后污泥产量增大,污泥外运处置费也随之增高。为了降低运行费用,污水厂进行污泥深度脱水工艺改造。污水厂原污泥机械脱水设备采用叠螺式污泥脱水机,出泥含水率为80%,改造后污泥脱水工艺采用叠螺式污泥脱水机+高压带式污泥脱水机+污泥低温干化脱水机,出泥含水率低于60%,污水厂原45t/d(80%含水率)的污泥外运量缩减至20t/d(55%含水率),污泥减量近25t/d,污水厂的年污泥处置费可节省约365万元,大大降低了污水厂的运行成本。

Preparation and properties of Ni-coated WC powder and highly impact resistant and corrosion resistant WC-Ni cemented carbides

WC powders were uniformly coated by Ni nanoparticles through a combined chemical co-precipitation and subsequent high temperature hydrogen reduction strategy(abbreviated as CM-WCN),and then were consolidated by vacuum sintering at 1450°C for 1 h to obtain WC−Ni cemented carbides.The microstructure and properties of the as-consolidated CM-WCN were investigated.The average grain size of WC in the consolidated CM-WCN was calculated to be in the range of 3.0−3.8μm and only few pores were observed.A relative density of 99.6%,hardness of HRA 86.5 and bending strength of 1860 MPa were obtained for the CM-WCN−10wt.%Ni,and the highest impact toughness of 6.17 J/cm^(2 )was obtained for the CM-WCN−12wt.%Ni,surpassing those of the hand mixed WC−Ni(HM-WCN)cemented carbides examined in this study and the other similar materials in the literature.CM-WCN cemented carbides possess excellent mechanical properties,due to their highly uniform structure and low porosity that could be ascribed to the intergranular-dominated fracture mode accompanied by a large number of plastic deformation tears of the bonding phase.In addition,the corrosion resistance of CM-WCN was superior to that of HM-WCN at the Ni content of 6−12 wt.%.

Effect of NaCl on synthesis of ZrB2 by a borothermal reduction reaction of ZrO2

ZrB2 powders were synthesized via a borothermal reduction reaction of ZrO2 with the assistance of NaCl under a flowing Ar atmosphere. The optimal temperature and reaction time were 1223 K and 3 h, respectively. Compared with the reactions conducted without the addition of NaCl, those performed with the addition of an appropriate amount of NaCl finished at substantially lower temperatures. However, the addition of too much NaCl suppressed this effect. With the assistance of NaCl, a special morphology of polyhedral ZrB2 particles covered with ZrB2 nanosheets was obtained. Moreover, the experimental results revealed that the special morphology was the result of the combined effects of B2O3 and NaCl. The formation of the special microstructure is explained on the basis of the “dissolution–recrystallization” mechanism.

Facile Oxygen-promoted Synthesis of Cu,N Co-doped Carbon Composites for Oxygen Reduction

A new strategy to fabricate oxygen-promoted Cu,N co-doped carbon(OP-CuN@C)composites is reported.The strategy consists of only two simple steps:chemical polymerization and high temperature carbonization.Electrochemical measurements were conducted to investigate the catalytic activity and mechanism of ORR on the resulting samples.All the electrochemical results indicate that OP-CuN@C exhibits the best ORR catalytic activity.The ORR onset potential of OP-CuN@C is slightly lower than that of commercial Pt/C catalyst.The good performance is attributed to the large specific surface area,high content of heteroatoms(pyridinic,graphitic nitrogen,and oxygen atom)and synergistic effect between divalent copper and nitrogen dopant.

抗220℃高温两性离子聚合物降黏剂的制备与性能

针对当前高温高密度水基钻井液流变性调控难题,基于分子结构优化设计和单体优选,制备了新型抗高温两性离子聚合物降黏剂HP-THIN。通过正交实验与单因素实验相结合的方法,对HP-THIN的制备条件进行了优化。采用红外光谱仪、乌氏黏度计和热重分析仪等分别对HP-THIN的分子结构、热稳定性以及相对分子质量进行表征和测定,研究了HP-THIN在220℃超高温条件下对淡水浆、盐水浆、含钙浆和高密度复合盐水浆等不同类型钻井液基浆的降黏性能。在室温下,测试了HP-THIN对基浆黏土颗粒吸附能力、Zeta电位和粒径的影响,并与国内外同类产品(Polythin和xy-27)进行了对比。结果表明,合成降黏剂HP-THIN的反应温度为60℃,反应时间为3 h,引发剂用量和链转移剂用量均为反应单体总量的1%,单体总质量分数为30%;单体AM、AA、AMPS、PTM物质的量比为1.9∶7.5∶2.1∶1。该聚合物的分子结构中含有设计官能团,其黏均相对分子质量约为8211,且具有较好的热稳定性。220℃老化后,HP-THIN在最优加量(0.3%)下对淡水基浆、盐水基浆、含钙基浆和高密度复合盐水基浆的降黏率分别达86%、72%、73%和51%,HP-THIN对不同类型钻井液基浆的高温降黏效果均优于国内外同类产品,相对于xy-27和Polythin,降黏剂HP-THIN对基浆黏土吸附能力强、Zeta电位绝对值大、黏土颗粒尺寸小,可以更好地消除黏土颗粒间网状结构,降低钻井液黏度,具有良好的应用前景。

LayCe_((1-y))NixFe_((1-x))催化剂的制备及其高温荒煤气原位催化减水研究

采用柠檬酸络合法制备LaNi_(x)Fe_(1-x)O_(3)(x分别为0.33、0.5、0.66)和La_(1-y)Ce_(y)Ni_(0.66)Fe_(0.33O3)(y分别为0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4)系列钙钛矿催化剂。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、N_(2)物理吸附对催化剂的基本性质进行表征,通过固定床实验装置进行模拟煤气催化实验和荒煤气原位催化实验。催化剂的B位Ni和Fe主要起催化作用,A位的La和Ce主要起稳定晶体结构的作用。结果表明,系列催化剂均可形成稳定的钙钛矿结构,B位Ni质量分数的提高有助于提升CO的转化率和催化剂的积碳速率,并同时降低了催化剂的比表面积和孔体积。A位掺杂Ce能够增加催化剂的晶氧空位,改变催化剂的晶体结构,提高催化剂的比表面积、孔体积、抗硫性能和抗积碳性能。对比原位催化减水效果发现,LaNi_(x)Fe_(1-x)O_(3)系列催化剂中LaNi_(0.66)Fe_(0.33)O_(3)的减水效果较好,热解水产率下降了35%;La_(1-y)Ce_(y)Ni_(0.66)Fe_(0.33O3)系列催化剂中La_(0.7)Ce_(0.3)Ni_(0.66)Fe_(0.33O)的减水效果最好,热解水产率下降了40%。

铁精矿内配某生物质高温高压热解及其还原行为研究

以生物质为还原剂,在温度为1 040℃、压力为30 kPa下对铁精矿内配生物质热解气化及其还原行为进行研究。研究结果表明:初期热解产生了酚类等大分子碳氢氧化合物液相,并与铁精矿形成了焦油包裹体,显著迟滞了生物质挥发分的释放;外配水和铁精矿中的晶格氧促进了大分子碳氢氧化合物逐步氧化为酮类、酸类化合物,并最终转化为CO和H_(2)等还原性气体;铁精矿还原生成了铁晶须,部分形成了碳铁化合物,实现了铁氧化物的高效快速还原,入炉50 min时,金属化率达96.72%。

土壤灭菌与丛枝菌根真菌在缓解连作障碍中的研究进展

设施农业生产中,连作障碍普遍存在且成因复杂,严重危害由土壤、植物及根际微生物组成的生态系统。经济便捷的土壤灭菌技术可有效缓解连作障碍,其中高温闷棚与强还原灭菌能优化土壤环境;同时,丛枝菌根真菌与植物根系建成共生体后有助于根际生态系统的重建。针对我国设施农业生产中的连作障碍问题,阐述了土壤高温灭菌、土壤强还原灭菌及丛枝菌根真菌在缓解设施连作障碍中的作用及相关机制,并展望了该领域待深入探究的内容,以期为设施农业连作障碍的缓解提供必要的理论与技术支撑。

长期高温浸水对热再生沥青混合料疲劳性能的影响

沥青混合料回收料(reclaimed asphalt pavement,RAP)的热再生利用可实现道路固废资源化利用,符合绿色可持续发展要求,但高掺量RAP热再生沥青混合料的使用耐久性是急需解决的难题。针对中国南方高温多雨气候特点,开展30%RAP掺量热再生沥青混合料与普通沥青混合料长期高温浸水后的强度衰减、耐疲劳特性与自愈合性能的研究。试验结果表明30%RAP热再生沥青混合料间接拉伸强度和疲劳寿命大于普通沥青混合料,但60℃浸水间接拉伸强度和疲劳寿命均呈明显下降,且强度与疲劳寿命残留率呈明显的线性相关性,可用于强度与寿命预测。普通沥青混合料的间接拉伸疲劳愈合水平高于30%RAP热再生沥青混合料,但浸水后二者自愈合能力大体相当。与间接拉伸疲劳试验相反,30%RAP热再生沥青混合料弯曲疲劳寿命约为普通沥青混合料的50%,60℃浸水14 d后衰减到1/3。二者疲劳愈合性能基本相当,且在有水条件下均难以很好愈合。建立了基于浸水时间的动态模量衰减预测模型,可用于量化分析高温多雨气候条件对模量的影响以及进行剩余疲劳寿命预估。