Impact on Soil Organic C and Total Soil N from Cool- and Warm-Season Legumes Used in a Green Manure-Forage Cropping System

Annual forage legumes are important components of livestock production systems in East Texas and the southeastern US. Forage legumes contribute nitrogen (N) to cropping systems through biological N fixation, and their seasonal biomass production can be managed to complement forage grasses. Our research objectives were to evaluate both warm- and cool-season annual forage legumes as green manure for biomass, N content, ability to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil N, and impact on post season forage grass crops. Nine warm-season forage legumes (WSL) were spring planted and incorporated as green manure in the fall. Forage rye (Secale cereale L.) was planted following the incorporation of WSL treatments. Eight cool-season forage legumes (CSL) were fall planted in previously fallow plots and incorporated as green manure in late spring. Sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor var. sudanense) was planted over all treatments in early summer after forage rye harvest and incorporation of CSL treatments. Sorghum-sudangrass was harvested in June, August and September, and treatments were evaluated for dry matter and N concentration. Soil cores were taken from each plot, split into depths of 0 to 15, 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm, and soil C and N were measured using combustion analysis. Nylon mesh bags containing plant samples were buried at 15 cm and used to evaluate decomposition rate of above ground legume biomass, including change in C and N concentrations. Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. [Wilczek]) had the highest shoot biomass yield (6.24 t DM ha-1) and contributed the most total N (167 kg∙ha-1) and total C (3043 kg∙ha-1) of the WSL tested. Decomposition rate of WSL biomass was rapid in the first 10 weeks and very slow afterward. Winter pea (Pisum sativum L. spp. sativum), arrow leaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were the most productive CSL in this trial. Austrian winter pea produced 8.41 t DM ha-1 with a total N yield of 319 kg N ha-1 and total C production of 3835 kg C ha-1. The WSL treatments had only small effects on rye forage yield and N concentration, possibly due to mineralization of N from a large SOC pool already in place. The CSL treatments also had only minimal effects on sorghum-sudangrass forage production. Winter pea, arrow leaf and crimson clover were productive cool season legumes and could be useful as green manure crops. Mungbean and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) were highly productive warm season legumes but may include more production risk in green manure systems due to soil moisture competition.

Legume Green Manure and Intercropping for High Biomass Sorghum Production

Before the advent of cheap, synthetic fertilizers, legumes were commonly used as green manure crops for their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N). A three-year study at Overton, TX examined legume integration into high-biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) production systems on a Lilbert loamy fine sand recently cultivated after a fertilized bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pasture. In this split-split plot design, ‘Dixie’ crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and ‘Iron and Clay’ cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) were integrated into a high-biomass sorghum production system to evaluate impacts on N concentration, C concentration, and yield of high-biomass sorghum and their impacts on soil total N and soil organic carbon (SOC). Main plots were split into crimson clover green manure (CLGM) and winter fallow (FALL) followed by three sub-plots split into warm-season crop rotations: cowpea green manure (CPGM), cowpea-sorghum intercrop (CPSR), and sorghum monocrop (SORG). Three N fertilizer treatments (0, 45, 90 kg N∙ha−1) were randomized and applied as sub-sub plots. The CLGM increased (P sorghum biomass yield (16.5 t DM∙ha−1) 28% in year three but had no effect in the first two years. The CPSR treatment reduced sorghum yield up to 62% compared to SORG;whereas CPGM increased sorghum yield 56% and 18% the two years following cowpea incorporation. Rate of N fertilizer had no effect on sorghum biomass yield. Decrease in SOC and soil N over time indicated mineralization of organic N and may explain why no N fertilizer response was observed in sorghum biomass yield. Cowpea showed strong potential as a green manure crop but proved to be too competitive for successful intercropping in high-biomass sorghum production systems.

Effects of Long-Term Winter Planted Green Manure on Physical Properties of Reddish Paddy Soil Under a Double-Rice Cropping System

Soil physical properties are important indicators of the potential for agricultural production.Our objective was to evaluate the effects of long-term inputs of green manures on physical properties of a reddish paddy soil（Fe-Typic Hapli-Stagnic Anthrosols） under a double cropping system.The common cropping pattern before the study was early-late rice-fallow（winter）.The field treatments included rice-rice-fallow（R-R-WF）,rice-rice-rape（R-R-RP）,rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch（RR-MV）,and rice-rice-ryegrass（R-R-RG）.The rape,Chinese milk vetch and ryegrass were all incorporated as green manures 15 d before early rice transplanting during the following year.The soil bulk density in all green manure treatments was significantly reduced compared with the winter fallow treatment.Soil porosity with green manure applications was significantly higher than that under the winter fallow.The green manure treatments had higher 0.25-5 mm water stable aggregates and aggregates stabilities in the plow layer（0-15 cm depth） compared with the fallow treatment.The mean weight diameter（MWD） and normalized mean weight diameter（NMWD） of aggregates in the green manure treatment were larger than that with the winter fallow.Soil given green manure retained both a higher water holding capacity in the plow layer soil,and a larger volume of moisture at all matric potentials（-10,-33 and-100 kPa）.We conclude that the management of double-rice fields in southern central China should be encouraged to use green manures along with chemical fertilizers to increase SOC content,improve soil physical properties and soil fertility.

改进的Green-Ampt模型及其试验验证

鉴于Green-Ampt模型过于简化、难以反映实际入渗特征,且其假设与实际入渗规律不符,本文为了弥补Green-Ampt模型的不足,提出了一种改进的Green-Ampt模型。提出的模型考虑了含水率与土体深度的关系,将土壤剖面划分为饱和区、过渡区以及天然区,土柱试验验证了所提出模型的准确性,也证实了入渗过程中过渡区的存在。试验结果表明:Green-Ampt模型计算值明显偏离实际累计入渗量,提出的模型总体上更接近实际累计入渗量。将该模型用于非饱和斜坡稳定性分析,计算结果揭示了Green-Ampt模型低估了斜坡的稳定性系数。提出的改进Green-Ampt模型为分析降雨滑坡风险提供参考。

Effects of long-term application of different green manures on ferric iron reduction in a red paddy soil in Southern China

Dissimilatory Fe（Ⅲ） reduction is an important process in the geochemical cycle of iron in anoxic environment. As the main products of dissimilatory iron reduction, the Fe（Ⅱ） species accumulation could indicate the reduction ability. The effects of different green manures on Fe（Ⅲ） reduction in paddy soil were explored based on a 31-year rice-rice-winter green manure cropping experiment. Four treatments were involved, i.e., rice-rice-milk vetch （RRV）, rice-rice-rape （RRP）, rice-rice-ryegrass （RRG） and rice-rice-winter fallow （RRF）. Soils were sampled at flowering stage of milk vetch and rape （S1）, before transplantation （S2）, at tillering （S3）, jointing （S4）, and mature （S5） stages of the early rice, and after the harvest of the late rice （S6）. The contents of TFeHa （HCI-extractable total Fe）, Fe（Ⅱ）HCI （HCI-extractable Fe（Ⅱ） species） and Fe（Ⅲ）HCI （HCI- extractable Fe（Ⅲ） species） were measured. The correlations among those Fe species with selected soil environmental factors and the dynamic characteristics of Fe（Ⅱ）HCI accumulation were investigated. The results showed that TFeHc~ in RRF was significantly higher than those in the green manure treatments at most of the sampling stages. Fe（II）Ha increased rapidly after the incorporation of green manures in all treatments and kept rising with the growth of early rice. Fe（Ⅱ）Ha in RRG was quite different from those in other treatments, i.e., it reached the highest at the S2 stage, then increased slowly and became the lowest one at the S4 and S5 stages. Fe（Ⅲ）Ha showed oppositely, and Fe（Ⅱ）HCI/Fe（Ⅲ）HCI performed similarly to Fe（Ⅱ）HCI The maximum accumulation potential of Fe（Ⅱ）HCI was significantly higher in RRF, while the highest maximum reaction rate of Fe（Ⅱ）Ha accumulation appeared in RRG. Significant correlations were found between the indexes of Fe（Ⅱ）HCI accumulation and soil pH, oxidation-reduction potential （Eh） and total organic acids, respectively. In together, we found that long-term application of green manures decreased the TFeHa in red paddy soils, but promoted the ability of Fe（lll） reduction, especially the ryegrass; Fe（Ⅱ）Ha increased along with the growth of rice and was affected by soil conditions and environmental factors, especially the water and redox ability.

Effects of long-term green manure application on the content and structure of dissolved organic matter in red paddy soil

Dissolved organic matter(DOM) plays important roles in soil biogeochemistry activity and nutrients transportation in soils, but studies regarding the long-term effects of green manures on the content and structure of DOM in red paddy soil have not been reported yet. A long-term green manure experiment established in 1982 was utilized to test the DOM contents in different treatments, and the spectral characteristics of DOM were investigated by using ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis) spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectrometry. The experiment included four cropping systems: ricerice-milk vetch(RRV), rice-rice-rape(RRP), rice-rice-ryegrass(RRG) and rice-rice-winter fallow(RRF), among them, milk vetch, rape, and ryegrass are popular winter green manure species in southern China. The results showed that the content of dissolved organic carbon(DOC), which is widely used to estimate the concentration of DOM, was significantly promoted after the incorporation of green manures compared with the other sampling stages. The contents of aromatic groups and the degree of humification of DOM increased in RRV and RRP, suggesting more complex compositions of the soil DOM after long-term application of milk vetch and rape. The contents of phenol, alcohol and carboxylic acid group at the mature stage of early rice were significantly higher than those at the stage of after green manures turned over, especially for the RRV treatment. The absorption ratio of FTIR indicated that winter plantation of rape increased the aromatic-C/aliphatic-C ratio, and ryegrass increased the aromatic-C/carboxyl-C ratio. In conclusion, long-term planting of milk vetch and rape as green manures increased the degree of aromaticity, humification and average molecular weight of DOM, and made the DOM more stable in red paddy soil.

Effects of Long-Term Winter Planted Green Manure on Distribution and Storage of Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in Water-Stable Aggregates of Reddish Paddy Soil Under a Double-Rice Cropping System

In agricultural systems, maintenance of soil organic matter has long been recognized as a strategy to reduce soil degradation. Manure amendments and green manures are management practices that can increase some nutrient contents and improve soil aggregation. We investigated the effects of 28 yr of winter planted green manure on soil aggregate-size distribution and aggregateassociated carbon（C） and nitrogen（N）. The study was a randomized completed block design with three replicates. The treatments included rice-rice-fallow, rice-rice-rape, rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch and rice-rice-ryegrass. The experiment was established in 1982 on a silty light clayey paddy soil derived from Quaternary red clay（classified as Fe-Accumuli-Stagnic Anthrosols） with continuous early and late rice. In 2009, soil samples were collected（0-15 cm depth） from the field treatment plots and separated into water-stable aggregates of different sizes（i.e., 〉5, 2-5, 1-2, 0.5-1, 0.25-0.5 and 〈0.25 mm） by wet sieving. The long-term winter planted green manure significantly increased total C and N, and the formation of the 2-5-mm water-stable aggregate fraction. Compared with rice-rice-rape, rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch and rice-rice-ryegrass, the rice-rice-fallow significantly reduced 2-5-mm water-stable aggregates, with a significant redistribution of aggregates into micro-aggregates. Long-term winter planted green manure obviously improved C/N ratio and macro-aggregate-associated C and N. The highest contribution to soil fertility was from macro-aggregates of 2-5 mm in most cases.

Macroplastics on Soil-Plant System: Inhibiting Effects of Macroplastics on the Growth of Green Amaranth (<i>Amaranthus viridis</i>)

In recent time Bangladesh faces a serious problem of soil pollution due to plastic contamination. However, the degree of the extent to which the effects of plastics on plant growth occur is not properly identified. An experiment was conducted to measure the effects of mixed plastic (polyethylene and disposable plastic glass) on the growth of Amaranthus viridis. Different doses of mixed plastics (T0, T1, T2, and T3) were applied with a fixed amount of soil for each of the treatments e.g., T0 (control), T1 (10 gm mixed plastics/3kg soil), T2 (15 gm mixed plastics/3kg soil) and T3 (20 gm mixed plastic/3kg soil), and the growth response of Amaranthus viridis against plastic was observed for six consecutive weeks. The growth was measured in terms of plant height and girth diameter. The results showed that the presence of mixed plastic had a significant effect on the growth of Amaranthus viridis and particularly in treatment T3 (3 kg soil/20gm mixed plastic), the plants showed a slower growth response compared to control and the rest of the treatments applied in case of both plant height as well as girth diameter. The statistical analysis (one-way Analysis of Variance) also proved the significance of the treatments (p-values < 0.05) for six consecutive weeks. The experiment was successfully able to set an index on which plastics had their effects on the growth of green amaranth. In addition, the obtained data will be helpful in future research of the study in determining the possible effects of plastic on plant growth viz. green amaranth.

Recent Vegetation Cover Dynamics and Climatic Parameters Evolution Study in the Great Green Wall of Senegal

The drought recorded in 1970s and 1980s, particularly in the Sahara and Sahel region has greatly affected the population as well as the economies and the eco-systems of this area. In 2007, the African Union launched a Pan-African program, the Great Green Wall for the Sahara, the Sahel Initiative (GGWSSI) to reverse land degradation and desertification by planting a wall of trees stretching from Dakar to Djibouti. The objective is to improve food security, and support local people to adapt to climate change. This paper aims to evaluate the impacts of the reforestation program in Senegal, fifteen years after it was launched. This study uses a time series of satellite-derived vegetation cover and climatic parameters data to analyze the sustainability of these interventions. Change detection approaches were applied to identify and characterize the drives of the eventual changes. A comparative analysis of reforestation on climatic parameters was explored through the temporal analysis of the vegetation index over the periods 2000-2008 and 2009-2020. An increase in vegetation activity was noted through the NDVI at the interannual (+2% to +8%) and seasonal (+1.5% to 7% for the wet season and 1% to 4% for the dry season) scale and a positive and significant evolution is noted on the trace of the GGW. Also, the period 2009-2020 recorded an increase in rainfall of 2% to 8% of the average value 2000-2020 and 4% to 8% of the rainy season. Soil moisture is the climatic parameter that has increased the most, with an increase of 25% to 54% of the 2000-2020 average, i.e. between 20 mm and 70 mm more. This study shows a significant improvement in the relationship between NDVI and climate parameters after the different reforestation actions of the GGW.

秸秆还田及磷细菌对土壤微生态及豆角产量的影响

为研究秸秆还田及外源添加磷细菌对土壤微生态及农作物产量的影响,以玉米秸秆和具有解磷能力的恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)为研究对象,通过在设施大棚中栽培豆角,研究了不同处理对土壤和豆角根际解磷类细菌数量、土壤有效磷含量、解磷能力以及豆角产量的影响。研究结果显示,玉米秸秆(处理1)、玉米秸秆+磷细菌(处理2)、磷细菌(处理3)三个处理的土壤中解磷类细菌数量有较大差异,其中处理2数量最高,比对照区高31.89%,差异显著(P<0.05);三个处理均能明显增加豆角根际解磷类细菌数量,差异达到显著水平(P<0.05),其中处理2最高,比对照高86.30%,差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01);三个处理土壤有效磷含量均明显高于对照,差异显著(P<0.05),其中处理2最高,比对照高9.8%;三个处理土壤解磷能力差异较大,处理1和处理2可明显提高土壤解磷能力,分别比对照高50.2%和65.2%,差异极显著(P<0.01);三个处理对豆角均有增产效果,但差异较大,处理2比处理1、处理3产量增加明显,分别增产6.8%、10.3%,差异达到显著水平(P<0.05);处理2比对照增产15.5%,差异达极显著水平(P<0.01)。研究结果表明,玉米秸秆配合外源添加磷细菌恶臭假单胞菌,较单一使用玉米秸秆和磷细菌可显著增加土壤及豆角根际解磷类细菌数量、增加土壤有效磷含量、提高土壤解磷能力、促进豆角增产,说明玉米秸秆和磷细菌有相互促进作用。本研究可为秸秆还田和磷细菌田间施用方法的研究和应用提供参考。

城市高架桥下新自然生境重建模式及维持策略——以上海市为例

【目的】城市高架桥下低光照、高污染、强干旱的特殊生境,严重影响了植物健康生长。构建高架桥“植物筛选—生境营造—可持续运维”的立体绿化体系,重建城市高架桥下新自然生境,可以有效改善城市高架桥下生境与人居环境,提高城市生物多样性。【方法】基于生境相似性原理,运用适应性、观赏性、功能性3层过滤模式筛选适生植物;制定“建筑-设施-介质”一体化策略;提出实现高架桥下立体绿化自维持运营的创新模式。【结果】筛选出了27种适宜种植于高架桥下特殊生境的抗性强的适生植物,丰富了高架桥下特殊生境的植物多样性,使植物单次更换周期延长至5年以上;研发出集适生植物、轻型栽培介质、叠垒式种植容器、浇灌系统、雨水收集净化设施于一体的新型立体绿化模块,支撑植物长期保持良好的生长状态,同时实现了雨水资源化利用、污染源头控制和城市雨水消纳等多重目标;在景观形式上,将平面绿化拓展到立体绿化,复合利用大量已建成的城市灰色空间来增绿、填绿,预期可为上海市增加0.3 m^(2)的人均绿化面积;创新性地提出以“绿”促“商”、以“商”养“管”的运维模式,建立了上海虹梅高架桥下立体绿化新模式示范段。【结论】通过研发城市典型的低光照区域立体绿化技术,集成了新型立体绿化模块,将覆盖面广、连通性强的城市狭长污染线——城市高架桥下空间转型为生命景观线、生物多样性廊道,为城市可持续发展提供重要的生态、经济效益。

PERFORMANCE AND PERSISTENCE OF GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (gfp) MARKED AZOTOBACTER CHROOCOCCUM IN STERILIZED AND UNSTERILIZED WHEAT RHIZOSPHERIC SOIL

The persistence and performance (growth promoting potential) of green fluorescent protein (gfp) marked Azotobacter chroococcum strain ABR 4G were studied in sterilized and unsterilized wheat rhizospheric soil. The gfp was integrated via Tn 5 transposition into A. chroococcum chromosome and the resultant gfp marked colonies were identified by green fluorescent emission under UV light. The gfp was stably maintained in A. chroococcum and the gfp insertion had no apparent adverse effect on the growth promoting properties of the marked soil isolate ABR 4G. The growth promoting properties (nitrogen fixation, ammonia excretion, phosphate solubilization and IAA production) of the parent soil isolate and the gfp marked strain were found to be almost the same. All the quantitative wheat plant traits were significantly influenced by inoculation of A. chroococcum ABR 4G strain in sterilized and unsterilized soil. Inoculated bacterial counts increased gradually in wheat rhizosphere, reached maximum on 60 th d and declined on 80 th d. Fertility levels also affected survival of marked strain and the survival was comparable in sterilized and unsterilized soil. The growth promoting properties were also determined from the marked strain reisolated from wheat rhizosphere in both types of soil. Fig 1, Tab 2, Ref

绿肥内源驱动土壤健康的作用与机制

我国高度重视农田土壤退化等问题,但管控技术与路径的成效有限。综合农耕历史实践和当代大量研究成果,我们认为发展绿肥制度是破解我国农田土壤退化等问题的关键技术,并由此提出“绿肥内源驱动土壤健康”的观点。其主要内涵为:绿肥是植入生产制度,通过其自身的生命活动,活化、固定环境养分并予以归还,为农田输入有机物,全方位深层次调节土壤性状。可见绿肥与其他外源有机(类)肥料具有本质区别,即,绿肥具有内源驱动土壤健康的机制。绿肥制度有明显的“有机、生命”特征,能够内源驱动土壤-环境养分循环,土壤结构改善,生物性状优化。这些作用主要体现在:1)高有机转化驱动农田土壤有机碳更新与碳固存;2)共生固氮作用和激活土壤自身固氮补充农田氮素;3)对土壤氮素的吸收、截留、转化驱动土壤氮素循环;4)活化、利用与转化土壤磷钾及中微量元素;5)生物耕作效应驱动土壤结构改善;6)强化有机物质及养分循环改善土壤生物结构和功能。因此,有必要构建基于绿肥的“养地制度+无机+有机”三结合的农田投入新路径。新路径将为破解当前我国农田土壤退化、农田面源污染等重大难题提供可行方案,并蕴含着一系列重大科学和技术问题。我国农区发展绿肥的潜力面积每年约为3340万hm2,完全有条件构建这个具有中国特色的三结合路径。

长沙城市绿地森林与草地土壤呼吸及温度敏感性变化特征

城市绿地在减缓城市碳排放和温室效应中发挥着巨大作用。土壤呼吸是城市绿地碳循环的重要环节,决定着生态系统碳汇功能的强弱。以湖南省长沙市远大城园区内森林和草地生态系统为研究对象,于2021年11月—2022年12月对土壤呼吸速率及土壤环境进行监测,并结合2022年发生的极端干旱事件,分析城市绿地森林与草地生态系统土壤呼吸特征及其对极端干旱的响应。结果表明:森林和草地生态系统土壤呼吸速率总体呈现出夏秋季(231.98、239.33 mg·m^(-2)·h^(-1))>冬春季(179.28、91.15 mg·m^(-2)·h^(-1))(以C计);极端干旱下土壤呼吸变化显著,在森林生态系统中更加明显;年尺度下,森林和草地生态系统土壤碳排放量分别为681.55、564.66 g·m^(-2)·a-1(以C计);森林和草地生态系统土壤呼吸温度敏感性系数(Q 10值)的范围分别为0.81~1.06、1.19~1.80,草地生态系统对温度变化的响应更敏感,在极端干旱气候条件下可能会导致更多的土壤碳流失。研究结果可以为城市绿地建设和城市“碳中和”目标的实现提供科学依据。

城市公园绿地土壤重金属的生物可利用性分析

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对福建省泉州市4个绿地公园的表层土壤中6种重金属(Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb)的总量、赋存形态含量和植物样品(兰花草、龙船花、鬼针草、肾蕨)中的重金属含量进行测定,分析其重金属在土壤-植物体系中的迁移特征和生物可利用性.结果表明:(1)表层土壤中Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb平均含量均大于福建省土壤背景值;(2)Mn、Zn、Pb、Cr以有效态为主,生物可利用性高,Ni、Cu以残渣态为主,但不能忽略其他形态在土壤中的迁移转化,次生相与原生相比值结果表明,Zn、Pb和Mn的生物可利用性较强;(3)不同植物不同部位对不同金属具有不同的富集迁移能力,植物对重金属的富集与迁移能力并非呈现相关关系.

绿肥间作对灰枣果园土壤肥力和果实品质的影响

以新疆红枣主栽品种灰枣作为试验材料,油菜作为绿肥,在绿肥间作和非绿肥间作模式下,科学比较2种模式果园的土壤物理特征参数、土壤化学特性指标,土壤微生物群落情况,灰枣果实外观品质和内在品质及产量等指标,对绿肥间作模式的果园土壤肥力及果实品质的研究提供理论参考。结果表明,灰枣园种植绿肥后,对其土壤理化特性指标、土壤微生物群落情况,果实品质及产量均有不同程度的影响,绿肥果园0~20和21~40cm土层的土壤容重、比重和保水力均显著高于非绿肥果园,其中绿肥果园0~20cm土层的增高幅度高于21~40cm土层;与非绿肥果园0~20cm土层相比,绿肥果园0~20cm土层的有效磷、交换性镁、有效态铁含量均极显著增高,土壤有机质含量显著增高,pH值显著减小;绿肥果园21~40cm土层的有机质、水解氮、速效钾、交换性钙和有效态铜含量均极显著高于非绿肥果园21~40cm土层,其土壤有效磷和有效态锌含量显著高于非绿肥果园21~40cm土层;绿肥果园0~20、21~40cm土层的细菌、真菌和放线菌均显著高于非绿肥果园同样土层,其中绿肥果园0~20cm土层细菌的增高幅度最高,21~40cm土层放线菌的增高幅度最高,分别高2.2和5.0倍。果实品质方面,绿肥果园果实纵径、果实横径、单果重、果肉质量、总糖和总黄酮含量及糖酸比均极显著高于非绿肥果园,果核横径、可食率和可溶性固形物含量均显著高于非绿肥果园枣果,非绿肥果园果形指数和总酸含量均极显著大于绿肥果园枣果。总而言之,灰枣果园间作油菜在一定程度上能够改善土壤物理结构,增加土壤肥力和微生物群落情况,明显提高果实品质部分指标,但对果实表面颜色无显著影响。

皖西南富硒土壤分布及富硒农产品调查

本文以土地质量地球化学调查数据为基础,分析了皖西南富硒土壤的分布、无公害绿色富硒土壤、无公害富硒农产品产地适宜区、绿色富硒农产品产地适宜区及绿色富硒食品等情况。结果表明,富硒土壤面积占总评价面积的4.97%,主要分布在CS、SH、GZ、TZS和TF等乡镇。无公害绿色富硒土壤面积约占富硒土壤总量的85.57%,富硒土壤达到无公害农产品产地环境标准和绿色食品产地环境标准的面积一致。无公害富硒农产品产地适宜区占评价区总面积的4.25%。绿色富硒食品产地适宜区占评价区总面积的4.24%,其中AA级适宜区占1.80%,A级适宜区占1.78%。富硒土壤主要为自然背景成因,且富硒土壤具有有机质含量较高的特征,推测富硒土壤成因为吸附型富硒。查明了特色农产品绿色富硒水稻、茶叶和栝楼生产区。该结果为研究区天然富硒土地资源开发利用提供参考。

施用猪粪水对青脆李果实品质和产量、土壤中微生物群落与抗生素耐药基因的影响

【目的】为了解猪粪浇灌对青脆李果实品质和产量、土壤性质、土壤中微生物群落与抗生素耐药基因的影响。【方法】以5年生青脆李作试材,设置猪粪水按不同比例(100%、75%、50%、25%、0%)替代化肥田间试验,通过单果重、单果横径等外观指标,李子每667 m^(2)产量,维生素C、可溶性固形物等果实品质指标测定,分析不同施肥处理对青脆李果实品质和产量的影响;基于土壤中pH、有机质含量等理化指标测定,分析不同施肥处理对李树土壤理化性质的影响;基于Illumina Hiseq 4000测序平台对李树土壤宏基因组测序,分析猪粪水浇灌对土壤中微生物群落变化、抗生素耐药基因分布的影响。【结果】不同施肥处理青脆李果实品质和产量研究结果表明,“75%猪粪+25%化肥”“50%猪粪+50%化肥”处理青脆李果实外观品质均较优,“50%猪粪+50%化肥”处理青脆李每667 m^(2)产量最高。不同施肥处理对李树土壤理化性质的研究结果显示,各处理间有机质、碱解氮等理化指标均不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。宏基因组测序分析结果显示,“100%猪粪”组中的优势菌群为放线菌,而其余4组的优势菌群均为假单胞菌门;共鉴定39个抗生素本体(ARO),随着猪粪水用量的减少,土壤样品中检出ARO种类、ARO相对丰度和均呈依次递减趋势。【结论】本研究条件下,猪粪水部分替代化肥为青脆李树施肥是可行的,且以“50%猪粪+50%化肥”进行施肥最佳。

山地绿化土壤品质分析与优化

国家号召要以生态文明建设为引领,协调人与自然的关系,构建世界各国共同发展的地球家园。文章以甘肃省庆阳市老城山地的绿化为对象,从土壤品质分析入手,寻找土壤改进的措施。首先运用理化检验对老城山地的黄土及子午岭腐殖土进行分析对比;其次应用无交互作用的正交实验设计,找出对油松生长起显著影响的因素;最后确定出优化老城黄土土质的最优参数,并在此基础上进行效果验证,为人工造林提供了实践意义。

北方常见绿化树种凋落物添加对城市土壤有机碳组成特征的影响

本研究将垂柳(Salix babylonica L.)、元宝枫(Acer pictum subsp.mono(Maxim.)H.Ohashi)、银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)、龙爪槐(Sophora japonica L.var.japonica f.pendula Hort.)、油松(Pinus tabuliformis Carrière)、刺柏(Juniperus formosana Hayata)、侧柏(Platycladus orientalis(L.)Franco)和云杉(Picea asperata Mast.)等8种北方城市常见绿化树种的凋落物与延安市城区受到频繁扰动的表层土壤以2%(凋落物/干土)的比例混合,在模拟自然条件下的土壤容重和含水量的基础上进行120 d的室内培养实验,检测处理后土壤有机碳及其各组分的含量以及相应碳库指数的变化,并分析凋落物化学特性与上述指标的关系。结果显示,8种供试凋落物中,除五角枫和刺柏外的所有凋落物处理均显著提高了土壤总有机碳含量,除五角枫、银杏和刺柏外的凋落物处理显著提高了其稳定组分的含量,而所有凋落物处理普遍显著提高了中等和高活性组分的含量。垂柳、侧柏、云杉和油松凋落物处理显著提高了土壤碳库指数,几乎所有处理均显著提高了土壤有机碳活度指数和碳库管理指数,仅侧柏凋落物处理显著提高了土壤固碳指数。凋落物氮和氨基酸含量与土壤有机碳各组分含量和相关碳库指数总体呈负相关;凋落物总酚和可溶性糖含量以及碳氮比、碳磷比和氮磷比与高活性、低活性和稳定有机碳组分含量呈正相关,其总有机酸、磷、总碳、萜类、酚类含量和碳氮比则与中等活性有机碳组分含量呈正相关。仅从提高土壤有机碳总量及其各组分含量,以及土壤有机碳活性和稳定的角度考虑,侧柏凋落物可作为处理城市土壤的优选材料,其次为垂柳、云杉和油松凋落物。