Study on Relative Soil and Water Conservation Benefits of Ridge Tillage in Different Terrain Conditions in the Black Soil Area of Northeast China

Ridge tillage, which is a very common and important tillage measure in the black soil area of northeast China, has some soil and water conservation bene- fits, but has little attention. It is very important to explore the spatial distribution of the ridge direction of the arable land and its soil and water conservation benefits in different terrain conditions in the black soil area. So Binxian County of Heilongjiang Province was selected as the study area, and 168 field investigation units were ex- tracted by stratified sampling method and investigated. According to equations of slope gradient factor and slope gradient in ridge direction, and based on the soft- ware of Arcmap, SPSS and Excel, the investigation data of soil and water loss in Binxian County were analyzed and counted, The results show that in plain, hilly and mountainous areas, the average ground slope gradients are 1.92°, 6.20° and 8.27° respectively, and the average slope gradients along ridge direction are 1.33°, 4.52°and 6.45° respectively, which account for about 70%, 73% and 78% of the average ground slope gradients in the same terrain condition; the relative quantities of soil erosion in the present ridge tillage condition account for about 55%, 69% and 67% respectively of that in down-slope ridge tillage conditions, so the present ridge tillage has obviously relative soil and water conservation benefits. Based on these results, the reasons of the present ridge tillage status were analyzed, and some reform measures were proposed. The results could not only help to comprehend the spatial distribution and soil and water conservation benefits of ridge tillage in the black soil area of Northeast China, but also provide scientific references for the layout of local soil and water conservation measures.

Roles of Science and Technology in Soil and Water Conservation in the New Era

Firstly,current situation and main problems of science and technology development of soil and water conservation were analyzed,and then roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were studied. At last,exploration ways of roles of science and technology in soil and water conservation were proposed.

Effects of Different Tillage Systems on Soil Properties,Root Growth,Grain Yield,and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Arid Northwest China

Studies on root development, soil physical properties, grain yield, and water-use efficiency are important for identifying suitable soil management practices for sustainable crop production. A field experiment was conducted from 2006 through 2008 in arid northwestern China to determine the effects of four tillage systems on soil properties, root development, water-use efficiency, and grain yield of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. The cultivar Fan 13 was grown under four tillage systems：conventional tillage （CT） without wheat stubble, no-tillage without wheat stubble mulching （NT）, no-tillage with wheat stubble standing （NTSS）, and no-tillage with wheat stubble mulching （NTS）. The soil bulk density （BD） under CT system increased gradually from sowing to harvest, but that in NT, NTSS, and NTS systems had little change. Compared to the CT system, the NTSS and NTS systems improved total soil water storage （0-150 cm） by 6.1-9.6 and 10.5- 15.3% before sowing, and by 2.2-8.9 and 13.0-15.1% after harvest, respectively. The NTSS and NTS systems also increased mean dry root weight density （DRWD） as compared to CT system. The NTS system significantly improved water-use efficiency by 17.2-17.5% and crop yield by 15.6-16.8%, and the NTSS system improved that by 7.8-9.6 and 7.0-12.8%, respectively, compared with the CT system. Our results suggested that Chinese farmers should consider adopting conservation tillage practices in arid northwestern China because of benefits to soil bulk density, water storage, root system, and winter wheat yield.

Benefits of Conservation Agriculture on Soil and Water Conservation and Its Progress in China

Conservation agriculture has been practised for three decades and has been spread widely. There are many nomenclatures surrounding conservation agriculture and differ to each other lightly. Conservation agriculture （CA） is a system approach to soil and water conservation, high crop productivity and profitability, in one word, it is a system approach to sustainable agriculture. Yet, because conservation agriculture is a knowledge-intensive and a complex system to learn and implement, and also because of traditions of intensive cultivation, adoption rates have been low, since to date, only about seven percent of the world＇s arable and permanent cropland area is farmed under conservation agriculture. The practice and wider extention of conservation agriculture thus requires a deeper understanding of its ecological underpinnings in order to manage its various elements for sustainable intensification, where the aim is to conserve soil and water and improve sustainability over the long term. This paper described terms related to conservation agriculture, presented the effects of conservation agriculture on soil and water conservation, crop productivity, progress and adoption of CA worldwide, emphasized obstacles and possible ways to increase CA adoption to accelerate sustainable development of China agriculture.

The regional difference in engineering-control and tillage factors of Chinese Soil Loss Equation

Accurate assessment of soil erosion is an important prerequisite for controlling soil erosion.The engineering-control(E)and tillage(T)factors are the keys for Chinese Soil Loss Equation(CSLE)to accurately evaluate water erosion in China.Besides,the E and T factors can reflect the water and soil conservation effects of engineering-control and tillage practices.But in the current full coverage of soil erosion surveys in China(such as soil erosion dynamic monitoring),for the same practice,the E or T factors are assigned the same value across the country.We selected 469 E and T factors data based on runoff plots from 73 publications,and they came from six soil and water conservation regions.Correlation analysis,regression analysis,and nonparametric tests were used to determine the comparability of the data,and it was proved that the runoff plots dimensions are consistent with the local topography.The results of one-way ANOVA and nonparametric tests for E and T factors in different regions showed that the engineering-control practices have good soil and water conservation effects and weaken the regional differences of other environmental factors,so there were no significant differences in E factors between different regions.However,there were significant differences in T factors between different regions,and the geodetector was applied to explore the intrinsic driving force of the spatial distribution of T factors.The results of the geodetector showed that the dominant driving forces of the spatial distribution of different types of tillage practices were not completely the same.When using CSLE to calculate water erosion,the E factor of the same practice can be used uniformly throughout the country,and the T factor needs to be considered and selected according to regional differences.At the same time,when choosing tillage practices in each water and soil conservation region,practices with better sediment reduction benefits should also be selected according to the regional environmental conditions.

Water Availability for Winter Wheat Affected by Summer Fallow Tillage Practices in Slope Dryland

The tillage experiments for winter wheat were conducted on the slope farmland in Luoyang, Henan Province in the semihumid to arid loess plateau areas of North China. Different tillage methods including reduced tillage(RT), no-till(NT), 2 crops/year(2C), subsoiling(SS), and conventional tillage(CT)were compared to determine the effects of tillage methods on soil water conservation, water availability, and wheat yields in a search for better farming systems in the areas. The NT and SS showed good effects on water conservation. The soil water storage increased 12 - 33 mm with NT and 9-24 mm with SS at the end of summer fallow periods. The soil evaporation with NT and SS decreased 7-8 mm and 34 - 36 mm during the fallow periods of 1999 and 2001, respectively. Evapotranspiration(ET)with NT and SS increased about 47 mm during wheat growth periods of 2000 to 2001. Treatment RT and 2C had low water storage and high water losses during the fallow periods. The winter wheat yields with conservation tillage practices were improved in the 2nd year, increased by 3, 5 and 8% with RT, NT and SS, respectively, compared with CT. The highest wheat yields were obtained with subsoiling, and the maximum economic benefits from no-till. All conservation tillage practices provided great benefits to saving energy and labors, reducing operation inputs, and increasing economic returns. No-till and subsoiling have shown promise in increasing water storage, reducing water loss, enhancing water availability, and saving energy, as well as increasing wheat yield.

Soil and Water Conservation Technology in the Zhifanggou Watershed

Soil and water conservation technology plays an important role in soil and water loss control and the construction of the ecological civilization in vulnerable areas. Here, soil and water conservation technology use over 70 years for the Zhifanggou watershed is summarized and ecological, economic and social backgrounds are determined through consultation with experts and reference to published literature. We found that soil and water conservation technology use includes soil and water conservation engineering technology, soil and water conservation cultivation technology and soil and water conservation biotechnology. Soil and water conservation technology utilization varied with people＇s demands and core problems at different developmental stages of the agricultural eco-economic system. The coupling process of the agricultural eco-economic system at Zhifanggou went through three stages. In stages I and II, soil and water conservation cultivation technology was applied to meet farmers＇ basic life demands. In stage III, all three technologies were applied comprehensively to solve eco-environmental problems and adjust industrial structure. To facilitate regional ecological civilization construction and sustainable development of the ecological economy and society, more emphasis should be given to research and development, implementation of soil and water conservation technology, stand structure improvement, forest grass quality enhancement, biodiversity, ecosystem functional improvement, development of soil and water conservation ecological resources, the coupling of soil and water conservation, and agricultural industry-resource optimization.

Soil and Water Conservation Ecological Technology in China

Analysis of the development of research and technical application is a critical basis for the identification and evaluation for suitable soil and water conservation ecological technology（SWCET） in China. Among instruments for analyzing the development of research and technical application, bibliometric statistics and visualization tools such as Cite Space have been widely applied. To analyze the domestic development of SWCET, we applied Cite Space to the CNKI（China National Knowledge Infrastructure） database on Chinese research literature（from Jan 1985 to Mar 2017） and patents（Jan 2002 to Feb 2017）. The circulation of research after 2002 and quantity of patents after 2010 increased rapidly. Research institutions, people and interests were dispersed, a strong center of research has not been formed and cooperation among research institutions is weak. The number of patented inventions in western regions of China suffering serious soil erosion is far lower than that in eastern regions such as Jiangsu, Beijing, Shandong and Guangdong. Vegetation restoration, ecological slope protection and protective cultivation are relative hotspots according to technical measures： the Loess Plateau, stony desertification（area） and dry-hot valley according to research area, and expressway, side slope and sloping cropland according to application area. Research hotspots mainly appeared several years after the number of published papers increased in 2002. In the past five years, only stony desertification has emerged as a focus. We argue that further studies on the identification and evaluation of SWCET should be focused on certain technical measures, regions and areas.

引领新时代水土保持之科技前瞻

中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅《关于加强新时代水土保持工作的意见》,对水土保持高质量发展提出了新的时代要求。全面提升水土保持功能和生态产品供给能力是新时代水土保持攻坚的目标与任务。新时代水土保持科学技术支撑十分重要和紧迫,应从以下几方面加快科技创新和应用:区域水土流失治理减量降级目标与评价,实行水土保持率不同阈值的区域水土保持分类指导,构建水土保持功能分析指标体系,探索生态系统水土保持功能提升技术;建立水土保持重点区域空间管控制度,实施差别化管理,探索并推广不同类型农林开发活动水土保持技术措施;生产建设项目水土保持方案智慧管理,水土流失风险评价与智能预警,建立绿色设计绿色施工标准,探索视频监控与跟踪管理;加强山水林田湖草沙系统治理技术支撑,以生态清洁小流域促进乡村振兴与共同富裕,探索水土流失治理中生态系统多样性、稳定性、持续性提升技术,推进水土流失科学治理智慧指导与智能管理;加快水土保持碳汇研究与市场交易,建立水土保持生态损害价值评估体系,深化水土流失测报与动态监测等基础研究。以创新理论、技术、机制的新探索,全面提升水土保持治理体系和治理能力现代化水平,服务高质量发展。

蜜柚果园几种水土保持技术的集成效应研究

为了更好地促进水土保持科技的创新与发展,推广与示范果园水土保持新技术,助推果业的高质量发展,利用径流小区法研究在蜜柚果园集成带状生草、集流槽、覆盖防草布、施肥管等几种水土保持技术时的效应。结果表明:技术集成都可以极显著减少果园径流量(减少40.0%以上),且果园采用“带状生草+防草布+集流槽”管理时,径流最少;降低了氮磷流失量,分别为70.7%~96.7%和81.297.9%;布置的各种措施,都可明显降低土壤侵蚀量,且“带状生草+防草布+集流槽”和“带状生草+防草布+施肥管”效果尤其好,分别为自然生草侵蚀量的16.7%和22.2%;对果园5~10cm土层土壤影响不大;对25~30cm土层土壤含水量影响较大,“带状生草+防草布+施肥管”比自然生草区土壤含水量增加22.80%,有极显著的效果,而“带状生草+防草布+集流槽”比自然生草区土壤含水量增加14.43%,效果显著;对蜜柚叶片重和氮磷含量影响不大。

不同农艺措施对土壤理化性质的影响

[目的]揭示不同农艺措施对土壤理化性质的影响,筛选适宜宁南山区的种植技术模式。[方法]通过设置G_(1)(翻耕不覆膜)、G_(2)(翻耕覆膜+保水剂)、G_(3)(翻耕覆膜)、G_(4)(深松不覆膜)、G_(5)(深松覆膜+保水剂)、G_(6)(深松覆膜)6个处理,研究不同耕作模式下不同保水措施对土壤结构、养分和水分的影响。[结果]不同技术模式对土壤理化性质有明显影响,与翻耕相比,深松处理提高了土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量,有利于大粒径团聚体的形成,提高了土壤田间持水量,降低了土壤容重,其中深松覆膜+保水剂处理的效果最佳;相关分析表明土壤大粒径团聚体百分含量与土壤各养分均呈正相关。[结论]在该地区土壤和气候条件下,深松覆膜+保水剂可作为理想的耕作技术模式。

黑土区不同耕作措施对土壤水分和玉米产量的影响

【目的】研究东北黑土区不同保护性耕作措施对土壤养分、玉米产量及水分利用的影响,为该区旱作农田耕作技术应用提供理论支持。【方法】于2019年在黑龙江省齐齐哈尔进行田间试验,设置4个耕作措施处理:1)秋季清理玉米秸秆并旋耕整地玉米连作(传统耕作);2)玉米饲草间作,饲草盛期刈割覆盖,秋天深翻还田(粮草间作);3)玉米单作,秸秆覆盖还田免耕(覆盖免耕);4)休耕3年后旋耕整地,次年播种玉米并传统方法整地(休耕再耕作)。3年后(2022年)于播种前取样,分析0—20 cm土层土壤养分含量和0—100 cm土层土壤容重。在玉米出苗前、苗期、抽雄期和成熟期,每20 cm为1层,分析0—100 cm土层土壤水分含量,调查玉米产量和水分利用效率。【结果】与传统耕作比,粮草间作、覆盖免耕和休耕再耕作3个耕作处理0—20 cm土壤容重显著降低,以休耕再耕作容重最低;苗前0—20 cm土层土壤储水量分别显著增加了6.36%、13.17%和23.09%,粮草间作与休耕再耕作20—100 cm土层土壤储水量显著低于传统耕作。粮草间作、覆盖免耕和休耕再耕作3个耕作处理玉米田间耗水量较传统耕作分别减少14.18%、9.26%和10.96%,水分利用效率分别提高48.51%、26.22%和42.46%,土壤有机碳含量分别增加2.24%、11.52%和15.68%。与传统耕作方式相比,粮草间作、覆盖免耕和休耕再耕作对玉米穗行数无显著影响,但显著提高玉米行粒数,因此产量分别提高27.46%、14.54%和26.87%。【结论】保护性耕作可有效提高土壤有机碳含量,增加土壤水分,减少玉米田间耗水量,显著提高玉米产量14%~28%和水分利用效率26%~49%。因此,在东北黑土区旱作农田推广保护性耕作是一种增产、节水的有效途径。

西南高山峡谷区水土保持技术与生态产业协调发展定量研究--以云南省永胜县为例

探究水土保持技术与生态产业之间的耦合协调关系对水土流失严重的西南高山峡谷地区实现生态文明建设与社会经济协同发展具有重要参考价值。以典型贫困山区永胜县为例,通过构建耦合协调评价指标体系并运用发展指数模型、耦合协调度模型和障碍度模型,对县域2009—2022年间水土保持技术与生态产业的耦合协调发展过程及其障碍因子进行研究,为当地水土保持技术与生态产业协调发展提供理论参考和科学依据。结果表明:(1)2009—2022年水土保持技术发展水平呈动态上升趋势,生态产业发展水平则是呈现先下降后上升的态势,二者经过“低水平同步发展型-水土保持技术领先发展型-高水平同步发展型”,当前水土保持技术与生态产业已经迈入同步向好的发展状态;(2)2009—2022年,水土保持技术与生态产业一直处于高度耦合状态,耦合协调度从中级耦合阶段进入高级耦合阶段且快速增长,二者当前属于高级协调-同步型发展阶段;(3)2009—2022年,影响水土保持技术与生态产业耦合协调发展的障碍因子为森林覆盖率、农村居民人均可支配收入和产业结构高级化指数,主要的障碍要素为技术效益、技术相宜度、产业效率和产业效益。永胜县水土保持技术与生态产业已进入耦合协调发展阶段,当前应以提升技术相宜度和产业融合为主要目标,开展技术研发和示范,提升技术成熟度,提高政策法规的适宜度,促进产业链延伸和产业融合发展,推动水土保持技术与生态产业进一步有机结合。

水土保持新质生产力发展路径研究

发展水土保持新质生产力是新时代水土保持高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点。加快培育新时代水土保持新质生产力,要以新时代水土保持任务目标为导向,以信息化、智慧化为引领,持续创新攻坚,强化科技创新与技术成果转化应用,稳固水土保持防治成效,全面提升水土保持功能和生态产品供给能力。探讨分析了水土保持新质生产力的内涵、目标任务、主要特征及面临形势,提出提高水土保持科技创新水平、提高水土保持从业人员素质、创新构建适应水土保持新质生产力发展的制度体系和治理体系三条实现路径,以期为水土保持新质生产力理论体系构建与实践发展提供参考和借鉴。

基于无人机倾斜摄影遥感技术的水土保持动态监测方法研究

为了能够充分了解土壤侵蚀分布,及时掌握水土流失变化趋势,提出基于无人机倾斜摄影遥感技术的水土保持动态监测方法。利用无人机从多个角度采集监测区域影像数据,并实施辐射定标和大气校正预处理,基于遥感影像数据提取土壤可蚀性因子、土地利用因子、植被覆盖监测因子、坡度因子,通过计算获取水土保持系数并划分等级。监测结果表明:区域1水土保持系数呈现“V字形”,区域2水土保持系数整体呈现“一字型”,区域3水土保持系数整体呈现逐渐上升状态。

灌草覆盖——干热河谷区植被修复新路径探析

干热河谷集中分布于中国西南横断山脉地区,受地形和局部小气候的影响,形成特殊的水热状况组合,是中国分布最北的一块“热区”。在长期剧烈的人为干扰和严酷的自然环境双重压力下,干热河谷的生态系统极度退化,结构与功能濒临崩溃,严重制约了当地经济社会发展,是中国典型的生态脆弱带、极度退化区和植被修复极端困难地区之一。本文先简要回顾了干热河谷区植被修复的历史,接着系统分析河谷区生态修复工作存在的机遇和挑战,明确提出灌草覆盖技术可能是该区域最为适合的一种生态修复方式。该技术可以克服干旱和高温两大河谷区植被修复的关键限制性因子,并实现保水、固土和增肥的植被修复技术目标。本研究首次提出干热河谷区植被修复3条原则:宜乔则乔、宜灌则灌、宜草则草、宜荒则荒原则;结合生态保护和产业发展实行分区修复原则;优选乡土物种进行植被修复原则。同时,建议从水土保持能力、土壤生态系统健康、植物群落健康和综合效益评价等4个方面来评估河谷区植被修复效果。最后,研究展望了干热河谷区植被修复研究的未来方向,包括加强群落演化规律及其适应性机制的研究,建立和完善动态监测机制,选育和培育乡土物种,以及开发和推广植被修复新技术。

水土保持技术在水利工程建设中的运用

准确应用水土保持技术,打造科学的水土保持体系,可更好地满足水利工程项目协同管理的要求,实现经济效益和环保效益和谐统一的目标。本文在充分分析水利工程项目水土流失特点的基础上,提出了提升水土保持技术在水利工程应用水平的相关措施,可为水利工程建设过程中水土流失防治工作提供依据。

水利水电工程水土保持生态修复技术应用

解决水利水电工程造成的环境破坏和水土流失问题,需要合理选择相应的水土保持生态修复技术。该技术的选择和应用不仅可以修复被破坏的环境,减少自然灾害发生的概率,还能降低工程建设的成本,从而保证其较高的经济效益。通过分析该技术应用的重要意义,详细阐述该技术的类型。结合实际水利水电工程建设的现状,提出了具体的应用策略,旨在进一步发挥该技术,保证水利水电工程的高效运行。

堤防加固工程施工中水土保持技术研究

水土保持技术是现代水利工程中的关键技术,在堤防加固工程中也有着不可替代的作用,它能够通过堤基防渗、堤身加固、建设护岸工程、营地防治和加强生态环境保护等方式来改善堤防环境和水土状态,有利于堤防工程绿色发展。基于此,主要对水土保持技术在该工程中的应用进行了探究,以期为提高堤防加固质量和水土保持水平提供参考。

遥感技术在水土保持监测中的应用

水土保持监测是应对水土流失问题发生的重要手段,通过定期的监测作用,有利于进一步掌握水土流失的特点,从而为水土资源的治理和利用提供一定的依据。遥感技术作为一种新兴的监测手段,可以在短时间内获取较为详细的地表信息,将其应用于水土保持监测中,有利于克服传统地面调查方法任务烦琐且耗时的缺点,提高监测工作的效率和质量。本文以遥感技术为切入点,首先分析了遥感技术的特征,并就其在水土保持监测中的优势进行了简要分析,而后围绕水土保持监测中遥感技术的应用展开更进一步的探究,旨在推动遥感技术在水土保持监测中的深入应用,提高水土保持监测工作质量和效率。