Study on Soil and Water Conservation Benefit Models of Grassland Ecosystem──A Case Study on Jianou Mountain Grasslan Ecosystem

This paper studies the mechanism of grassland ecosystem's soil and water conservation function on the basis of two years experiment and inspection in Jianou mountain grassland ecosystem experiment station, Fujian province. After anaIysis on the data of soil erosion and runoff coefficient, relations between eroded soil, runoff and slope gradient. we establish soil and water conservation benefit models. According to the mode1s, experiment and inspection results, some proposals have been made to decrease the area of soil erosion in Fujian mountainous areas, e. g., optimizing land use structure in mountainous areas, taking suitable measures for local condition, closing hills for grassland development, accelerating restoration and raising quality of mountain grassland ecosystem, strengthening scientific and technological input, breeding the grass species that are suitable to local physical geographic condition.

Study on Relative Soil and Water Conservation Benefits of Ridge Tillage in Different Terrain Conditions in the Black Soil Area of Northeast China

Ridge tillage, which is a very common and important tillage measure in the black soil area of northeast China, has some soil and water conservation bene- fits, but has little attention. It is very important to explore the spatial distribution of the ridge direction of the arable land and its soil and water conservation benefits in different terrain conditions in the black soil area. So Binxian County of Heilongjiang Province was selected as the study area, and 168 field investigation units were ex- tracted by stratified sampling method and investigated. According to equations of slope gradient factor and slope gradient in ridge direction, and based on the soft- ware of Arcmap, SPSS and Excel, the investigation data of soil and water loss in Binxian County were analyzed and counted, The results show that in plain, hilly and mountainous areas, the average ground slope gradients are 1.92°, 6.20° and 8.27° respectively, and the average slope gradients along ridge direction are 1.33°, 4.52°and 6.45° respectively, which account for about 70%, 73% and 78% of the average ground slope gradients in the same terrain condition; the relative quantities of soil erosion in the present ridge tillage condition account for about 55%, 69% and 67% respectively of that in down-slope ridge tillage conditions, so the present ridge tillage has obviously relative soil and water conservation benefits. Based on these results, the reasons of the present ridge tillage status were analyzed, and some reform measures were proposed. The results could not only help to comprehend the spatial distribution and soil and water conservation benefits of ridge tillage in the black soil area of Northeast China, but also provide scientific references for the layout of local soil and water conservation measures.

Driving forces and their interactions of soil erosion in soil and water conservation regionalization at the county scale with a high cultivation rate

Soil erosion control based on county scale Soil and Water Conservation Regionalization(SWCR)is an essential component of China's ecological civilization construction.In SWCR,the quantitative analysis of the spatial heterogeneity and driving factors of soil erosion among different regions is still lacking.It is of great significance for soil erosion control to deeply examine the factors contributing to soil erosion(natural,land use,and socioeconomic factors)and their interaction at the county and regional levels.This study focused on a highly cultivated area,Hechuan District of Chongqing in the Sichuan Basin.The district(with 30 townships)was divided into four soil and water conservation regions(Ⅰ-Ⅳ)using principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis.The driving factors of soil erosion were identified using the geographical detector model.The results showed thatⅰ)the high cultivation rate was a prominent factor of soil erosion,and the sloping farmland accounted for 78.4%of the soil erosion in the study area;ⅱ)land use factors demonstrated the highest explanatory power in soil erosion,and the average interaction of land use factors explained 60.1%of soil erosion in the study area;ⅲ)the interaction between natural factors,socioeconomic factors,and land use factors greatly contributes to regional soil erosion through nonlinear-enhancement of double-factor enhancement.This study highlights the importance of giving special attention to the effects of land use factors on soil erosion at the county scale,particularly in mountainous and hilly areas with extensive sloping farmland and a high cultivation rate.

Benefit measurement of the soil and water conservation for ecological forestry engineering

Data were collected from Three-north Region, Middle and upper reaches region of Yangtze River and Coastal region. By analysis of factors influencing soil erosion, the longitude, latitude, annual precipitation, and the slope degree were selected as regional independent variables and canopy density and stock litter were selected as independent variables, and integral diffusing models were established for evaluation of the benefit of soil and water conservation of forest. By solving the parameters of models using the package of STATISTICA, the Power function between independent variables and dependent variables was set up. The soil conservation amount of forest and economic values were estimated using the contrast method for the ecological forestry engineering of the above three areas.

Integrating water use systems and soil and water conservation measures into a hydrological model of an Iranian Wadi system

Water resources are precious in arid and semi-arid areas such as the Wadis of Iran. To sustainably manage these limited water resources, the residents of the Iranian Wadis have been traditionally using several water use systems(WUSs) which affect natural hydrological processes. In this study, WUSs and soil and water conservation measures(SWCMs) were integrated in a hydrological model of the Halilrood Basin in Iran. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) model was used to simulate the hydrological processes between 1993 and 2009 at daily time scale. To assess the importance of WUSs and SWCMs, we compared a model setup without WUSs and SWCMs(Default model) with a model setup with WUSs and SWCMs(WUS-SWCM model). When compared to the observed daily stream flow, the number of acceptable calibration runs as defined by the performance thresholds(Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE)≥0.68, –25%≤percent bias(PBIAS)≤25% and ratio of standard deviation(RSR)≤0.56) is 177 for the Default model and 1945 for the WUS-SWCM model. Also, the average Kling–Gupta efficiency(KGE) of acceptable calibration runs for the WUS-SWCM model is higher in both calibration and validation periods. When WUSs and SWCMs are implemented, surface runoff(between 30% and 99%) and water yield(between 0 and 18%) decreased in all sub-basins. Moreover, SWCMs lead to a higher contribution of groundwater flow to the channel and compensate for the extracted water by WUSs from the shallow aquifer. In summary, implementing WUSs and SWCMs in the SWAT model enhances model plausibility significantly.

Spatiotemporal variations of ecosystem services and driving factors in the Tianchi Bogda Peak Natural Reserve of Xinjiang,China

Nature reserves play a significant role in providing ecosystem services and are key sites for biodiversity conservation.The Tianchi Bogda Peak Natural Reserve(TBPNR),located in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China,is an important ecological barrier area in the temperate arid zone.The evaluation of its important ecosystem services is of great significance to improve the management level and ecological protection efficiency of the reserve.In the present study,we assessed the spatiotemporal variations of four ecosystem services(including net primary productivity(NPP),water yield,soil conservation,and habitat quality)in the TBPNR from 2000 to 2020 based on the environmental and social data using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.In addition,the coldspot and hotspot areas of ecosystem services were identified by hotspot analysis,and the trade-off and synergistic relationships between ecosystem services were analyzed using factor analysis in a geographic detector.During the study period,NPP and soil conservation values in the reserve increased by 48.20%and 25.56%,respectively;conversely,water yield decreased by 16.56%,and there was no significant change in habitat quality.Spatially,both NPP and habitat quality values were higher in the northern part and lower in the southern part,whereas water yield showed an opposite trend.Correlation analysis revealed that NPP showed a synergistic relationship with habitat quality and soil conservation,and exhibited a trade-off relationship with water yield.Water yield and habitat quality also had a trade-off relationship.NPP and habitat quality were affected by annual average temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),respectively,while water yield and soil conservation were more affected by digital elevation model(DEM).Therefore,attention should be paid to the spatial distribution and dynamics of trade-off and synergistic relationships between ecosystem services in future ecological management.The findings of the present study provide a reference that could facilitate the sustainable utilization of ecosystem services in the typical fragile areas of Northwest China.

三维土工网边坡防护水土保持能力研究

路基边坡防护工程可减轻降雨对坡面土体的侵蚀作用,为深入研究坡面防护材料水土保持能力的定量表征方法,通过室内人工降雨边坡侵蚀模型试验,分析不同降雨强度和不同三维土工网防护下路基边坡的降雨侵蚀规律,提出三维土工网水土保持能力的试验测定方法及相关系数计算公式。研究结果表明:三维土工网防护边坡泥沙流失干质量明显小于相同条件下不设防边坡泥沙流失干质量,土工网防护在减少边坡侵蚀量的同时,有利于边坡侵蚀进程的快速稳定,但土工网的水土保持能力随雨强增大急剧下降。泥沙流失速度随着降雨的持续而逐渐减小,后期趋于收敛稳定,侵蚀历程采用指数函数拟合具有较好的相关性。建议设防边坡的试验降雨时间不少于70 min,不设防的边坡试验降雨时间不小于100 min。水土保持能力系数随雨强的增大呈对数函数关系减小,雨强超过100 mm/h时水土保持能力系数实测值与对数函数拟合值差异较大,建议在测定材料水土保持能力系数时雨强取20~100 mm/h,可取50 mm/h作为标准试验雨强。泡面类三维土工网水土保持能力显著优于普通三维土工网,而双泡面的三维土工网优于单泡面三维土工网。试验条件下凹凸泡面三维土工网的水土保持能力系数主要分布在1.71~3.03,建议50 mm/h雨强三维土工网水土保持能力系数不应小于1.5。

南方红壤侵蚀流域不同情景措施的减沙效应模拟

为揭示南方红壤侵蚀流域不同情景措施的减沙效应,实现区域可持续发展,采用SWAT(soil and water assessment tool)模型模拟方法,以南方典型花岗岩红壤侵蚀流域——福建长汀朱溪流域为研究区域,在模拟该流域产流产沙状况的基础上,通过不同水土保持措施和不同土地利用方式调整的情景设置,量化分析不同情景措施对该流域的减沙效应。结果表明,SWAT模型的模拟效果能达到模型要求的精度,2013—2017年朱溪流域年均径流量和年均泥沙量分别为4.793×10^(7)m^(3)和1.037×10^(7)kg。乔灌草混交和全坡面种草措施能有效提高植被覆盖度,减沙效果优越;不同土地利用方式下模拟得到朱溪流域单位面积年均减沙率为3.49%。以上研究结果可为红壤侵蚀流域泥沙阻控的生态恢复措施提供决策参考。

基于FLUS和InVEST模型的云贵高原土地利用与生态系统服务时空变化多情景模拟研究

[目的]探讨云贵高原不同情景下的土地利用与生态系统服务时空变化,为云贵高原土地利用空间格局优化、生态系统服务功能提升和可持续发展策略制定提供科学依据。[方法]以云贵高原为研究对象,以2001年、2010年和2020年3期MCD12Q1土地覆被数据为基础数据,辅以自然和社会经济数据,基于ArcGIS,FLUS模型和InVEST模型,模拟2030年、2040年和2050年自然发展情景、生态保护情景和耕地保护情景下的土地利用以及碳储量、产水量和土壤保持量3项生态系统服务功能时空分布格局。[结果](1)不同情景下云贵高原的土地利用变化以林地持续增加和草地持续减少为主要趋势;耕地保护情景下,耕地面积最高可占总面积的10.38%;生态保护情景下,林草面积在2050年可达总面积的90%。(2) 3种情景下,云贵高原2020—2050年碳储量和土壤保持量均呈上升趋势,而产水量呈下降趋势。生态保护情景下,2050年碳储量预测值最高,为8.13×10^(9) t;产水量减少速率显著低于另外两种情景,降幅为0.46%。(3)宜昌市、普洱市和常德市等市州的生态系统服务供给能力较高;而贵阳市、毕节市和安顺市等市州的生态系统服务供给能力较低。[结论]云贵高原2020—2050年整体生态系统服务供给能力较好,各项服务功能在不同情景下表现出较强的空间聚集性和异质性。云贵高原今后的生态系统服务管理和可持续发展中,应考虑不同生态系统服务功能的空间异质性以及林地面积持续增加可能带来的水资源失衡问题。

黑土区坡耕地水土保持耕作措施对土壤理化性状的影响

为探寻黑土区坡耕地不同水土保持耕作措施对土壤理化性状的影响机理,开展了田间小区试验。设置横坡耕作(TP)、垄向区田(RF)、深松(SF)、横坡耕作+垄向区田(TP-R)、横坡耕作+深松(TP-S)、垄向区田+深松(RF-S)3种水土保持耕作措施及3种组合耕作措施,并以常规顺坡耕作(CK)为对照,分析了土壤孔隙度、土壤机械组成、水稳性土壤团聚体稳定性、土壤养分含量等指标,并采用TOPSIS模型对不同水土保持耕作措施进行了综合评价,筛选了土壤稳定性强且蓄水保肥效果良好的水土保持耕作措施。结果表明:在玉米的全生育期内,深松、垄向区田、横坡耕作均能提高土壤体积含水率。TP-S处理体积含水率最大,0~40 cm土层平均体积含水率较CK处理增加29.47%;RF-S处理平均孔隙度最大,TP-S处理次之,平均孔隙度较CK处理分别增大10.68%、9.25%;TP-S处理能够显著提高土壤稳定性,其中平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)和大团聚体含量(R0.25)较CK处理分别增加12.30%、19.57%、13.97%;TP-S处理能够改善土壤机械组成,TP-S处理粗砂粒、粉粒、黏粒含量较CK处理增加15.40%、26.89%、1.90%,细砂粒含量较CK处理降低31.56%;TP-S处理IN(无机态氮)、AP(有效磷)、AK(速效钾)含量最高,较CK处理IN、AP、AK含量分别增加42.81%~55.32%、39.69%~40.68%、20.41%~25.45%。由TOPSIS模型综合评价结果可知,TP-S处理贴合度最高,土壤结构更稳定,且蓄水保肥效果更好,为适宜该地区的水土保持耕作措施。

根土复合体力学效应及其模型构建研究进展与展望

[目的]为探究根土复合体的力学效应机理及模型方法应用。[方法]采用文献分析和对比分析法,归纳分析根土复合体概念和内涵、根土复合体力学效应及力学模型原理、优缺点以及适用范围。[结果](1)根土复合体是根系与土体之间力学耦合效应的复合整体,根系在土体中交叉缠绕,起到加固作用;(2)根系与土体力学关系实质上是根土复合体土力、水力和复合力学特性作用的结果,土力特性、水力特性分别侧重研究根系对土体的影响和土中水分对土体和根系的影响,复合力学特性侧重于根土复合体自身特性对植物根系特征以及结构的直接影响,从而通过三者作用使根系与土体的力学关系处于动态平衡之中;(3)根土复合体复合力学模型研究较土力和水力学模型略少,土力学和水力学模型都是根据量化参数,通过参数间对比来衡量固土效果,但复合力学特性同时涉及土力特性和水力特性,考虑全面,应是未来研究的重点方向。[结论]未来在开展冻融循环、干湿交替、干热循环对不同地区根系与土体相互作用的影响、多类型植物混种抗剪强度、化学作用和微生物作用对土水特性影响机理及复合模型构建等方面有待深入研究。研究结果可为生态脆弱区植被恢复、水土保持和可持续发展等提供重要的理论价值和工程借鉴意义。

基于修正通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)的蒙山区域水土流失敏感性评价

水土流失敏感性评价作为区域生态质量评价的重要内容,对判定水土流失程度、检验水土保持成效起着重要作用。本文基于修正的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE),对降雨侵蚀力(R)、土壤可蚀性(K)、地形起伏度(LS)、植被覆盖(C)及水土保持措施(P)5个评价因子进行分级赋值并根据通用土壤流失方程进行计算。研究表明:1)蒙山区域的水土流失敏感性整体呈中部和南部高、东部和北部低的条带状空间分布特征;2)蒙山区域水土流失潜在危险程度的值较低,整体的水土流失敏感性中度偏轻。本文根据量化结果进行分区,得出蒙山区域水土流失防治重点,对推动蒙山区域可持续发展及促进区域生态修复均具有重要意义。

基于CSLE的陕北白于山土壤侵蚀现状

开展土壤侵蚀定量研究,对全面了解区域水土流失现状和促进区域可持续发展至关重要。笔者以黄土高原腹地侵蚀严重的白于山地区为研究对象,采用中国土壤流失预报模型CSLE,结合ArcGIS 10.8对模型中各侵蚀因子进行量化和可视化,定量评估2020年白于山地区土壤侵蚀现状。结果表明:白于山地区2020年土壤侵蚀模数为2156.34 t/(km^(2)·a),属于轻度侵蚀;微度侵蚀的面积比例最大,占白于山地区总侵蚀面积的92.67%;由于植被覆盖度低且降雨较强,使得中度及以上土壤侵蚀主要发生在白于山中东部及中南部地区。不同土地利用类型中,草地的土壤侵蚀量最大,为614.62万t/a,并且侵蚀面积最大,占总侵蚀面积的56.90%;分析不同坡度的土壤侵蚀情况,得到>8°~25°坡度区域的土壤侵蚀量最大。建议通过优化研究区林草配置结构和加大陡坡土壤侵蚀防治措施来改善白于山的水土流失现状。

基于Transformer语义分割模型的露天矿场识别

露天矿场是生产建设项目水土保持信息化监管的重要对象,对其范围的高效精准识别对于监测非法违规开采行为,加强开采过程中的水土流失预防与治理具有重要意义。基于Transformer深度学习模型提出了露天矿场的遥感影像智能识别方法,并在四川省宜宾市的露天矿场影像数据集上与常用的基于卷积神经网络的深度学习识别方法进行了实验对比。结果表明:该方法对露天矿场范围识别的精确率、召回率、F1-score和IoU指标分别达到91.25%,90.66%,90.95%和83.41%,能够满足水土保持遥感监管的精确度要求;在识别精确度和识别效果上优于对比方法,在运行效率上与对比方法保持在同一数量级,表现出较强的应用价值。该方法在大区域露天矿场范围快速准确识别方面有推广应用潜力。

石漠化边坡及其植被板槽的地下渗漏一体化综合观测技术及应用模拟

【目的】表土贫瘠的石漠化边坡的地表和地下水土流失严重,限制了该地区的植被恢复,其水土保持生态防护是目前绿色公路建设的热点问题。【方法】结合广西贺巴高速来都段石漠化边坡应用梯级植被板槽进行水土保持的工程需求,研发了石漠化边坡地下渗漏的一体化综合观测技术,并利用数值分析软件,分别对该石漠化边坡及其植被板槽水土流失一体化综合观测的概化模型,进行应用性的数值试验模拟观测和分析。【结果】数值试验结果表明:石漠化边坡在仅覆盖一层薄土层时,总地下渗漏量达到65%以上,随着岩溶裂隙率和裂隙倾角的增加,基岩裂隙渗漏量占比增加,表层岩溶带渗漏量占比减小;在石漠化边坡上设置集约化填土的植被板槽措施后,在不考虑板槽底的防渗漏材料时,总地下渗漏量占比变成40%左右,与仅覆盖一层薄土的石漠化边坡相比地下渗漏占比降低25%以上。石漠化边坡上植被板槽的蓄水效率随植被覆盖度的增加而增加;坡度的增加会造成裸露边坡的地下渗漏量增加,因此必须加强石漠化边坡集雨面功能的建设和坡面降雨径流收集。【结论】研究成果可为石漠化边坡植被板槽水土保持生态防护措施的现场研究和工程应用提供理论依据。

辽西低山丘陵区坡面暴雨产流产沙过程及水保效益

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