Geogenic Pollution of Groundwater Quality in Gampaha District, Sri Lanka: A Case Study of Groundwater Acidification from Rathupaswala

Over recent decades, Gampaha district, Sri Lanka, has experienced significant urbanisation and industrial growth, increasing groundwater demand due to limited and polluted surface water resources. In 2013, a community uprising in Rathupaswala, a village in Gampaha district, accused a latex glove manufacturing factory of causing groundwater acidity (pH < 4). This study evaluates the spatial and temporal changes in geochemical parameters across three transects in the southern part of Gampaha district to 1) assess the impact of geological formations on groundwater;2) compare temporal variations in groundwater;and 3) explain acidification via a geochemical model. Seventy-two sample locations were tested for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and anion concentrations (sulphate, nitrate, chloride and fluoride). Depth to the water table and distance from the sea were measured to study variations across sandy, peaty, lateritic, and crystalline aquifers. Results showed pH readings around 7 for sandy and crystalline aquifers, below 7 for peaty aquifers, and below 5 for lateritic aquifers, with significant water table fluctuations near Rathupaswala area. Principal component analysis revealed three principal components (PCs) explaining 86.0% of the variance. PC1 (40.6%) correlated with pH, EC, and sulphate (saltwater intrusion), while PC2 (32.0%) correlated with nitrates and depth to the water table (anthropogenic nutrient pollution). A geochemical transport model indicated a cone of depression recharged by acidic groundwater from peat-soil aquifers, leading to acidic groundwater in Rathupaswala area. Previous attributions of acidic pH to the over-exploitation of groundwater by the latex factory have been reevaluated;the results suggest natural acidification from prolonged water-rock interactions with iron-rich lateritic aquifers. Groundwater pH is influenced by local climate, geology, topography, and drainage systems. It is recommended that similar water-rock interaction conditions may be present throughout the wet zone of Sri Lanka, warranting detailed studies to confirm this hypothesis.

Variation of soil physical-chemical characteristics in salt-affected soil in the Qarhan Salt Lake,Qaidam Basin

Soil salinization has adverse effects on the soil physical-chemical characteristics.However,little is known about the changes in soil salt ion concentrations and other soil physical-chemical characteristics within the Qarhan Salt Lake and at different soil depths in the surrounding areas.Here,we selected five sampling sites(S1,S2,S3,S4,and S5)alongside the Qarhan Salt Lake and in the Xidatan segment of the Kunlun Mountains to investigate the relationship among soil salt ion concentrations,soil physical-chemical characteristics,and environmental variables in April 2019.The results indicated that most sites had strongly saline and very strongly saline conditions.The main salt ions present in the soil were Na^(+),K^(+),and Cl^(-).Soil nutrients and soil microbial biomass(SMB)were significantly affected by the salinity(P<0.05).Moreover,soil salt ions(Na^(+),K^(+),Ca2+,Mg^(2+),Cl^(-),CO_(3)^(2-),SO_(4)^(2-),and HCO_(3)^(-))were positively correlated with electrical conductivity(EC)and soil water content(SWC),but negatively related to altitude and soil depth.Unlike soil salt ions,soil nutrients and SMB were positively correlated with altitude,but negatively related to EC and SWC.Moreover,soil nutrients and SMB were negatively correlated with soil salt ions.In conclusion,soil nutrients and SMB were mainly influenced by salinity,and were related to altitude,soil depth,and SWC in the areas from the Qarhan Salt Lake to the Xidatan segment.These results imply that the soil quality(mainly evaluated by soil physical-chemical characteristics)is mainly influenced by soil salt ions in the areas surrounding the Qarhan Salt Lake.Our results provide an accurate prediction of how the soil salt ions,soil nutrients,and SMB respond to the changes along a salt gradient.The underlying mechanisms controlling the soil salt ion distribution,soil nutrients,and SMB in an extremely arid desert climate playa should be studied in greater detail in the future.

Analysis of Macro and Micronutrients in Soils from Palestine Using Ion Exchange Membrane Technology

Ion Exchange membrane technology (IEM) is a method that allowed a single extraction process and a single subsequent measurement of different elements that are available in soil. The values of the available forms of the different macro- and micronutrients obtained by IEM extraction were compared with the values of the soluble form obtained by conventional extraction methods. In surface soil sample, the concentrations of available potassium, nitrate, phosphate, iron and boron were 37.7 mg kg–1, 17.5 mg kg–1, 3.6 mg kg–1, 171.0 μg kg–1, and 4.2 μg kg–1 respectively were greater than that of soluble forms of the same elements which were 7.0 mg kg–1, 9.2 mg kg–1, 0.4 mg kg–1, 109.0 μg kg–1, and 1.9 μg kg–1 respectively.

Free cupric ions in contaminated agricultural soils around a copper mine in eastern Nanjing City, China

To determine the environmental free metal ion activity was a recent hot issue. A method to measure low-level free cupric ion activity in soil solution extracted with 0.01 mol/L KNO3 was developed by using cupric ion-selective electrode （ISE） and calibrating with Cu-buffer solution. Three copper buffers including iminodiacetic acid （IDA）, ethylenediamine （EN）, and glycine （Gly） were compared for calibrating the Cu-ISE curves in the range of free cupric ions （pCu^2＋） 7-13. The Cu-EN buffer showed the best electrode response and thus was applied as the calibration buffer. The pCu^2＋ of 39 contaminated agricultural soils around a copper mine was measured, ranging from 5.03 to 9.20. Most Cu in the soil solutions was found to be complexed with dissolved soil organic matters, averaging 98.1%. The proportion of free Cu^2＋ ions in the soil solutions decreased with the increasing of solution pH. Soluble Cu and free Cu^2＋ ions concentrations were analyzed by multiple linear regressions to evaluate the effects of soil properties on metal levels and speciation. The results showed that soil solution pH was the most significant factor influencing pCu^2＋ （with R^2 value of 0.76）, while not important for the soluble Cu concentration.

Studies on Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil-Plant System:A Review

Heavy metal pollution in soil-plant system is of major environmental concern on a world scale and in China in particular with the rapid development of industry. The heavy metal pollution status in soil-plant system in China, the research progress on the bioavailability of heavy metals (affecting factors, extraction methods, free-ion activity model, adsorption model, multivariate regression model, Q-I relationship, and compound pollution), and soil remediation are reviewed in the paper. Future research and monitoring is also discussed.

Measurement of free heavy metal ion concentrations in soils using Donnan membrane technique

In natural systems heavy metals are present in very low concentrations (less than micro-molar), so precise measurement of the free metal ions is difficult. Recently, a new method has been developed called the Donnan membrane technique (DMT). Several heavy metals could be measured simultaneously using this method. Furthermore, all the metals did not interfere with each other, and the balance between the measured system and the surrounding condition could not be disturbed. Improvements were made according to the internal condition. The free heavy metal ion concentrations were measured in different systems using the improved method, and satisfied results have been obtained.

Determination of Diffusion Coefficient and Analysis of Diffusion Factors of Cr(Ⅵ) Ion in Clay Soil

Some laboratory diffusion tests were conducted with diffusion device to determine the diffusion coefficient of Cr(Ⅵ) ion passing through Dalian red clay samples. The concentrations of Cr(Ⅵ) at different places of the samples were then measured spectrophotometrically after a standing time of 1 000 d. A one-dimensional solute transport equation was used to simulate the transport of Cr(Ⅵ) through clay samples. Back-calculation of diffusion coefficient of Cr(Ⅵ) was made with finite difference method. Parametric analysis was conducted to simulate variations in soil dry density, temperature, pH and standing time. The results show that the method used in this paper is simple and effective. The diffusion coefficient of Cr(Ⅵ) in Dalian red clay varies from 1.50×10-7 cm2/s to 2.08×10-7 cm2/s. After 1 000 d diffusion, the concentration of the source solution drops down to 1.27 mg/L from 62.5 mg/L, and the diffusion distance is only 3.5 cm. Under the assumption that diffusion coefficient is constant, the diffusion effect becomes more obvious with lower density, lower temperature, higher pH value, and much more time.

铁离子作用下膨胀土干湿循环裂隙演化机制

为探究重金属Fe 3+作用下膨胀土干湿循环裂隙演化机制,以不同浓度Fe 2(SO 4)3溶液作用的饱和膨胀土为对象,开展干湿循环裂隙试验、扫描电镜(SEM)试验与X射线衍射(XRD)试验,研究Fe 3+作用下膨胀土干湿循环裂隙、微观结构和矿物成分的演化规律及机制。结果表明:相同干湿次数下,随Fe 3+浓度增加,土体裂隙面积率下降;随干湿次数增加,相同浓度土体裂隙面积率总体上升;Fe 3+作用下,粒间孔隙波动性微变,黏土矿物晶体结构损伤,晶层间距减小;干湿作用后,粒间孔隙剧增,土体结构破坏,晶体损伤加剧。总结出Fe 3+作用下膨胀土干湿循环裂隙演化机制为:水分子在土体内反复迁移,劣化土体结构,形成拉应力,导致裂隙产生;Fe 3+则在一定程度上缩小颗粒间距,增强抗拉强度,降低拉应力,抑制了裂隙发育。

京郊设施土壤盐分累积及组成变化特征

针对北京市郊区设施土壤存在次生盐渍化的问题,以房山、延庆、密云、大兴、昌平地区规模化设施园区为研究对象,采用田间随机取样的方法,对5个地区主要栽培类型的设施园区土壤盐分累积和组成变化进行研究,以期为设施栽培的科学管理和高效施肥提供参考。结果表明,79%的点位土壤全盐量≥2.0 g/kg,69.3%的点位电导率≥50 mS/m,次生盐渍化趋势明显;监测园区的盐分离子均有一定程度的富集,不同地区盐分离子累积存在一定差异;除HCO_(3)^(-)外,K^(+)、Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)的累积在一定程度上均造成了土壤的次生盐渍化,其中阳离子以Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)为主,阴离子以SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)为主;京郊设施土壤盐分组成主要以硝酸盐和硫酸盐的形式存在。针对北京郊区存在盐分累积现象,建议开展有机肥料的筛选和品质质量检测,同时加强水肥管理,避免加重土壤次生盐渍化程度。设施生产中不仅要注重经济效益,更应该关注土壤的健康状况,以实现设施生产可持续的发展目标。

Effects of red-yellow soil acidification on seed germination of Chinese pine

Acid treatments significantly change the physical and chemical properties of red yellow soil by lowering its pH value and leaching out aluminum(Al) ions that are harmful to the growth of plants. The structure of soil will be damaged, resulting in higher viscosity, higher water retention rate and lower air permeability of the soil. The germination rate of Chinese pine( Pinus tabulacformic Carr. ) seeds sowed in soil treated with sulphuric acid(H 2SO 4) decreased compared to that for untreated soil. The direct cause was the large amount of Al ions leached out because of low pH values(≥3.5). The added acid decreased the soil aggregation and increased the number of micro aggregates(under 250 μm in diameter). Such changes increased the soil's viscosity, which tied the pine needles to the soil after the seeds had germinated and prevented the seedlings from fully developing.

考虑地下水位影响的碱渣土地基半埋混凝土内氯离子传输试验研究

关于碱渣土地基环境下钢筋混凝土结构耐久性问题,尚未见相关研究成果,是有待研究的课题。为探究碱渣土地基混凝土内氯离子传输规律,本工作模拟真实碱渣土地基及地下水侵蚀环境,设计了三种地下水位-0.2 m、-0.5 m、-0.8 m,开展半埋于碱渣土地基的混凝土氯离子自然扩散试验,探究不同地下水位环境下混凝土地表吸附区及地下区域的氯离子分布规律。结果表明,地表吸附区由于其蒸发浓缩及毛细作用,氯离子浓度高于地下区域。氯离子浓度随地下水位的变化呈现较大差异,地表吸附区氯离子浓度随地下水位的升高呈下降趋势,地下区域地下水位的影响主要体现在试件与水位的相对位置,地下水位以下区域氯离子浓度高于地下水位以上区域。在此基础上,探究碱渣土地基半埋混凝土内氯离子传输机理,基于Fick第二定律定量研究了地下水位对表面氯离子浓度及扩散系数的影响,建立考虑地下水位影响的氯离子传输时变模型,通过与实测结果对比印证了模型的正确性,本模型可为实际工程中定量评估不同碱渣土侵蚀环境下混凝土内氯离子浓度以及服役寿命预测提供技术支持。

松嫩盐碱退化草地土壤理化性质及离子变化规律分析

为了解不同盐碱退化状态下土壤理化性质和土壤离子的变化,本研究以松嫩温性草甸草地为研究对象,比较了未退化、轻度、中度和重度盐碱退化草地下土壤离子和土壤理化性质,分析盐碱退化过程中土壤理化性质、离子变化规律及其相互关系。结果表明:土壤K^(+)、Na^(+)、Mg^(2^+)、Ca ^(2+)、Cl^(-)、HCO_(3)^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、CO_(3)^( 2-)随盐碱程度加重显著增加,阳离子交换量显著下降(P<0.05)。随着盐碱程度变化,土壤电导率、pH、全钾显著增加,土壤全氮、碱解氮显著下降(P<0.05)。与未退化土壤相比,轻度和中度盐碱草地土壤含水量显著上升(P<0.05),速效磷含量显著降低(P<0.05);重度退化盐碱草地速效磷含量显著上升(P<0.05)。土壤TN、AN、AP、K^(+)与盐碱化程度之间存在显著的相关性。未退化草地土壤AN、TN含量较高,而重度退化草地AP、K^(+)含量较高。本研究为松嫩盐碱退化草地修复措施的合理选择提供依据。

新疆典型绿洲灌区土壤理化性状与盐分离子分布特征

土壤盐渍化和耕地质量下降严重制约新疆绿洲灌溉农业可持续发展,研究土壤理化性状与盐分离子分布特征是盐碱地改良与综合利用和绿洲灌溉农业高质量发展的前提和基础。以北疆玛纳斯河灌区、南疆阿克苏河灌区和喀什噶尔河灌区(阿克苏-喀什噶尔河灌区)为研究对象,定量分析了土壤(0~500 cm)养分含量、含盐量及其离子组成分布特征。结果表明:玛纳斯河灌区和阿克苏-喀什噶尔河灌区土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、全氮含量均呈现随土层深度增加而逐渐降低的趋势。玛纳斯河灌区表层土壤(0~30 cm)和0~100 cm土层土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、全氮含量和pH值平均值高于阿克苏-喀什噶尔河灌区,100~500 cm土层土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、全氮含量平均值低于阿克苏-喀什噶尔河灌区。阿克苏-喀什噶尔河灌区表层土壤(0~30 cm)全盐量和电导率平均值比玛纳斯河灌区分别高21.14%和8.53%,60~100 cm土层比玛纳斯河灌区分别低17.55%和16.50%。玛纳斯河灌区和阿克苏-喀什噶尔河灌区土壤阳离子均以Na^(+)和Ca^(2+)为主,阴离子均以SO_(4)^(2-)、Cl^(-)为主,Na^(+)和SO_(4)^(2-)分别为玛纳斯河灌区和阿克苏-喀什噶尔河灌区含量最高的盐基离子。玛纳斯河灌区表层土壤(0~30 cm)53.85%属于盐渍土,30~60 cm土层50.00%属于中度和重度盐渍土,60~100 cm土层25.00%属于重度盐渍土,硫酸盐型盐渍土占主导地位,其次是氯化物-硫酸盐型盐渍土。阿克苏-喀什噶尔河灌区表层土壤(0~30 cm)78.26%属于盐渍土,其中重度盐渍土占比最高,30~60 cm土层60.86%属于轻度和重度盐渍土,60~100 cm土层39.13%属于非盐渍土,氯化物-硫酸盐型盐渍土占比最高,其次是硫酸盐型盐渍土。研究结果可为新疆绿洲灌区盐碱地综合利用和作物精准施肥提供科学依据。

长期膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分演变规律

为探索棉田长期采用覆膜滴灌技术是否存在土壤积盐的问题,2009—2013年对新疆玛纳斯河灌区5块不同膜下滴灌年限盐碱地棉田土壤可溶性总盐和离子进行了连续定点监测.分析并呈现了现行灌溉制度下应用膜下滴灌技术1—16 a盐碱地棉田可溶性总盐和离子时空演变规律及盐分组成变化.结果表明:滴灌4 a内棉田属于盐土,可溶性总盐由最初的20.44 g/kg快速下降至7.98 g/kg,棉花产量及成活率快速增加.滴灌12 a以后,棉田可溶性总盐小于2.57 g/kg,棉田属于非盐化土,棉花成活率基本稳定在84.53%以上,单产超过5100 kg/hm^(2).随着滴灌年限的延长,棉田土壤中的钠吸附比(SAR)和w(Cl-/SO^(2-)_(4))(Cl-与SO^(2-)_(4)质量比的比值)逐年降低,说明现行灌溉制度下土壤碱化度逐年降低,阴、阳离子的组成也逐年发生变化,Cl-的淋洗效果优于SO^(2-)_(4).

不同改良剂对滨海盐碱地的改良效果

为了探讨不同改良剂对滨海盐碱地的改良效果,采用盆栽试验研究了硫酸钙、硫酸铝、硫酸铁、硫酸亚铁、硫磺对土壤全盐、pH及离子组成的影响。结果表明,改良剂的种类不同,下渗水离子含量差异较大;第一次淋洗,硫酸钙、硫酸铝、硫酸铁处理下渗水中Na^(+)和Cl-含量分别比CK高54.78%和58.25%、35.44%和39.22%、32.65%和34.82%,表明添加这3种改良剂对土壤的降盐效果较好,其中硫酸钙处理效果最好;第二次淋洗,硫酸铁、硫酸钙和硫酸铝处理的Na^(+)含量比CK高75.14%~347.76%。综合2次淋洗效果,表明硫酸钙处理对土壤中的Na^(+)淋洗效果更明显。与CK相比,各改良剂土壤pH均有不同程度的降低,pH降低2.23%~3.84%;不同改良剂对土壤离子的影响各不相同,添加改良剂各处理土壤中的Ca^(2+)和Mg^(2+)含量均高于CK。综合考虑到不同改良剂对土壤pH、Na^(+)和Cl-含量的影响,建议用硫酸铁和硫酸钙组合对滨海盐碱地进行改良。

不同刈割时间对南北疆油莎豆根际土壤养分和盐基离子含量的影响

【目的】探究不同刈割时间对南北疆油莎豆(Cyperus esculentus)根际土壤养分和盐基离子的影响。【方法】2021年5月15日在南疆莎车县北疆阜康市种植油莎豆,分别于播种后第78、91、106和124天采集油莎豆根际土壤样品进行养分和盐基离子分析测定。【结果】采样点和刈割时间显著影响了油莎豆根际土壤的pH(P<0.05);采样点和刈割时间的交互作用显著影响了油莎豆根际土壤的pH、全氮、全磷和全钾含量(P<0.05),对油莎豆根际土壤的离子含量均没有显著影响。北疆油莎豆根际土壤的全氮、全钾、速效磷和速效钾含量显著高于南疆(P<0.05),但北疆的阳离子(钠离子、钾离子、钙离子和镁离子)含量显著低于南疆(P<0.05)。在北疆地区,油莎豆根际土壤的pH与速效钾和氯离子含量呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05),与碳酸氢根离子含量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。在南疆地区,油莎豆根际土壤的pH与速效钾含量呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05),与氯离子和钠离子含量呈正相关关系。【结论】刈割改变了南北疆种植油莎豆根际土壤全钾、速效钾和速效磷含量及pH值,改变了北疆油莎豆根际土壤氯离子含量,但刈割时间和采样点(北疆)的交互作用对土壤全氮和全磷的影响最大,为实际生产中在新疆区域推广种植油莎豆提供理论依据。

Mn^(2+)污染后膨胀土力学特性的试验研究

针对污染后膨胀土的力学特性问题,进行了无侧限抗压强度、直剪试验探讨宏观现象上力学特性的变化规律,结合电镜扫描试验分析微观结构上的变化规律,并在X射线衍射试验后,采用了JADE分析软件对所收集到的原始数据进行了定量物相分析,得出试样的各物相含量占比的变化趋势,以此来探讨膨胀土力学特性的变化机理。试验结果表明:在压实度与Mn^(2+)浓度相同的条件下,最优含水率的膨胀土试样强度最高;在初始含水率相同的条件下,试样的强度、内摩擦角和黏聚力均随着Mn^(2+)浓度的增大而呈现出增大的趋势;由JADE定量分析物相表明,受Mn^(2+)污染后土体内SiO_(2)呈现出增加的趋势。原因为MnSO_(4)溶液中的Mn^(2+)水解后间接导致了膨胀土试样中的硅酸盐类矿物也发生水解,释放了SiO_(2),增大了土体颗粒间的胶结作用,使得土体整体性、稳定性提高。

红壤对土霉素的吸附特征及影响因素研究

为了解红壤吸附抗生素的能力以及作用机制,本文采用批量平衡法和超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)测试技术,以典型兽用抗生素土霉素(oxytetracycline,OTC)为目标污染物,江西宜春养猪场区所采集的粉砂质红壤为试验对象,研究OTC在红壤中的吸附-解吸特征及影响因素。结果表明,OTC在红壤中的吸附非常快,6 h即可基本达到平衡,准一级动力模型仅能较好地拟合吸附初期1 h的吸附过程,准二级动力模型能非常好地拟合整个吸附过程,解吸过程存在明显的滞后性;Freundlich模型能够更好地拟合试验土壤对OTC的等温吸附过程;OTC在试验土壤上的吸附量与pH呈负相关;共存阳离子中,随着离子强度增加,吸附量均呈逐渐减少的趋势,且阳离子价态越高,离子半径越大,吸附抑制性越强;共存阴离子中,仅HCO-3对吸附存在影响,影响程度与pH相关。该研究证明了土霉素在红壤中残留的可能性非常大,污染持久性强,对土壤环境污染程度高。

华北平原禹城地区地下水埋深对地下水及土壤水分和盐分分布的试验研究

【目的】研究不同浅层地下水埋深下的土壤水盐分布规律及其对作物产量的影响。【方法】在体积蒸渗仪样地中设置4个地下水埋深处理,分别为G0(无地下水埋深)、G1(地下水埋深40 cm)、G2(地下水埋深70 cm)、G3(地下水埋深110 cm)和G4(地下水埋深150 cm),监测夏玉米在自然蒸发条件下的浅层地下水盐分离子量变化和夏玉米收获后土壤水分和盐分的垂直变化。【结果】(1)地下水埋深越深,表层(0~20 cm)土壤含水率与含盐量越低。与G0处理相比,G1处理和G2处理表层土壤含水率分别显著增加27.54%和26.97%,G3处理增加8.25%,而G4处理仅增加2.18%;G1、G2、G3处理表层土壤含盐量分别增加0.79、0.47、0.43 g/kg,而G4处理则减少了0.01g/kg。G1、G2、G3处理下的盐分主要积累在表层土壤,G4处理主要积累在40~70 cm土层;(2)地下水埋深与表层(0~20 cm)土壤含水率与含盐量呈线性关系,地下水埋深每增加0.1 m,表层土壤含水率降低0.53%,含盐量降低0.065 g/kg。(3)浅层地下水中的主要阳离子为Na^(+)、Mg^(2+),主要阴离子为SO_(4)^(2-)和HCO_(3)^(-),集中降水使浅层地下水中离子由Na-Cl·SO_(4)向Na-HCO_(3)转化;(4)在强烈的地表蒸发下,地下水埋深越浅,地下水中离子浓度上升越快。其中HCO_(3)^(-)浓度在各处理中波动较大,总体呈上升趋势;而NO_(3)^(-)由于施肥的影响,地下水埋深越浅,NO_(3)^(-)在浅层地下水中达到峰值的速度越快,且浓度越高。【结论】增加浅层地下水埋深可有效降低表层土壤水盐量,减小浅层地下水受蒸发、降水的影响。浅层地下水埋深为1.2 m最适宜夏玉米生长,产量最优。研究不同浅层地下水埋深对农田土壤水分和盐分的影响有助于掌握农业生态系统中水盐迁移以及地下水与土壤的相互作用机制,对于防止土壤盐渍化、保障作物产量具有重要意义。