Straw return is a promising strategy for managing soil organic carbon(SOC)and improving yield stability.However,the optimal straw return strategy for sustainable crop production in the wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)-cott...Straw return is a promising strategy for managing soil organic carbon(SOC)and improving yield stability.However,the optimal straw return strategy for sustainable crop production in the wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)-cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)cropping system remains uncertain.The objective of this study was to quantify the long-term(10 years)impact of carbon(C)input on SOC sequestration,soil aggregation and crop yields in a wheat-cotton cropping system in the Yangtze River Valley,China.Five treatments were arranged with a single-factor randomized design as follows:no straw return(Control),return of wheat straw only(Wt),return of cotton straw only(Ct),return of 50%wheat and 50%cotton straw(Wh-Ch)and return of 100%wheat and 100%cotton straw(Wt-Ct).In comparison to the Control,the SOC content increased by 8.4 to 20.2%under straw return.A significant linear positive correlation between SOC sequestration and C input(1.42-7.19 Mg ha^(−1)yr^(−1))(P<0.05)was detected.The percentages of aggregates of sizes>2 and 1-2 mm at the 0-20 cm soil depth were also significantly elevated under straw return,with the greatest increase of the aggregate stability in the Wt-Ct treatment(28.1%).The average wheat yields increased by 12.4-36.0%and cotton yields increased by 29.4-73.7%,and significantly linear positive correlations were also detected between C input and the yields of wheat and cotton.The average sustainable yield index(SYI)reached a maximum value of 0.69 when the C input was 7.08 Mg ha^(−1)yr^(−1),which was close to the maximum value(SYI of 0.69,C input of 7.19 Mg ha^(−1)yr^(-1))in the Wt-Ct treatment.Overall,the return of both wheat and cotton straw was the best strategy for improving SOC sequestration,soil aggregation,yields and their sustainability in the wheat-cotton rotation system.展开更多
In a nine-year field experiment in a wheat-maize-sunflower cropping system in Hetao Irrigation Area,Inner Mongolia,China,organic amendments applied as straw,manure,green manure,and the combination of green manure and ...In a nine-year field experiment in a wheat-maize-sunflower cropping system in Hetao Irrigation Area,Inner Mongolia,China,organic amendments applied as straw,manure,green manure,and the combination of green manure and straw increased wheat and maize yield,soil aggregate stability,and soil microbial activity in comparison with chemical fertilizer,without changing greenhouse gas emission intensity.展开更多
The use of cover crops is a promising strategy for influencing the soil microbial consortium,which is essential for the delivery of multiple soil functions(i.e.,soil multifunctionality).Nonetheless,relatively little i...The use of cover crops is a promising strategy for influencing the soil microbial consortium,which is essential for the delivery of multiple soil functions(i.e.,soil multifunctionality).Nonetheless,relatively little is known about the role of the soil microbial consortium in mediating soil multifunctionality under different cover crop amendments in dryland Ultisols.Here,we assessed the multifunctionality of soils subjected to four cover crop amendments(control,non-amended treatment;RD,radish monoculture;HV,hairy vetch monoculture;and RDHV,radish-hairy vetch mixture),and we investigated the contributions of soil microbial richness,network complexity,and ecological clusters to soil multifunctionality.Our results demonstrated that cover crops whose chemical composition differed from that of the main plant crop promoted higher multifunctionality,and the radish-hairy vetch mixture rendered the highest enhancement.We obtained evidence that changes in soil microbial richness and network complexity triggered by the cover crops were associated with higher soil multifunctionality.Specifically,specialized microbes in a key ecological cluster(ecological cluster 2)of the soil microbial network were particularly important for maintaining soil multifunctionality.Our results highlight the importance of cover crop-induced variations in functionally important taxa for promoting the soil multifunctionality of dryland Ultisols.展开更多
Typical row-crop agricultural practices can potentially be harmful to soil health and future sustainability. The use of cover crops (CC) as a mechanism to improve soil health on a wide scale remains underutilized. Soi...Typical row-crop agricultural practices can potentially be harmful to soil health and future sustainability. The use of cover crops (CC) as a mechanism to improve soil health on a wide scale remains underutilized. Soil health remains a major concern for the sustainability of agricultural productivity, therefore, research into CC implementation as a mean to preserve or improve soil health is warranted. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of CC on the soils in the eastern Arkansas portion of the Lower Mississippi River Valley (LMRV) over time for various chemical soil parameters, including pH, soil organic matter (SOM), soil elemental contents (i.e., P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B), soil respiration, and a generalized soil health score index. Soil pH decreased over time under both CC and no-cover-crop (NCC) treatments, by −0.3 and −0.2, respectively. Soil OM decreased over time under NCC by −0.1%, but did not differ between CC treatments. Soil N availability decreased over time under NCC (−22.6 kg·ha−1), but did not change over time under CC. Soil respiration decreased over time under both CC and NCC, by −76.1 mg·L−1 and −77.3 mg·L−1, respectively, though there was no effect of CC treatment. The Haney soil health score index decreased under CC (−7.0) and NCC (−6.8) without an effect from CC treatment. Results of the study place emphasis on the temporal nature of soil health as influenced by cover crops and their potential to improve soil health.展开更多
Annual forage legumes are important components of livestock production systems in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legumes contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping systems through biological N fixation, and their...Annual forage legumes are important components of livestock production systems in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legumes contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping systems through biological N fixation, and their seasonal biomass production can be managed to complement forage grasses. Our research objectives were to evaluate both warm- and cool-season annual forage legumes as green manure for biomass, N content, ability to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil N, and impact on post season forage grass crops. Nine warm-season forage legumes (WSL) were spring planted and incorporated as green manure in the fall. Forage rye (Secale cereale L.) was planted following the incorporation of WSL treatments. Eight cool-season forage legumes (CSL) were fall planted in previously fallow plots and incorporated as green manure in late spring. Sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor var. sudanense) was planted over all treatments in early summer after forage rye harvest and incorporation of CSL treatments. Sorghum-sudangrass was harvested in June, August and September, and treatments were evaluated for dry matter and N concentration. Soil cores were taken from each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm, and soil C and N were measured using combustion analysis. Nylon mesh bags containing plant samples were buried at 15 cm and used to evaluate decomposition rate of above ground legume biomass, including change in C and N concentrations. Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot biomass yield (6.24 t DM ha<sup>-1</sup>) and contributed the most total N (167 kg∙ha<sup>-1</sup>) and total C (3043 kg∙ha<sup>-1</sup>) of the WSL tested. Decomposition rate of WSL biomass was rapid in the first 10 weeks and very slow afterward. Winter pea (Pisum sativum L. spp. sativum), arrow leaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were the most productive CSL in this trial. Austrian winter pea produced 8.41 t DM ha<sup>-1</sup> with a total N yield of 319 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> and total C production of 3835 kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>. The WSL treatments had only small effects on rye forage yield and N concentration, possibly due to mineralization of N from a large SOC pool already in place. The CSL treatments also had only minimal effects on sorghum-sudangrass forage production. Winter pea, arrow leaf and crimson clover were productive cool season legumes and could be useful as green manure crops. Mungbean and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) were highly productive warm season legumes but may include more production risk in green manure systems due to soil moisture competition.展开更多
Over the years, pineapple production in the Republic of Guinea has become less competitive in the West African sub-region, with a world ranking of 144th. It is therefore only natural to review certain parameters in or...Over the years, pineapple production in the Republic of Guinea has become less competitive in the West African sub-region, with a world ranking of 144th. It is therefore only natural to review certain parameters in order to improve this ranking. To do this, certain physico-chemical parameters of soil samples from Friguiagbé and Maferinyah (in the Kindia and Forécariah prefectures) were taken and analysed using the following techniques: Pipette de Robinson, Anne, Bray II, Kapen HICDVITZ, Mc. Lead (1982). The analytical results show that the soils at Friguiagbé in Kindia and Maferinyah in Forécariah are acidic, with pH values of 4.4 and 4.7 (fields I and II) and 4.8 and 4.7 (fields I and II) respectively. The soils have a silty-sandy texture. This study could therefore serve as a guide for the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Guinea.展开更多
Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) are tiny plastic particles resulting from plastic product degradation. Soil MNPs have been identified as potential influential factors affecting various soil properties and crop biomass...Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) are tiny plastic particles resulting from plastic product degradation. Soil MNPs have been identified as potential influential factors affecting various soil properties and crop biomass productivity. This mini-review provides a synthesis of recent findings concerning their effects on soil physicochemical properties, microorganisms, organic carbon content, soil nutrients, greenhouse gas emissions, soil fauna, and their impacts on plant ecophysiology, growth, and production. The results indicate that MNPs may markedly impede soil aggregation ability, increase porosity, decrease soil bulk density, enhance water retention capacity, influence soil pH and electrical conductivity, and escalate soil water evaporation. Exposure to MNPs may predominantly induce changes in soil microbial composition, reducing the diversity and complexity of microbial communities and microbial activity while enhancing soil organic carbon stability, influencing soil nutrient dynamics, and stimulating organic carbon decomposition and denitrification processes, leading to elevated soil respiration and methane emissions, and potentially decreasing soil nitrous oxide emission. Additionally, MNPs may adversely affect soil fauna, diminish seed germination rates, promote plant root growth, yet impair plant photosynthetic efficacy and biomass productivity. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the impacts and mechanistic foundations of MNPs. Future research avenues are suggested to further explore the impacts and economic implications.展开更多
Continuous cropping has become a common form of agricultural production at present, but with the increase of continuous cropping years, continuous cropping obstacles such as soil-borne diseases and plant growth potent...Continuous cropping has become a common form of agricultural production at present, but with the increase of continuous cropping years, continuous cropping obstacles such as soil-borne diseases and plant growth potential decline are becoming more and more common. At present, the causes of continuous cropping obstacles and continuous cropping restoration have become a hot issue in agricultural research. This paper summarized the effects of continuous cropping obstacles on soil microbial community structure and main technical methods to repair continuous cropping obstacles, such as agricultural measure management, microbial balance adjustment and soil improvement, aiming to provide theoretical reference for protecting the sustainable utilization of soil ecosystem and ensuring the stability of crop production.展开更多
Continuous cropping can bring economic benefits in a short time and meet the growing demand of agricultural products such as grain,but long-term continuous cropping will accelerate soil degradation,lead to the reducti...Continuous cropping can bring economic benefits in a short time and meet the growing demand of agricultural products such as grain,but long-term continuous cropping will accelerate soil degradation,lead to the reduction of crop yield and the increase of disease rate,and destroy the balance of soil microbial structure.Therefore,it is not conducive to the sustainable development of soil ecosystem.In this paper,the problems caused by continuous cropping,such as imbalance of soil microbial flora,decrease of biodiversity,accumulation of root exudates and their effects on soil fertility and crop growth,were summarized,and some measures were suggested to alleviate the obstacles of continuous cropping,such as reasonable rotation,adjustment of intercropping planting mode and application of biological fertilizers.Moreover,the paper also looked forward to the development trend of continuous cropping obstacle reduction techniques,including the integration and application of biological techniques,the promotion of green ecological techniques and the application of intelligent management system.This study provides theoretical basis and technical support for the research of continuous cropping obstacle reduction techniques and promote the healthy and sustainable development of modern agriculture.展开更多
At present,long-term continuous cropping in agricultural production has formed a relatively common development trend.With the increase of continuous cropping years,soil phenolic acids are also affected to varying degr...At present,long-term continuous cropping in agricultural production has formed a relatively common development trend.With the increase of continuous cropping years,soil phenolic acids are also affected to varying degrees.This paper summarized the effects of continuous cropping on soil phenolic acids and the research progress of continuous cropping obstacle reduction techniques,aiming at providing theoretical basis and technical support for the research of continuous cropping obstacle reduction techniques and promoting the healthy and sustainable development of modern agriculture.展开更多
Accurate estimation of crop evapotranspiration(ETc) and soil water balance, which is vital for optimizing water management strategy in crop production, can be performed by simulation. But existing software has many de...Accurate estimation of crop evapotranspiration(ETc) and soil water balance, which is vital for optimizing water management strategy in crop production, can be performed by simulation. But existing software has many deficiencies, including complex operation, limited scalability, lack of batch processing, and a single ETc model. Here we present simET, an open-source software package written in the R programming language. Many concepts involved in crop ETc simulation are condensed into functions in the package. It includes three widely used crop ETc models built on these functions: the single-crop coefficient,double-crop coefficient, and Shuttleworth–Wallace models, along with tools for preparing model data and comparing estimates. SimET supports ETc simulation in crops with repeated growth cycles such as alfalfa, a perennial forage crop that is cut multiple times annually.展开更多
[Objective] Long-term (over 18 years) fertilization experiments were con- ducted to study the responses of crop yields and soil fertility to long-term nutrient lacking at Zhengzhou in China. [Method] The present stu...[Objective] Long-term (over 18 years) fertilization experiments were con- ducted to study the responses of crop yields and soil fertility to long-term nutrient lacking at Zhengzhou in China. [Method] The present study consisted of five treat- ments: 1 CK (no fertilizer or manure), (2) NP (nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer applied), 31 NK (nitrogen and potassium fertilizer applied), 4 PK (phosphorus and potassium fertilizer applied) and :5 NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertil- izer applied). [Result] Lacking of nitrogen or phosphorus led to a low yield; however, there was no significant difference in grain yields between the NP and NPK treat- ments which maintained a higher yield. Receiving no phosphorus, soil available phosphorus content declined to about 2.5 mg/kg. The concentration of soil ex- changeable potassium remained constant at a level of 60 mg/kg under the treat- ments without potassium fertilizer addition. Soil potassium spontaneous supply ca- pacity fluctuated around 100%.[Conclusion] In fluvo-aquic soil, nitrogen and phos- phorus were two key limiting factors to grain yields, biomass and yield component factors of wheat and maize, while potassium was not. However, potassium defi- ciency may occur in the future if there was still no potassium fertilizer applied.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of continuous application of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer under double rice cropping system. [Method] By modeling three types of paddy soils in Dong-Ting L...[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of continuous application of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer under double rice cropping system. [Method] By modeling three types of paddy soils in Dong-Ting Lake area, four treatments as no fertilizer (CK), urea, controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (CRNF) and 70% controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (70% CRNF) were designed in the micro-plot trials from 2005 to 2008. [Result] The rice yield in treatment CRNF at N 150 kg/hm2 was increased by 10.3%, 8.0% and 2.4% compared with treatment of urea, in alluvial sandy loamy paddy soil (ALS), purple calcareous clayey paddy soil (PCS), and reddish yellow loamy paddy soil (RYS), respectively; and the yield in treatment of 70% CRNF was increased by 6.1%, 2.6% and -0.8%, respectively. The ranking order of nitrogen uptake amount by plant in early rice and late rice was CRNF 70% CRNF urea CK in all three types of soil. Nitrogen utilization efficiency of CRNF in above three types of soil was 60.7%, 59.6% and 56.3%, increased by 23.8%, 19.4% and 16.3% compared with that in treatment of urea, respectively. Nitrogen utilization efficiency of CRNF in early rice was increased year by year, and was higher than that of 70% CRNF during the whole experiment stage, while that in late rice was increased first and then decreased from the 3rd year. [Conclusion] Continuous application CRNF could alleviate the decreasing of soil nitrogen fertility and organic carbon especially in ALS, increase rice yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency in double-rice cropping system.展开更多
Selenium(Se)acquirement from daily diet can help reduce the risk of many diseases.The edible parts of crop plants are the main source of dietary Se,while the Se content in crops is determined by Se bioavailability in ...Selenium(Se)acquirement from daily diet can help reduce the risk of many diseases.The edible parts of crop plants are the main source of dietary Se,while the Se content in crops is determined by Se bioavailability in soil.We summarize recent research on the biogeochemical cycle of Se driven by specific microorganisms and emphasize the oxidizing process in the Se cycle.Moreover,we discuss how plant root exudates and rhizosphere microorganisms affect soil Se availability.Finally,we cover beneficial microorganisms,including endophytes,that promote crop quality and improve crop tolerance to environmental stresses.Se availability to plants depends on the balance between adsorption and desorption,reduction,methylation and oxidation,which are determined by interactions among soil properties,microbial communities and plants.Reduction and methylation processes governed by bacteria or fungi lead to declined Se availability,while Se oxidation regulated by Se-oxidizing microorganisms increases Se availability to plants.Despite a much lower rate of Se oxidization compared to reduction and methylation,the potential roles of microbial communities in increasing Se bioavailability are probably largely underestimated.Enhancing Se oxidation and Se desorption are crucial for the promotion of Se bioavailability and uptake,particularly in Se-deficient soils.Beneficial roles of Se are reported in terms of improved crop growth and quality,and enhanced protection against fungal diseases and abiotic stress through improved photosynthetic traits,increased sugar and amino acid contents,and promoted defense systems.Understanding Se transformation along the plant-soil continuum is crucial for agricultural production and even for human health.展开更多
Plastic film mulch in agricultural production becomes essential to maintaining crop yields in arid and semiarid areas.However,the presence of residual film in farmland soil has also drawn much attention.In this study,...Plastic film mulch in agricultural production becomes essential to maintaining crop yields in arid and semiarid areas.However,the presence of residual film in farmland soil has also drawn much attention.In this study,three experiments were conducted.The first two experimental designs included 0,450,1350,and 2700 kg ha^(-1) of residual film pieces of approximately 5 cm side length added to field soil(0-20 cm soil depth)for seven years and added to pots for four years.In the third experiment,1350 kg ha^(-1)of the residual film with different side lengths(2-5,5-10,10-15,and 15-20 cm)was added to field soil for six years to explore the effect of residual film fragment size on soil nutrients,soil microorganisms,crop growth and yields.The residual film had little effect on the soil moisture at a field depth of 0-2(or 0-1.8)m.There were no significant effects on organic carbon,total nitrogen,inorganic nitrogen,total phosphorus or available phosphorus in the 0-20 cm soil layer.The presence of residual film decreased the richness and diversity of the bacterial community of the surface soil of the residual film,but it had no significant effect on the microbial community of the non-surface soil.The emergence rates of wheat and lentils occasionally decreased significantly with different amounts of residue fragments added to the field.At 450-2700 kg ha^(-1),the residual film reduced the plant height and stem diameter of maize and significantly reduced the shoot biomass of harvested maize by 11-19%.The average yields of maize and potato over the seven years decreased,but there were almost no significant statistical differences among the treatments.These results provide important data for a comprehensive scientific understanding of the effects of residual film on soil and crops in dryland farming systems.展开更多
Effect of application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil on crop yield and status of soil K in the plough layer under different planting systems was studied. The experiments on long-term application of K fertiliz...Effect of application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil on crop yield and status of soil K in the plough layer under different planting systems was studied. The experiments on long-term application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil in Hebei fluvo aquic soil and Shanxi brown soil in northern China were begun in 1992. The results showed that K fertilizer and straw could improve the yields of wheat and maize with the order of NPK + St 〉 NPK 〉 NP + St 〉 NP, and treatment of K fertilizer made a significant difference to NP, and the efficiency of K fertilizer in maize was higher than in wheat under rotation system of Hebei. In contrast with Shanxi, the wastage of soil potassium was a more serious issue in the rotation system in Hebei, only treatment of NPK + St showed a surplus of potassium and the others showed a wane. K fertilizer and straw could improve the content of water-soluble K, nonspecifically adsorbed K, non-exchangeable K, mineral K, and total K in contrast to NP; however, K fertilizer and straw reduce the proportion of mineral K and improve proportion of other forms of potassium in the two locating sites. Compared with the beginning of orientation, temporal variability character of soil K content and proportion showed a difference between the two soil types; furthermore, there was a decrease in the content of mineral K and total K simultaneously in the two locating sites. As a whole, the effect of K fertilizer applied to soil directly excelled to wheat straw to soil. Wheat straw to soil was an effective measure to complement potassium to increase crop yield and retard the decrease of soil K.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071968)the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund,China(CX(22)2015))the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production,China。
文摘Straw return is a promising strategy for managing soil organic carbon(SOC)and improving yield stability.However,the optimal straw return strategy for sustainable crop production in the wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)-cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)cropping system remains uncertain.The objective of this study was to quantify the long-term(10 years)impact of carbon(C)input on SOC sequestration,soil aggregation and crop yields in a wheat-cotton cropping system in the Yangtze River Valley,China.Five treatments were arranged with a single-factor randomized design as follows:no straw return(Control),return of wheat straw only(Wt),return of cotton straw only(Ct),return of 50%wheat and 50%cotton straw(Wh-Ch)and return of 100%wheat and 100%cotton straw(Wt-Ct).In comparison to the Control,the SOC content increased by 8.4 to 20.2%under straw return.A significant linear positive correlation between SOC sequestration and C input(1.42-7.19 Mg ha^(−1)yr^(−1))(P<0.05)was detected.The percentages of aggregates of sizes>2 and 1-2 mm at the 0-20 cm soil depth were also significantly elevated under straw return,with the greatest increase of the aggregate stability in the Wt-Ct treatment(28.1%).The average wheat yields increased by 12.4-36.0%and cotton yields increased by 29.4-73.7%,and significantly linear positive correlations were also detected between C input and the yields of wheat and cotton.The average sustainable yield index(SYI)reached a maximum value of 0.69 when the C input was 7.08 Mg ha^(−1)yr^(−1),which was close to the maximum value(SYI of 0.69,C input of 7.19 Mg ha^(−1)yr^(-1))in the Wt-Ct treatment.Overall,the return of both wheat and cotton straw was the best strategy for improving SOC sequestration,soil aggregation,yields and their sustainability in the wheat-cotton rotation system.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFD1700200)the earmarked fund for CARS-Green manure (CARS-22)+2 种基金the Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation (2022QN03032)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32101852, 42207388)the Inner Mongolia Science and Technology Plan Project (2023YFHH0011)
文摘In a nine-year field experiment in a wheat-maize-sunflower cropping system in Hetao Irrigation Area,Inner Mongolia,China,organic amendments applied as straw,manure,green manure,and the combination of green manure and straw increased wheat and maize yield,soil aggregate stability,and soil microbial activity in comparison with chemical fertilizer,without changing greenhouse gas emission intensity.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1901201-05)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-22)+1 种基金the Special Program for Basic Research and Talent Training of Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China(JXSNKYJCRC202301 and JXSNKYJCRC202325)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160766).
文摘The use of cover crops is a promising strategy for influencing the soil microbial consortium,which is essential for the delivery of multiple soil functions(i.e.,soil multifunctionality).Nonetheless,relatively little is known about the role of the soil microbial consortium in mediating soil multifunctionality under different cover crop amendments in dryland Ultisols.Here,we assessed the multifunctionality of soils subjected to four cover crop amendments(control,non-amended treatment;RD,radish monoculture;HV,hairy vetch monoculture;and RDHV,radish-hairy vetch mixture),and we investigated the contributions of soil microbial richness,network complexity,and ecological clusters to soil multifunctionality.Our results demonstrated that cover crops whose chemical composition differed from that of the main plant crop promoted higher multifunctionality,and the radish-hairy vetch mixture rendered the highest enhancement.We obtained evidence that changes in soil microbial richness and network complexity triggered by the cover crops were associated with higher soil multifunctionality.Specifically,specialized microbes in a key ecological cluster(ecological cluster 2)of the soil microbial network were particularly important for maintaining soil multifunctionality.Our results highlight the importance of cover crop-induced variations in functionally important taxa for promoting the soil multifunctionality of dryland Ultisols.
文摘Typical row-crop agricultural practices can potentially be harmful to soil health and future sustainability. The use of cover crops (CC) as a mechanism to improve soil health on a wide scale remains underutilized. Soil health remains a major concern for the sustainability of agricultural productivity, therefore, research into CC implementation as a mean to preserve or improve soil health is warranted. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of CC on the soils in the eastern Arkansas portion of the Lower Mississippi River Valley (LMRV) over time for various chemical soil parameters, including pH, soil organic matter (SOM), soil elemental contents (i.e., P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B), soil respiration, and a generalized soil health score index. Soil pH decreased over time under both CC and no-cover-crop (NCC) treatments, by −0.3 and −0.2, respectively. Soil OM decreased over time under NCC by −0.1%, but did not differ between CC treatments. Soil N availability decreased over time under NCC (−22.6 kg·ha−1), but did not change over time under CC. Soil respiration decreased over time under both CC and NCC, by −76.1 mg·L−1 and −77.3 mg·L−1, respectively, though there was no effect of CC treatment. The Haney soil health score index decreased under CC (−7.0) and NCC (−6.8) without an effect from CC treatment. Results of the study place emphasis on the temporal nature of soil health as influenced by cover crops and their potential to improve soil health.
文摘Annual forage legumes are important components of livestock production systems in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legumes contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping systems through biological N fixation, and their seasonal biomass production can be managed to complement forage grasses. Our research objectives were to evaluate both warm- and cool-season annual forage legumes as green manure for biomass, N content, ability to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil N, and impact on post season forage grass crops. Nine warm-season forage legumes (WSL) were spring planted and incorporated as green manure in the fall. Forage rye (Secale cereale L.) was planted following the incorporation of WSL treatments. Eight cool-season forage legumes (CSL) were fall planted in previously fallow plots and incorporated as green manure in late spring. Sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor var. sudanense) was planted over all treatments in early summer after forage rye harvest and incorporation of CSL treatments. Sorghum-sudangrass was harvested in June, August and September, and treatments were evaluated for dry matter and N concentration. Soil cores were taken from each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm, and soil C and N were measured using combustion analysis. Nylon mesh bags containing plant samples were buried at 15 cm and used to evaluate decomposition rate of above ground legume biomass, including change in C and N concentrations. Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot biomass yield (6.24 t DM ha<sup>-1</sup>) and contributed the most total N (167 kg∙ha<sup>-1</sup>) and total C (3043 kg∙ha<sup>-1</sup>) of the WSL tested. Decomposition rate of WSL biomass was rapid in the first 10 weeks and very slow afterward. Winter pea (Pisum sativum L. spp. sativum), arrow leaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were the most productive CSL in this trial. Austrian winter pea produced 8.41 t DM ha<sup>-1</sup> with a total N yield of 319 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> and total C production of 3835 kg C ha<sup>-1</sup>. The WSL treatments had only small effects on rye forage yield and N concentration, possibly due to mineralization of N from a large SOC pool already in place. The CSL treatments also had only minimal effects on sorghum-sudangrass forage production. Winter pea, arrow leaf and crimson clover were productive cool season legumes and could be useful as green manure crops. Mungbean and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) were highly productive warm season legumes but may include more production risk in green manure systems due to soil moisture competition.
文摘Over the years, pineapple production in the Republic of Guinea has become less competitive in the West African sub-region, with a world ranking of 144th. It is therefore only natural to review certain parameters in order to improve this ranking. To do this, certain physico-chemical parameters of soil samples from Friguiagbé and Maferinyah (in the Kindia and Forécariah prefectures) were taken and analysed using the following techniques: Pipette de Robinson, Anne, Bray II, Kapen HICDVITZ, Mc. Lead (1982). The analytical results show that the soils at Friguiagbé in Kindia and Maferinyah in Forécariah are acidic, with pH values of 4.4 and 4.7 (fields I and II) and 4.8 and 4.7 (fields I and II) respectively. The soils have a silty-sandy texture. This study could therefore serve as a guide for the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Guinea.
文摘Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) are tiny plastic particles resulting from plastic product degradation. Soil MNPs have been identified as potential influential factors affecting various soil properties and crop biomass productivity. This mini-review provides a synthesis of recent findings concerning their effects on soil physicochemical properties, microorganisms, organic carbon content, soil nutrients, greenhouse gas emissions, soil fauna, and their impacts on plant ecophysiology, growth, and production. The results indicate that MNPs may markedly impede soil aggregation ability, increase porosity, decrease soil bulk density, enhance water retention capacity, influence soil pH and electrical conductivity, and escalate soil water evaporation. Exposure to MNPs may predominantly induce changes in soil microbial composition, reducing the diversity and complexity of microbial communities and microbial activity while enhancing soil organic carbon stability, influencing soil nutrient dynamics, and stimulating organic carbon decomposition and denitrification processes, leading to elevated soil respiration and methane emissions, and potentially decreasing soil nitrous oxide emission. Additionally, MNPs may adversely affect soil fauna, diminish seed germination rates, promote plant root growth, yet impair plant photosynthetic efficacy and biomass productivity. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the impacts and mechanistic foundations of MNPs. Future research avenues are suggested to further explore the impacts and economic implications.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(42067009)Scientific Research Project of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education(2024Y742,2023Y0863)+2 种基金Project of Kunming Municipal Commission of Development and Reform(Kunming Spring City Industrial Technology Leading Talents)Science and Technology Major Project of Yunnan Province Science and Technology Department(202202AE090015-02)Yunnan Students’innovation and entrepreneurship training program(S202311393044,S202311393061)。
文摘Continuous cropping has become a common form of agricultural production at present, but with the increase of continuous cropping years, continuous cropping obstacles such as soil-borne diseases and plant growth potential decline are becoming more and more common. At present, the causes of continuous cropping obstacles and continuous cropping restoration have become a hot issue in agricultural research. This paper summarized the effects of continuous cropping obstacles on soil microbial community structure and main technical methods to repair continuous cropping obstacles, such as agricultural measure management, microbial balance adjustment and soil improvement, aiming to provide theoretical reference for protecting the sustainable utilization of soil ecosystem and ensuring the stability of crop production.
基金Supported by Key Project of Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Plan(202202AE090015)Scientific Research Fund of Yunnan Education Department(2024Y742+3 种基金2023Y0863)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42067009)2023 Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Yunnan Education Department(S202311393044S202311393061).
文摘Continuous cropping can bring economic benefits in a short time and meet the growing demand of agricultural products such as grain,but long-term continuous cropping will accelerate soil degradation,lead to the reduction of crop yield and the increase of disease rate,and destroy the balance of soil microbial structure.Therefore,it is not conducive to the sustainable development of soil ecosystem.In this paper,the problems caused by continuous cropping,such as imbalance of soil microbial flora,decrease of biodiversity,accumulation of root exudates and their effects on soil fertility and crop growth,were summarized,and some measures were suggested to alleviate the obstacles of continuous cropping,such as reasonable rotation,adjustment of intercropping planting mode and application of biological fertilizers.Moreover,the paper also looked forward to the development trend of continuous cropping obstacle reduction techniques,including the integration and application of biological techniques,the promotion of green ecological techniques and the application of intelligent management system.This study provides theoretical basis and technical support for the research of continuous cropping obstacle reduction techniques and promote the healthy and sustainable development of modern agriculture.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Fund of Yunnan Education Department(2024Y742,2023Y0863)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42067009)+1 种基金College Students'Innovative Training Plan Program of Yunnan Education Department in 2023(S202311393044,S202311393061)Key Project of Science and Technology Program of Yunnan Province(202202AE090015).
文摘At present,long-term continuous cropping in agricultural production has formed a relatively common development trend.With the increase of continuous cropping years,soil phenolic acids are also affected to varying degrees.This paper summarized the effects of continuous cropping on soil phenolic acids and the research progress of continuous cropping obstacle reduction techniques,aiming at providing theoretical basis and technical support for the research of continuous cropping obstacle reduction techniques and promoting the healthy and sustainable development of modern agriculture.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32171679 and 32201475)。
文摘Accurate estimation of crop evapotranspiration(ETc) and soil water balance, which is vital for optimizing water management strategy in crop production, can be performed by simulation. But existing software has many deficiencies, including complex operation, limited scalability, lack of batch processing, and a single ETc model. Here we present simET, an open-source software package written in the R programming language. Many concepts involved in crop ETc simulation are condensed into functions in the package. It includes three widely used crop ETc models built on these functions: the single-crop coefficient,double-crop coefficient, and Shuttleworth–Wallace models, along with tools for preparing model data and comparing estimates. SimET supports ETc simulation in crops with repeated growth cycles such as alfalfa, a perennial forage crop that is cut multiple times annually.
基金Support by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(201203030-5)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41201288,41201255,31301284)+2 种基金Key Programs for Science and Technology Development of Henan Province(132102110068)Excellent Youth Science and Technology Foundation of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2013YQ15)JIRCAS-IARRP collaborative research:Estimation of the Present States of Fertilizer Use and Livestock Production and Their Environmental Load~~
文摘[Objective] Long-term (over 18 years) fertilization experiments were con- ducted to study the responses of crop yields and soil fertility to long-term nutrient lacking at Zhengzhou in China. [Method] The present study consisted of five treat- ments: 1 CK (no fertilizer or manure), (2) NP (nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer applied), 31 NK (nitrogen and potassium fertilizer applied), 4 PK (phosphorus and potassium fertilizer applied) and :5 NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertil- izer applied). [Result] Lacking of nitrogen or phosphorus led to a low yield; however, there was no significant difference in grain yields between the NP and NPK treat- ments which maintained a higher yield. Receiving no phosphorus, soil available phosphorus content declined to about 2.5 mg/kg. The concentration of soil ex- changeable potassium remained constant at a level of 60 mg/kg under the treat- ments without potassium fertilizer addition. Soil potassium spontaneous supply ca- pacity fluctuated around 100%.[Conclusion] In fluvo-aquic soil, nitrogen and phos- phorus were two key limiting factors to grain yields, biomass and yield component factors of wheat and maize, while potassium was not. However, potassium defi- ciency may occur in the future if there was still no potassium fertilizer applied.
基金Supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China during the11th Five-Year Plan Period(2008BADA4B08)Science and Technology Innovation Project of Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2010hnnkycx56)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of continuous application of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer under double rice cropping system. [Method] By modeling three types of paddy soils in Dong-Ting Lake area, four treatments as no fertilizer (CK), urea, controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (CRNF) and 70% controlled release nitrogen fertilizer (70% CRNF) were designed in the micro-plot trials from 2005 to 2008. [Result] The rice yield in treatment CRNF at N 150 kg/hm2 was increased by 10.3%, 8.0% and 2.4% compared with treatment of urea, in alluvial sandy loamy paddy soil (ALS), purple calcareous clayey paddy soil (PCS), and reddish yellow loamy paddy soil (RYS), respectively; and the yield in treatment of 70% CRNF was increased by 6.1%, 2.6% and -0.8%, respectively. The ranking order of nitrogen uptake amount by plant in early rice and late rice was CRNF 70% CRNF urea CK in all three types of soil. Nitrogen utilization efficiency of CRNF in above three types of soil was 60.7%, 59.6% and 56.3%, increased by 23.8%, 19.4% and 16.3% compared with that in treatment of urea, respectively. Nitrogen utilization efficiency of CRNF in early rice was increased year by year, and was higher than that of 70% CRNF during the whole experiment stage, while that in late rice was increased first and then decreased from the 3rd year. [Conclusion] Continuous application CRNF could alleviate the decreasing of soil nitrogen fertility and organic carbon especially in ALS, increase rice yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency in double-rice cropping system.
基金supported by the Talent Program of Zhejiang University(0022112)。
文摘Selenium(Se)acquirement from daily diet can help reduce the risk of many diseases.The edible parts of crop plants are the main source of dietary Se,while the Se content in crops is determined by Se bioavailability in soil.We summarize recent research on the biogeochemical cycle of Se driven by specific microorganisms and emphasize the oxidizing process in the Se cycle.Moreover,we discuss how plant root exudates and rhizosphere microorganisms affect soil Se availability.Finally,we cover beneficial microorganisms,including endophytes,that promote crop quality and improve crop tolerance to environmental stresses.Se availability to plants depends on the balance between adsorption and desorption,reduction,methylation and oxidation,which are determined by interactions among soil properties,microbial communities and plants.Reduction and methylation processes governed by bacteria or fungi lead to declined Se availability,while Se oxidation regulated by Se-oxidizing microorganisms increases Se availability to plants.Despite a much lower rate of Se oxidization compared to reduction and methylation,the potential roles of microbial communities in increasing Se bioavailability are probably largely underestimated.Enhancing Se oxidation and Se desorption are crucial for the promotion of Se bioavailability and uptake,particularly in Se-deficient soils.Beneficial roles of Se are reported in terms of improved crop growth and quality,and enhanced protection against fungal diseases and abiotic stress through improved photosynthetic traits,increased sugar and amino acid contents,and promoted defense systems.Understanding Se transformation along the plant-soil continuum is crucial for agricultural production and even for human health.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31470496)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (lzujbky-2021-sp42)the ‘111’ Programme 2.0, China (BP0719040)。
文摘Plastic film mulch in agricultural production becomes essential to maintaining crop yields in arid and semiarid areas.However,the presence of residual film in farmland soil has also drawn much attention.In this study,three experiments were conducted.The first two experimental designs included 0,450,1350,and 2700 kg ha^(-1) of residual film pieces of approximately 5 cm side length added to field soil(0-20 cm soil depth)for seven years and added to pots for four years.In the third experiment,1350 kg ha^(-1)of the residual film with different side lengths(2-5,5-10,10-15,and 15-20 cm)was added to field soil for six years to explore the effect of residual film fragment size on soil nutrients,soil microorganisms,crop growth and yields.The residual film had little effect on the soil moisture at a field depth of 0-2(or 0-1.8)m.There were no significant effects on organic carbon,total nitrogen,inorganic nitrogen,total phosphorus or available phosphorus in the 0-20 cm soil layer.The presence of residual film decreased the richness and diversity of the bacterial community of the surface soil of the residual film,but it had no significant effect on the microbial community of the non-surface soil.The emergence rates of wheat and lentils occasionally decreased significantly with different amounts of residue fragments added to the field.At 450-2700 kg ha^(-1),the residual film reduced the plant height and stem diameter of maize and significantly reduced the shoot biomass of harvested maize by 11-19%.The average yields of maize and potato over the seven years decreased,but there were almost no significant statistical differences among the treatments.These results provide important data for a comprehensive scientific understanding of the effects of residual film on soil and crops in dryland farming systems.
文摘Effect of application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil on crop yield and status of soil K in the plough layer under different planting systems was studied. The experiments on long-term application of K fertilizer and wheat straw to soil in Hebei fluvo aquic soil and Shanxi brown soil in northern China were begun in 1992. The results showed that K fertilizer and straw could improve the yields of wheat and maize with the order of NPK + St 〉 NPK 〉 NP + St 〉 NP, and treatment of K fertilizer made a significant difference to NP, and the efficiency of K fertilizer in maize was higher than in wheat under rotation system of Hebei. In contrast with Shanxi, the wastage of soil potassium was a more serious issue in the rotation system in Hebei, only treatment of NPK + St showed a surplus of potassium and the others showed a wane. K fertilizer and straw could improve the content of water-soluble K, nonspecifically adsorbed K, non-exchangeable K, mineral K, and total K in contrast to NP; however, K fertilizer and straw reduce the proportion of mineral K and improve proportion of other forms of potassium in the two locating sites. Compared with the beginning of orientation, temporal variability character of soil K content and proportion showed a difference between the two soil types; furthermore, there was a decrease in the content of mineral K and total K simultaneously in the two locating sites. As a whole, the effect of K fertilizer applied to soil directly excelled to wheat straw to soil. Wheat straw to soil was an effective measure to complement potassium to increase crop yield and retard the decrease of soil K.