Variation Characteristics of Root Traits of Different Alfalfa Cultivars under Saline-Alkaline Stress and their Relationship with Soil Environmental Factors

Soil salinization is the main factor that threatens the growth and development of plants and limits the increase of yield.It is of great significance to study the key soil environmental factors affecting plant root traits to reveal the adaptation strategies of plants to saline-alkaline-stressed soil environments.In this study,the root biomass,root morphological parameters and root mineral nutrient content of two alfalfa cultivars with different sensitivities to alkaline stress were analyzed with black soil as the control group and the mixed saline-alkaline soil with a ratio of 7:3 between black soil and saline-alkaline soil as the saline-alkaline treatment group.At the same time,the correlation analysis of soil salinity indexes,soil nutrient indexes and the activities of key enzymes involved in soil carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus cycles was carried out.The results showed that compared with the control group,the pH,EC,and urease(URE)of the soil surrounding the roots of two alfalfa cultivars were significantly increased,while soil total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP),organic carbon(SOC),andα-glucosidase activity(AGC)were significantly decreased under saline-alkaline stress.There was no significant difference in root biomass and root morphological parameters of saline-alkaline tolerant cultivar GN under saline-alkaline stress.The number of root tips(RT),root surface area(RS)and root volume(RV)of AG were reduced by 61.16%,44.54%,and 45.31%,respectively,compared with control group.The ratios of K^(+)/Na^(+),Ca^(2+)/Na^(+)and Mg^(2+)/Na^(+)of GN were significantly higher than those of AG(p<0.05).The root fresh weight(RFW)and dry weight(RDW),root length(RL),RV and RT of alfalfa were positively regulated by soil SOC and TN,but negatively regulated by soil pH,EC,and URE(p<0.01).Root Ca^(2+)/Na+ratio was significantly positively correlated with soil TN,TP and SOC(p<0.01).The absorption of Mg and Ca ions in roots is significantly negatively regulated by soilβ-glucosidase activity(BGC)and acid phosphatase activity(APC)(p<0.05).This study improved knowledge of the relationship between root traits and soil environmental factors and offered a theoretical framework for elucidating how plant roots adapt to saline-alkaline stressed soil environments.

Effects of forest cover types and environmental factors on soil respiration dynamics in a coastal sand dune of subtropical China

Trees on sand dunes are more sensitive to environmental changes because sandy soils have extremely low water holding capacity and nutrient availability. We investigated the dynamics of soil respiration(Rs) for secondary natural Litsea forest and plantations of casuarina,pine, acacia and eucalyptus. Results show that significant diurnal variations of Rsoccurred in autumn for the eucalyptus species and in summer for the pine species, with higher mean soil respiration at night. However, significant seasonal variations of Rswere found in all five forest stands. Rschanged exponentially with soil temperatures at the 10-cm depth; the models explain 43.3–77.0% of Rs variations. Positive relationships between seasonal Rsand soil moisture varied with stands. The correlations were significant only in the secondary forest, and the eucalyptus and pine plantations. The temperature sensitivity parameter(Q10 value) of Rsranged from 1.64 in casuarina plantation to 2.32 the in secondary forest; annual Rswas highest in the secondary forest and lowest in the pine plantation. The results indicate that soil temperatures and moisture are the primary environmental controls of soil respiration and mainly act through a direct influence on roots and microbial activity. Differences in root biomass, quality of litter,and soil properties(pH, total N, available P, and exchangeable Mg) were also significant factors.

Graphene oxide influences bacterial community and soil environments of Cd-polluted Haplic Cambisols in Northeast China

Graphene oxide(GO),a carbon nanomaterial that is widely used in the environment and other industries,may pose potential risks to ecosystems,especially the soil ecosystem.Some soils in Northeast China are frequently polluted with cadmium(Cd) metal.However,there is no study on the influence of GO on the Cd-contaminated soil microbial community and soil chemical properties.In this study,Cd(100 mg kg^(-1))-polluted soils were treated with different concentrations of GO(0,25,50,150,250,and 500 mg L^(-1),expressed as T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,and T6,respectively) for 40 days.The treatment without Cd pollution and GO served as the control(CK).Then,we investigated the influence of the GO concentrations on the bacterial community and chemical properties of Cd-polluted Haplic Cambisols,the zonal soil in Northeast China.After GO addition,the richness and diversity indexes of the bacterial community in Cd-contaminated Haplic Cambisols initially increased by 0.05-33.92% at 25 mg L^(-1),then decreased by0.07-2.37% at 50 mg L^(-1),and then increased by 0.01-24.37%within 500 mg L^(-1) again.The species and abundance of bacteria varied with GO concentration,and GO significantly increased bacterial growth at 25 and 250 mg L^(-1).GO treatments influenced the bacterial community structure,and the order of similarity of the bacterial community structure was as follows:T4=T5> T1=T6> T2> T3> CK.Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were the dominant bacteria,accounting for 36.0% and 26.2%,respectively,of soil bacteria.Different GO treatments also significantly affected the metabolic function of bacteria and further influenced the diversity of the bacterial community structure by affecting several key soil chemical properties:soil pH,organic matter and available potassium,phosphorus,and cadmium.Our results provide a theoretical basis for scientific and comprehensive evaluation of the environmental impacts of GO on the zonal forest soils of Northeast China.

Impacts of Environmental Factors on Degradation of CrylAb Insecticidal Protein in Leaf-Blade Powders of Transgenic Bt Rice

The determination of the environmental fate of Bt insecticidal protein released by Bt rice plants in paddy soils is a key issue in its ecological risk assessment. In this study, the impacts of soil water content, pH, and temperature on the degradation of CrylAb protein expressed in the leaves of Bt rice KMD2 were studied in the laboratory. Three types of paddy soils were used, i.e., blue clayey paddy soil, pale paddy soil on quaternary red soil, and marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil. Ground powders of KMD2 leaf blades were mixed with each type of soil, and degradation dynamics of Cry lAb were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The degradation rate of CrylAb was high at the early experimental stage, but slowed down steadily at middle and later stages, which could be described by exponential equations, with the half-life period of degradation determined as 1.8-4.0 d. The soil water content, pH, and temperature could affect the degradation of CrylAb, but the effects of soil pH and temperature were relatively greater. In general, CrylAb degradations were slower under lower soil pH and temperature conditions, especially for marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil.

Rhizosphere Soil Fungal Diversity and Soil Physicochemical Properties of Different Vegetations in Tundra of Changbai Mountain

By studying the diversity and community structure of rhizosphere soil fungi of different plants in the tundra on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain, it provides theoretical support for the restoration of environmental degradation and in-depth study of fungal diversity in the tundra of Changbai Mountain. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to determine the ITS1 region of fungal amplicons, so as to analyze the diversity of fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil of six plants in the tundra of Changbai Mountain, and to analyze the correlation between the environment and the diversity and richness of fungal communities in combination with relevant soil physical and chemical factors. The diversity and richness of fungal community in the rhizosphere soil of six plants in Changbai Mountain tundra were different. The Simpson and Shannon indexes of Saxifraga stolonifera Curt were the highest, and the richness of fungal community in Dryas octopetala was the highest. The analysis of fungal community composition showed that the fungal colonies in plant rhizosphere soil samples mainly belonged to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, which were the main dominant phyla. Mortierella, Fusarium and Sordariomycetes are common fungal genera in the rhizosphere soil of six plants, but their abundances are different among different plants. Water content was negatively correlated with fungal diversity, and TP was positively correlated with fungal community diversity. There were some differences in the composition and diversity of rhizosphere soil fungal communities of six plants in Changbai Mountain tundra. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the main soil fungal phyla in the rhizosphere of six plants in Changbai Mountain tundra. The results could provide theoretical guidance for ecological protection of Changbai Mountain tundra.

云南乌蒙山国家级自然保护区珙桐林生态化学计量特征

【目的】探究国家Ⅰ级珍稀濒危植物珙桐生态化学计量特征,揭示珙桐林生态系统养分元素状况和生长限制因子。【方法】在云南乌蒙山国家级自然保护区不同海拔段设置4个样地,编号分别为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ,利用单因素方差分析及多重比较等方法研究珙桐林叶片-凋落物-土壤3种组分C、N、P含量及其比值的差异性、相关性,用冗余分析方法探究土壤化学计量特征的响应因子。【结果】珙桐叶片C、N、P平均含量分别为520.97、22.73、1.43 g/kg,凋落物C、N、P平均含量分别为459.87、10.96、1.35 g/kg,土壤C、N、P平均含量分别为74.81、7.94、0.79 g/kg,叶片、凋落物、土壤C、N、P平均含量表现为叶片>凋落物>土壤。不同样地同一组分间土壤C、N、P含量差异显著,表现为Ⅳ>Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ(Ⅰ:58.47±1.88、5.73±0.41、0.06±0.02 g/kg;Ⅱ:64.45±2.29、6.82±0.19、0.61±0.08 g/kg;Ⅲ:75.94±1.32、7.88±0.16、1.11±0.06 g/kg;Ⅳ:100.39±1.24、11.32±0.25、1.36±0.10 g/kg),叶片、凋落物差异不显著;同一样地不同组分间C含量差异显著,表现为叶片>凋落物>土壤,N、P含量差异不显著;不同样地同一组分、同一样地不同组分间C∶N、C∶P、N∶P存在显著差异。叶片、凋落物、土壤C、N、P含量及比值间相关性显著;海拔、非毛管孔隙度和坡度、毛管孔隙度、粉砂粒含量是影响土壤养分含量的关键环境因子。【结论】云南乌蒙山国家级自然保护区珙桐林不同海拔样地间土壤C、N、P含量及其比值存在显著差异,叶片、凋落物差异不明显,根据生态化学计量特征表明样地Ⅳ珙桐生长受P元素限制,海拔、非毛管孔隙度、坡度、毛管孔隙度、粉砂粒含量是影响珙桐林土壤养分循环的关键环境因子。

三江平原退化湿地不同恢复方式对土壤呼吸的影响

通过对2种人工恢复湿地、自然恢复湿地和天然湿地土壤呼吸及环境因子的测定,探讨了不同恢复方式对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明,4种湿地类型土壤呼吸通量分别为420.77(人工恢复大叶章湿地)、270.46(人工恢复瘤囊薹草湿地)、916.1(自然恢复湿地)和413.6 mg·m-2h-1(天然湿地),人工恢复大叶章湿地和自然恢复湿地土壤呼吸无显著差异(P>0.05),其他湿地类型之间差异显著(P<0.01)。DOC、NH4+-N、NO3--N、pH和V是不同恢复方式湿地土壤生态差异的主要贡献变量。土壤呼吸与pH和T存在显著正相关关系(P<0.01),与DOC、NO3--N和V存在显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。本研究中的2种人工恢复湿地土壤呼吸均低于自然恢复湿地,从减少土壤碳排放的角度来看人工恢复措施是可行且有效的。

天山北坡雪岭云杉森林土壤微生物群落及影响因素研究

土壤微生物是维持森林生态系统平衡与土壤养分的一个重要因素。雪岭云杉林是天山重要的生态屏障和珍贵生物资源,其生态系统的固碳能力持续提升。研究雪岭云杉森林土壤微生物群落特征及微生物与土壤养分之间的互作关系,对维持雪岭云杉森林生态系统质量,促进雪岭云杉森林生态系统可持续发展至关重要。以天山北坡雪岭云杉林表层土为研究对象,利用宏基因组技术,探究天山北坡雪岭云杉林土壤微生物群落组成和多样性及其影响因素。结果表明,天山北坡雪岭云杉林土壤微生物群落特征表现为细菌相对丰度82.5%,真菌1.3%,古菌0.5%,其他15.7%。细菌Alpha多样性在中东部和西部之间有显著性差异;古菌Beta多样性在中部与西部存在显著差异,且中部和东部之间极显著;细菌Beta多样性在3个区域之间均有显著差异,其中西部与东部极显著;真菌Beta多样性仅中部与东部存在极显著差异。古菌多样性主要受有机碳、总氮、pH和土壤湿度的影响;细菌多样性主要受氮素、pH、年均降水量和年均摄氏温度的影响;真菌群落多样性主要受微生物碳和年均摄氏温度的影响。综上说明,土壤因素和水热条件在天山北坡雪岭云杉林土壤微生物群落分布中起主要控制作用,其中pH值和年均摄氏温度是微生物类群空间分异的主导因素。该研究探讨了环境因子对雪岭云杉林土壤微生物分布的调控作用,为今后森林的经营和可持续发展提供依据。

桉树人工林土壤呼吸昼夜变化及其对环境因子的响应

以雷州半岛地区尾叶桉人工林为研究对象,采用LI-8150土壤碳通量测量系统,连续测定其土壤呼吸速率及相关环境因子的昼夜变化规律,分析土壤呼吸的时间变化特征及其对环境因子变化的响应,旨在为桉树人工林生态系统土壤碳排放估算提供数据支持。结果表明:尾叶桉人工林土壤呼吸速率昼夜变化为双峰趋势,最大值和最小值分别在4:00和16:00取得,分别为3.95μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1)和3.29μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1),日均值为3.61μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1)。从昼夜变化来看,土壤呼吸与土壤温度、土壤热通量呈极显著负相关。从月变化来看,土壤呼吸与土壤温、湿度均存在极显著正相关关系。土壤日碳排放量为2.59~4.56 g·m^(-2)。可见,对人工林土壤碳排放进行估算时应考虑不同时间尺度环境因子对土壤呼吸影响的方向和强度。

宁夏天然草地土壤有机碳分布格局及驱动因素

【目的】草地作为重要的土壤碳库,探究其有机碳的分布格局及影响因素对缓解温室效应、草地生态系统评价以及退化草地生态恢复具有重要意义。【方法】以宁夏3种类型天然草地(草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原)为研究对象,在195个样地测定0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层土壤有机碳(Soil Organic Carbon,SOC)含量,利用分段结构方程模型(Segmented structural equation model)揭示土壤SOC含量与地理、气候、植被、和土壤因子的关系。【结果】在水平方向上0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层SOC平均含量分别为9.46和8.25 g/kg,草甸草原>典型草原>荒漠草原;在垂直剖面上SOC平均含量随土层深度增加而减少;由南到北呈递减的变化趋势。分段结构方程表明:在0~20和20~40 cm土层中SOC含量与TN、TP和丰富度指数呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与pH值和年均温(MAT)呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与年降水量(MAP)没有显著关系。0~20 cm土层中,总效应由大到小依次为:气候因子(0.38)>土壤因子(0.21)>丰富度指数(0.12)。20-40 cm土层中,总效应由大到小依次为土壤因子(0.39)>气候因子(0.23)>丰富度指数(0.13)。【结论】分段结构方程结果显示雨热条件是影响表层土壤SOC含量的主要因子,TN和TP是影响深层土壤SOC含量的主要因子。

板栗人工林根际土壤微生物及环境因子特征

为板栗人工林科学施肥和土壤改良提供理论依据,对广西东兰县、天峨县、林科院、隆安县以及平乐县的板栗人工林根际土壤微生物进行高通量测序及生物信息学分析,研究根际土壤微生物群落结构、多样性差异及与土壤环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:广西5个地区板栗人工林根际土壤环境因子、微生物群落结构与多样性存在较大的差异,整体而言,东兰县板栗人工林根际土壤环境质量表现最差。板栗人工林根际土壤微生物群落优势细菌在门分类水平上均以酸杆菌门和变形菌门为主(>50%),优势真菌均以担子菌门和子囊菌门为主(>95%),而优势菌属在不同地区差异较为明显。Pearson相关性和冗余分析表明,板栗人工林根际土壤微生物群落结构、丰富度和多样性与土壤环境因子有关。土壤脲酶活性与微生物群落Shannon、Chao1、ACE指数显著正相关(P<0.05)。同时土壤脲酶活性与细菌群落优势类群酸杆菌门、Rhizomicrobium及真菌群落优势类群担子菌门、子囊菌门、红菇属、圆孢牛肝菌属、丝盖伞属、锁瑚菌属的相对丰度显著相关(P<0.05)。土壤有效磷、速效钾含量与细菌群落ACE指数显著正相关(P<0.05),并且土壤速效钾含量也是影响板栗人工林根际土壤微生物群落结构变化的重要因子。土壤脲酶活性是影响广西板栗人工林根际土壤微生物群落结构、多样性和优势菌群相对丰度变化的关键驱动因子。

黄龙病发病芦柑根际土壤细菌群落组成与多样性特征

【目的】本研究旨在研究福建南平地区芦柑(Citrus reticulata)植株根际土壤细菌群落,并分析黄龙病对其细菌群落的影响,为南平地区芦柑黄龙病的防控提供科学依据。【方法】采用五点法采集了健康和黄龙病发病的芦柑植株根际土壤样本,通过扩增子测序技术和生物信息学方法,深入研究了黄龙病发病芦柑根际土壤细菌群落的多样性和组成变化,分析了土壤理化因子与细菌群落的关联性。【结果】研究结果表明,黄龙病发病的芦柑植株根际土壤细菌群落的多样性略高于健康植株。黄龙病发病芦柑根际土壤中的变形菌门相对丰度明显升高,而放线菌门相对丰度显著降低。在属水平上,与健康植株相比,黄龙病发病芦柑植株根际土壤细菌群落中蔷薇属和嗜酸性杆菌属的相对丰度显著增加,与速效钾、有效磷以及有机质呈现显著负相关,而与pH值呈现显著正相关。相反地,康奈斯氏杆菌属和褚氏杆菌属的相对丰度明显低于健康植株,并与速效钾、有效磷以及有机质呈现显著正相关,同时与p H值呈现显著负相关。【结论】黄龙病菌感染改变了柑橘土壤理化特性,并显著减少根际土壤中有益细菌的相对丰度,从而导致了芦柑植株根际细菌群落的多样性和组成出现显著变化。与此同时,黄龙病发病的芦柑植株可能通过招募固氮和促进植物根际生长的有益细菌来对抗病原菌的侵害。

典型农牧交错带不同植被恢复模式土壤微生物特征及其影响因素——以张家口屯垦林场为例

【目的】土壤微生物作为生态系统的分解者在植被演替和养分循环中扮演重要的角色,是土壤养分转化的最重要的调节器之一,也是评估生态系统恢复的重要指标。为明确农牧交错带不同植被恢复过程中的土壤微生物特征,评价植被恢复成效,深入认识农牧交错带植被恢复和演替过程。【方法】利用Illumina MiSep高通量测序技术,结合常规分析方法,以天然草地为对照,分析中国北方典型农牧交错带张家口屯垦林场4种植被恢复模式(樟子松Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica、落叶松Larix principis-rupprechtii、杨树Populus tomentosa和榆树Ulmus pumila)土壤细菌和真菌群落组成及其多样性,并探究其与土壤环境因子的相关性。【结果】高通量测序结果共获得19957个细菌OTUs和5957个真菌OTUs。α多样性分析结果表明,20~40 cm土层中落叶松和樟子松的细菌Shannon和Chao指数显著高于天然草地(P<0.05),0~20 cm土层中天然草地和榆树真菌Shannon和Chao指数显著高于杨树(P<0.05);β多样性分析结果表明,在属水平,不同植被类型微生物群落结构差异显著(P=0.001)。回归分析结果表明,植被恢复导致土壤细菌和真菌群落发生改变,其中SOC、TN和粉粒含量与细菌密切相关,黏粒和粉粒含量与真菌密切相关。【结论】在张家口地区农牧交错带植被恢复过程中,樟子松和落叶松恢复模式是细菌群落丰富度和多样性最高的2种植被恢复模式;榆树恢复模式是真菌群落丰富度和多样性最高的植被恢复模式。研究结果可为农牧交错带生态脆弱区的生态恢复提供理论依据和技术支撑。

连作对植烟土壤微生物群落与环境因子的影响及相关性分析

为探究连作对植烟土壤微生物群落和土壤环境因子的影响及其相互作用,对连作和轮作植烟土壤进行16S rRNA高通量测序,并对土壤理化性质、酶活性、酚酸类物质等环境因子进行测定。结果表明,连作植烟土壤中鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、水恒杆菌属(Mizugakiibacter)、橙色出芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)、人参土黄菌属(Flavisolibacter)相对丰度增加,细菌生态网络复杂度降低;速效钾、有效磷含量增加,水解性氮、硝态氮含量降低,转化酶活性降低,酚酸物质积累。Pearson相关性分析表明,土壤速效钾、有效磷、水解性氮、硝态氮和转化酶以及酚酸等环境因子与鞘氨醇单胞菌属、水恒杆菌属、橙色出芽单胞菌属、人参土黄菌属呈显著相关。可见,连作导致植烟土壤养分失衡,影响土壤微生物群落结构,此结论可为烤烟连作障碍研究提供理论依据。

北京地区蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)外生菌根真菌群落特征

为揭示北京地区蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)外生菌根真菌群落特征,选取北京农学院林场、云蒙山国家森林公园和百花山国家级自然保护区3个蒙古栎山区自然分布地,以及奥林匹克森林公园和中关村森林公园2个平原引种地为采样地,采集土壤和生有外生菌根的蒙古栎根部样品,检测其土壤理化及酶活性指标,采用ITS高通量测序技术对其外生菌根真菌群落进行测定,初步分析真菌群落多样性与环境因子之间的相关性。结果表明,平原采样地和山区采样地的土壤特性存在明显差异,山区分布地的全氮、速效磷含量以及磷酸酶活性较高,而平原引种地的pH、全磷含量较高。测序后经过OTU注释和α多样性分析,发现绒盖牛肝菌属(Xerocomellus)、丝膜菌属(Cortinarius)、红菇属(Russula)、块菌属(Tuber)为北京地区蒙古栎主要外生菌根真菌类群,但各采样地的优势菌各不相同,并且平原采样地蒙古栎根部外生菌根真菌群落多样性指数低于山区采样地。真菌群落与环境因子相关性分析表明,土壤全氮含量、全磷含量、速效磷含量、碳氮比、磷酸酶活性、海拔、坡度等与真菌多样性关系密切。

祁连山北坡不同纬度青海云杉及林下土壤化学计量特征

深入探讨植物和土壤化学计量的空间格局和驱动因子,对于把握元素循环和量化生态系统对环境因子的响应具有重要意义。基于此,实验测定了祁连山北坡不同纬度青海云杉组织及土壤碳(C)氮(N)磷(P)含量,采用单因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA)、皮尔逊相关分析(Pearson correlation)及冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)来揭示祁连山北坡不同纬度青海云杉及林下土壤化学计量特征及关键影响因素。结果表明:(1)青海云杉组织和土壤C、N含量随纬度增加而减少;而青海云杉组织N∶P、C∶P随纬度增加而增大,土壤N∶P、C∶P则减小。(2)青海云杉组织养分分配不均衡,C、N元素含量,叶>枝>根,而P元素含量,枝>叶>根,且青海云杉枝、根N∶P均小于14,表明祁连山青海云杉生长受土壤N元素的限制。(3)土壤因子(含水量、pH值、容重、SOC、TN、TP及SOC∶TN∶TP)及气候因子(年均气温和年均降水量)变化影响青海云杉组织N、P元素含量,且土壤因子对植物组织N、P、N∶P的解释率大于气候因子,其中,植物叶片N、N∶P与土壤TN、TN∶TP呈正相关(P<0.05),而植物根系N、N∶P值与气温呈负相关、与年均降水量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。本研究有助于评估祁连山青海云杉生态系统养分动态变化,探索不同纬度青海云杉林养分调控分配机理,以期为祁连山森林生态系统的持续健康发展提供科学依据。

荒漠草原区土壤水分ELM-ESTARFM遥感反演模型构建与应用

土壤水分的高时空分辨率和高精度评估对干旱监测具有重要意义。为探究我国内蒙古荒漠草原区土壤水分遥感反演最优模型,基于Landsat和MODIS数据进行改进型自适应反射率时空融合(Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model,ESTARFM),结合下垫面因子、地形因子、气象因子、植被因子等多要素环境因子,通过极限学习机(Extreme learning machine,ELM)和随机森林(Random forest,RF)两种方法构建土壤含水率反演模型,并与Landsat(未进行融合)构建的土壤含水率反演模型进行对比,最终筛选得到最优土壤含水率反演模型,并对研究区不同土地利用类型土壤含水率分布特征进行应用分析。结果表明:归一化植被指数是土壤含水率环境因子相关分析中最重要的预测因子(0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土壤深度处R^(2)=0.85、0.82、0.79),其次为降水量(R^(2)=0.73、0.68、0.71)、高程(R^(2)=0.71、0.70、0.71)、水体指数(R^(2)=0.69、0.69、0.68)、归一化盐分指数(R^(2)=0.68、0.67、0.65)。与未进行时空融合所构建的模型相比,利用ESTARFM时空融合所构建的模型精度均有所提升,考虑ESTARFM时空融合时,ELM模型的R^(2)、RMSE、MAE分别为0.89、6.58%、3.93%,RF模型的R^(2)、RMSE、MAE分别为0.78、7.25%、4.95%;未考虑ESTARFM时空融合时,ELM模型的R^(2)、RMSE、MAE分别为0.75、7.37%、5.24%,RF模型的R^(2)、RMSE、MAE分别为0.71、7.48%、5.30%。表明ELM模型比RF模型的土壤含水率反演效果更好,且ELM-ESTARFM为土壤含水率反演最优模型。在此基础上,运用改进后的ELM-ESTARFM遥感反演模型监测了乌审旗全域土壤含水率,发现研究区北部和西北部的土壤含水率较高,南部地区的土壤含水率较低;对于不同土壤深度,土壤含水率由大到小依次为耕地、林地、草地、沙地,耕地区域0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层含水率分别为18.92%、19.34%、21.84%,林地为11.80%、11.87%、12.40%,草地为10.97%、11.02%、12.22%,沙地为5.07%、5.35%、5.67%。

基于随机森林模型与SHAP算法的渝东北烟区土壤交换酸含量影响因素分析研究

【背景和目的】土壤交换酸含量在农业生产中对于指导施肥和调节土壤pH具有重要作用,研究环境因子(气候、地形、成土母岩)和种植年限对土壤交换酸(Exchangeable Acidity, EA)含量的影响。【方法】以重庆市东北烟区为研究区,对该区中483个采样点的土壤交换酸数据进行统计分析,构建随机森林(Random Forest, RF)模型并结合Shapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)算法,探讨影响土壤交换酸含量的主控因素。【结果】(1)研究区土壤交换酸含量在1.56~27.50 cmol/kg之间,与降水、日照时数、坡向、种植年限呈极显著负相关性。二叠系石灰岩发育的土壤交换酸含量显著高于三叠系石灰岩发育的土壤。(2)RF模型可解释土壤交换酸含量空间变异的64%,影响因子对土壤交换酸含量的重要性为气候>成土母岩>种植年限>地形。(3)SHAP算法揭示了土壤交换酸含量在不同气候条件下存在明显的阈值效应。当年均降水量、日照时数和均温分别超过1250 mm、1290 h和12℃时,会导致土壤交换酸含量的减少,反之则会促使其增加。【结论】气候是影响土壤交换酸含量变异最重要的环境因素,其中降水和日照时数是最重要的气候因子,研究结果可为烟田土壤酸化管理调控提供参考。

不同海拔对野生猕猴桃土壤酶活性和养分的影响

目的:探讨不同海拔对野生猕猴桃根际土壤酶活性及土壤养分的影响。方法:以不同海拔野生猕猴桃根际土壤为研究对象,测定土壤碳、氮、磷含量及与土壤碳、氮、磷循环相关酶活性,分析土壤酶活性和养分差异。结果:随海拔升高,土壤中的酸性磷酸酶(AcP)、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)+亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)活性呈下降趋势,β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-GC)活性呈上升趋势;土壤氮、磷含量随海拔升高先升高后降低,在海拔1770 m处有最大值,且该海拔处土壤水稳性大团聚体的质量分数显著高于其他海拔;冗余分析表明海拔、土壤有效磷和土壤温度是影响土壤酶活性及酶化学计量的重要因子。结论:海拔引起土壤结构的改变从而调节土壤中酶活性机制,进而影响土壤肥力。

四川栗子坪自然保护区不同海拔土壤氮组分垂直特征及季节动态

[目的]为揭示四川栗子坪国家级自然保护区土壤氮组分(全氮、水解氮、铵态氮、硝态氮)沿海拔梯度的垂直分布差异及其与理化因子响应关系。[方法]于2022年3,6,9,12月测定并分析四川栗子坪海拔1800,2100,2400,2700 m土壤氮组分及理化因子的垂直变化特征,并采用多变量方差分析及冗余分析法,分析环境因子与氮组分的关系及季节动态。[结果](1)海拔、季节及交互作用对土壤氮组分有显著影响,3,6,9,12月铵态氮含量表现为海拔2100 m>2400 m>1800 m>2700 m,硝态氮含量表现为海拔2400 m>2100 m>2700 m>1800 m,沿月份梯度增加,全氮含量呈增加趋势,水解氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量呈先减后增趋势,12月全氮和硝态氮含量有最大值分别为1.25 g/kg和8.26 mg/kg,3月水解氮和铵态氮含量有最大值185.14,5.80 mg/kg。全氮、水解氮、铵态氮、硝态氮沿土层变化规律有一致性,呈“V”形;(2)不同季节和海拔理化因子垂直变化特征与氮组分差异较大,土壤全磷、有效磷、速效钾含量沿土层深度增加先增后减;(3)影响土壤氮组分的关键因子存在季节差异,3,12月为有机质、非毛管孔隙度、速效钾、全磷、有效磷和毛管孔隙度,6,9月为有机质、全钾、毛管孔隙度、全磷和速效钾。[结论]研究结果为自然保护土壤养分对海拔和季节响应机制及生态保护综合治理提供具体生产实践依据。