Effects of natural forest conversion and plantation tree species composition on soil macrofauna communities in Northeast China mountains

As primary and secondary forests are being replaced by plantations across the globe,the soil macrofauna community structure is also affected,but little is known about the impact of mixed culture plantations compared with monocultures on the soil macrofauna.To determine the impact of forest conversion on soil macrofauna,we surveyed the soil macrofauna in two broad-leaved and three coniferous monoculture stands and four coniferous-broadleaved mixed stands,and in adjacent reserved secondary stands as a reference.Soil macro fauna community composition was significant affected by forest type,season and their interaction(P<0.05).The abundance,taxa richness and diversity of soil macro fauna changed to different degrees depending on the plantation type.Broadleaved monoculture stands and secondary stands had similar macrofauna abundance and taxa richness,but values were lower in coniferous stands than in secondary stands.The Shannon index for macrofauna in coniferous stands was also the lowest,but the Pielou index did not differ between forest types.The negative effects of the conifer monoculture on soil macro fauna were not present in the mixed stands with broad-leaved trees.Forest conversion impacted soil properties;soil moisture,NO_(3)^(-),and pH were significant drivers of soil macrofauna community structure.The impact of forest conversion on soil macrofauna was closely dependent on tree species composition and diversity.The macro fauna community structure in the broadleaved and the mixed stands were relatively similar to that in the natural forest,and thus recommended for forest conversion in the study area.

Soil Macrofauna Behaviour in the Presence of Pesticides and Organic Amendments

Insects attack vegetable crop, leading to an overuse of pesticides. Organic amendments are recommended to increase soil fertility. The impact of two insecticides, on soil macrofauna under rainfed cultivation of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) with or without organic amendments was evaluated. The insecticides were Lambda Super (lambda-cyhalothrin) and Dursban (chlorpyrifos ethyl) and organic amendments were compost, pig manure and cattle manure. An experimental device in split-plot with three replicate was installed. Pesticides were applied periodically each week during the experiment. The results have showed that with organic amendments, Lambda super increased the earthworm population compared to the control. Indeed, we found 42 individuals/m2 with compost;1 individuals/m2 with pig manure and 27 individuals/m2 with cattle manure but the control was 0 individuals/m2 in the presence of Lambda super without organic amendment. Similarly, Dursban increased the population of earthworms in the presence of organic amendment with 11, 37 and 91 individuals/m2 respectively for compost, pig manure and cattle manure. Lambda super with compost has led to a total elimination of termites. In the presence of Dursban, a decrease in the number of termites was observed when adding cattle manure (11 individuals/ m2) compared to the control containing only Dursban (21 individuals/m2). Better distribution of macrofauna was obtained with treatment with Dursban and compost (E = 0.99 for earthworms and E = 0.96 for termites). All organic amendments used in our study stimulated earthworm population, but more in the presence of Lambda super or Dursban.

Soil macrofaunal communities develop a habitat-specific trophic structure dependent on the degree of degradation of alpine wetlands

The alpine wetlands in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau have degraded in recent decades.However,the response of the soil food web to the degradation is still unclear.Four habitats including a wet meadow(WM),a grassland meadow(GM),a moderately degraded meadow(MDM)and a severely degraded meadow(SDM)(sandy meadows)were selected along the degrees of degradation.The soil macrofaunal biomass and the environmental factors of vegetation and soil were investigated.The soil macrofaunal community biomass increased significantly from WMto MDM and decreasedto a very small amount in SDM,with most taxa disappearing.The biomass of the trophic groups of detritivores,herbivores and predators exhibited similar responses to soil macrofaunal communities.The relative biomass of detritivores increased from WM to MDM,but herbivores responded in an opposite manner,resulting in the dominant trophic group and trophic structure varying progressively from WM to GM to MDM.Soil properties but not vegetation determined the changes in trophic groups and trophic structure.The results implied that the higher trophic levels(carnivores or omnivores)responded more sensitively than the lower trophic levels(herbivores)to alpine wetland degradation.Our results also suggested that soil macrofauna have a habitat-specific characteristic trophic structure and can be used as indicators of soil health conditions.

垦造耕地夏季不同有机肥对甘薯土壤大型动物群落的影响

研究垦造耕地连续2年分别施用3种不同有机肥种植甘薯的土壤大型动物在土层中分布情况,进行了土壤大型动物多样性分析。甘薯田块不同施肥处理下土壤含水率有明显差异,有机肥改善了土壤的物理结构,增加了土层蓄水能力。2年试验结果表明施加有机肥处理土壤大型动物趋向于向土层中下部活动,各肥料处理中不同大型土壤动物类型中膜翅目为优势类群。猪粪商品有机肥处理的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀度指数较高,3种有机肥的多样性指数和均匀度指数明显高于空白处理,其个体数和类群数也明显超过空白和纯化肥处理,有机肥料的施用提高了土壤生物多样性,有利于农业的可持续发展。

等氮条件下施用不同有机肥对玉米田大型土壤动物种群的影响

为从土壤动物角度研究土壤改良和耕地质量提升,探究等氮条件下不同有机肥和化肥配施对玉米田大型土壤动物的影响,试验设定猪粪(处理3)、羊粪(处理4)、菌渣(处理5)、易腐垃圾(处理6)有机肥、化肥(处理2)和空白(处理1)共6个处理,对不同施肥处理不同土层的土壤环境及大型土壤动物的分布情况开展调查,并对其大型土壤动物多样性进行了分析。结果表明,在玉米田土壤中共捕获到膜翅目、蜘蛛目、半翅目和弹尾目等10个类群的大型动物,以膜翅目和蜘蛛目为优势类群。各处理组的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数从高到低依次为处理6、处理3、处理4、处理5、处理2和处理1。其中,易腐垃圾有机肥处理的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀度指数最高,猪粪有机肥处理次之。4种有机肥处理的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均比纯化肥和空白处理高,可见有机肥料的施用增加了土壤含水量,提高了有机质及全氮含量,有利于土壤动物群落数量和多样性增加,有利于农业可持续发展。

玉米秸秆留高茬免耕对黑土农田大型土壤动物群落的影响

为阐明玉米秸秆留高茬免耕对黑土农田大型土壤动物群落的影响,在吉林省梨树县保护性耕作研发基地,对常规耕作(CT)、免耕(NT)和秸秆留高茬免耕(SS)处理样地分3个季节开展大型土壤动物群落调查。结果显示,获得的土壤动物隶属2门4纲14目。在各处理中,线蚓科(Enchytraeidae)为优势类群,鞘翅目(Coleoptera)、地蜈蚣目(Geophilomorpha)、双翅目幼虫(Diptera larvae)和蚁科(Formicidae)多为常见类群。春季,NT处理的土壤动物密度显著(P<0.05)高于CT,是CT的3.8倍;夏季,SS处理的土壤动物密度显著高于CT,是CT的2.8倍;秋季,NT与SS处理的土壤动物密度均显著高于CT,分别是CT的2.1倍与2.3倍。各处理的土壤动物密度均表现出春低秋高的特点。SS处理的大型土壤动物群落组成与CT差异明显,特别是在夏、秋季节,但与NT处理差异不明显。相较于CT,SS处理显著增加了夏、秋季线蚓科的密度。综上,秸秆留高茬免耕有助于增加农田大型土壤动物的密度。

Conversion of cropland into agroforestry land versus naturally-restored grassland alters soil macro-faunal diversity and trophic structure in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China

Restoration of cropland(termed 'Farm') after abandonment including shrubs(termed 'Shrub'),trees(termed 'Tree') and natural grassland(termed 'Grass') has become a routine process aimed to improve land productivity and control desertification. During this restoration process, soil macro-faunal diversity, and trophic structure were investigated at four types of sites(Farm, Shrub, Tree, and Grass)during growing season in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China. Results indicated that the Staphylinidae family was found to dominate at the Grass, Shrub, and Tree sites, whiles larval Pyralidae individuals were found at the Grass site only. The density of the omnivores(i.e., Formicidae family) was significantly(P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Tree and Farm sites. The total density and richness of predator and phytophages were found to be markedly(P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Farm site. Meanwhile, we found the taxon richness of predators was significantly(P<0.05) higher at the Shrub site than at the Farm and Tree sites. Compared with the Farm and afforested Shrub/Tree sites,the Grass site had greater density, taxon richness, and Shannon index(P<0.05). In conclusion, natural restoration of abandoned croplands toward grassland was an effective strategy relative to artificial afforestation for improvement of soil biological diversity. Moreover, planting shrub is a preferable measure in abandoned croplands for land development in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China.

On-Station and On-Farm Assessment of the Effects of Soil Cover on Conservation Agriculture Performances in Western Burkina Faso

Conservation agriculture (CA) is one option for dealing with such a challenge, but its main difficulty in West Africa is in maintaining permanent soil cover, particularly with crop residues, due to their preferential use for livestock fodder. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of crop residue mulching on the efficiency of cropping systems based on the principles of conservation agriculture. The experimental design was based on on-station experiments, intended to assess the specific effect of different levels of crop residue mulching on the biological and chemical soil fertility parameters, while in on-farm experiments we mainly assessed the ability of farmers to actually collect crop residues for soil cover and the associated effects on weeds and yields. The on-station experimental design was in fully randomized factorial blocks comprising five treatments and three replicates. The treatments compared the conventional system, tillage and cropping without mulching, and CA systems with 1 ton, 2 tons, and 4 tons of straw per hectare in plots of 10 m2. The effects of CA on the macrofauna, respiratory activity, and soil chemical parameters were evaluated in the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. For the on-farm experiments, the conventional and CA practices of 15 farmers were compared to conventional practices in 2013 and 2014 in plots of 626 m2. The on-station results showed that the presence of crop residue mulching induced an increase in the density of termites. A significant release of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the CA treatments compared to the conventional treatment was also observed. For the chemical parameters (pH, N, P and K) were significantly and positively affected by mulch in the top 5 centimeters of soil. The on-farm experiments confirmed the difficulty of farmers in collecting enough biomass, with negative effects on grass cover leading to generally lower yields than conventional treatments. Other practices also affected the results, such as the maize sowing date, the gap between sowing and weeding, the gap between sowing and urea supply, the number of years of CA practices in the plot and, the gap between maize sowing and cowpea sowing. For the farmers having the human resources to collect enough crop residues for soil cover and follow the steps of the crop management sequences, it was possible to maintain yields compared to the conventional practice.

城市嵌草式铺装植被和大型土壤动物群落组成特征——以新泰市为例

嵌草式铺装近年来广泛应用于城市停车场及道路,研究其群落组成特征对城市生态的综合治理具有重要意义。以新泰市为例,通过现场采样调研分析探讨了嵌草式铺装对植被和土壤动物群落组成和多样性的影响。结果显示,植被调查中共记录草本植物14科22属22种。牛筋草(Eleusine indica)为新泰市嵌草式铺装中植被的优势种。植被的平均密度和生物量分别为(21.87±2.15)株/m^(2)和(4.15±0.45)g/m^(2)。不同站点间植株密度和高度有显著空间差异(P<0.05),生物量和盖度差异不显著。不同站点的植被物种多样性特征也有所差异。大型土壤动物调查共记录7目8科10种,其中蚁科为优势类群。嵌草式铺装中土壤动物的丰度、生物量均显著高于不透水路面(P<0.05)。逐步回归分析表明,嵌草式铺装中植被和土壤动物的丰度和生物量与土壤的容积密度和含水率等理化性质显著相关(P<0.05)。土壤动物丰度与植被盖度、土壤动物生物量与植被生物量间也具有显著相关关系(P<0.05)。结果表明,嵌草式铺装能够有效提高城市生态系统中植被和土壤动物群落的丰度、生物量和多样性,这种影响是直接和间接多种方式的协同作用。未来应结合多种环境因子的监测,在不同时空尺度上系统探究嵌草式铺装带来的生态效应及其高效合理利用途径。

基于大型土壤动物多样性视角的景观驳岸生态学特征研究

【目的】揭示大型土壤动物群落特征与不同类型景观驳岸生态因子间的联系,以期为未来城市景观驳岸的建造以及生态环境修复与保护提供一定理论参考。【方法】采用实地调查法和数据分析法,对成都市温江区江安河、杨柳河及金马河3条河流不同景观驳岸类型大型土壤动物群落特征进行了研究。【结果】共捕获大型土壤动物1252只,隶属于27目117科。不同类型景观驳岸大型土壤动物密度存在显著差异(P<0.05),类群数与个体密度均呈现混合型驳岸>自然型驳岸>硬质型驳岸;大型土壤动物季节动态存在显著差异(P<0.05);大型土壤动物类群数和个体密度总体呈现秋季显著高于其他季节的趋势(P<0.05),而其余季节之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。【结论】不同景观驳岸大型土壤动物群落多样性有显著差异。建议在建造园林景观驳岸时,应注重驳岸材料的选择,适当保留原有植被,充分发挥景观驳岸的生态、观赏等功能。

西藏年楚河流域沙棘林大型土壤动物群落特征及其影响因素

【目的】为了解西藏年楚河流域沙棘林大型土壤动物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系。【方法】于2020年5月、8月和10月,根据沙棘林的地理分布特征共设置5个样地25个采样点,采用手捡法对75个土壤样品的表面和样品内大型土壤动物进行了调查,同时测得相应的环境因子。【结果】经3次采样,共捕获大型土壤动物798头,隶属于3门5纲17目28科39类群。其中优势类群为蚁科(Formicidae)、狼蛛科(Lycosidae)和石蜈蚣科(Lithobiidae),占总捕获量的62.90%;常见类群10类,占28.32%;稀有类群共26类,占8.77%。单因素方差分析显示,大型土壤动物个体数、类群数、Shannon-wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson优势度指数(C)和Pielou均匀度指数(E)3个季节间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。Jaccard相似性结果显示,5个样地的土壤动物分布具有一定差异,主坐标分析(PCOA)结果显示,土壤动物在季节间相似程度具有差异性。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,海拔、土壤含水量、土壤温度、pH、总氮和有效磷与土壤动物的群落特征具有显著相关性(P>0.05)。冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,排序轴1和2最能反映大型土壤动物群落类群组成变化的影响因子梯度,有效磷(AP)是显著解释变量。【结论】大型土壤动物各项生物指标3个季节间无显著差异(P>0.05),其群落特征时空分布具有一定差异性,海拔、土壤含水量、土壤温度、pH、总氮和有效磷是影响沙棘林大型土壤动物的重要因子。

浙江金华不同城市绿地大型土壤动物群落结构与多样性

2004年10-11月对金华市市区8种城市绿地生境中的大型土壤动物群落进行了调查,共获得大型土壤动物1231只,隶属3门8纲20目。其中优势类群为近孔寡毛目、膜翅目、双尾目和蜘蛛目,常见类群为正蚓目、等足目、柄眼目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目、双翅目和同翅目,其余类群为稀有类群。不同城市绿地生境中的土壤动物的类群组成以及个体数不同。在土壤动物研究中,群落复杂性指数(C)比Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)更能体现群落的复杂性与多样性,且能修正不同类群个体数对多样性的影响。大型土壤动物显示了明显的表聚现象,垂直分布有明显差异,类群数和个体数随深度增加而减少。群落聚类以及排序的结果显示,8种城市绿地生境中的大型土壤动物群落可以分为6大类:草坪类、草地类、新植草坪类、无草本层的人工林类、有草本层的人工林类和灌木林类。

不同利用方式土地秋季大型土壤动物群落结构

为了解不同利用方式土地的大型土壤动物群落结构,于2004年10—11月对浙江省金华市市区北部7种土地,即农田(P)、菜园(K)、果园(O)、荒地(W)、庭院(Y)、草皮绿地(L)和建筑工地(B)进行垂直(上、中、下3层)取样,共获得大型土壤动物1161只,隶属3门8纲20目。分析表明:大型土壤动物群落优势类群为近孔寡毛目、膜翅目,常见类群为蜘蛛目、双尾目、正蚓目、等足目、柄眼目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目和双翅目,其他均为稀有类群。大型土壤动物群落的群落复杂性指数(C)为O>K>W>B>L>P>Y,Shannon-Weiner指数(H′)为L>B>W>K>O>P>Y,C比H′更好体现了群落的复杂性与多样性。垂直分布显示大型土壤动物具明显的表聚现象。根据大型土壤动物群落聚类和排序的结果,可将7种土地分为3组,即强干扰无植被组、草本种植组和果园组,显示了大型土壤动物对不同土地利用方式的响应情况。

北京松山四种大型土壤动物群落组成和结构

对北京松山 4种生态系统中大型土壤动物群落的组成、垂直结构、多样性及相似性进行了比较研究。全部调查共获大型土壤动物 4门 8纲 2 3目 6 5科 ,其中以蚁科、隐翅甲科、地蜈蚣科、长头地蜈蚣科、石蜈蚣科和正蚓科最为重要。 4个土壤动物群落中 ,类群数和个体数的变化趋势均为 :山顶草甸群落 ( D) >落叶阔叶林群落 ( C) >人工油松林群落 ( A) >天然油松林群落 ( B) ,这一数量差异突出表现在群落 D中各个土层的高丰富性以及群落 B表层的贫乏和 层土壤动物的急剧减少。不同群落中狭布类群的多寡也存在明显差异 ,群落 B远较其他群落为少。 4个群落的 Shannon-Weiner多样性指数 ( H′)的相对大小为 :群落 C >群落 D >群落 B >群落 A,与群落均匀度的变化显著相关 ( p <0 .0 5 )而与丰富度关系不密切。Jaccard系数、Gower系数和 Piankaα指数的分析结果表明 ,4个群落的组成具有很高的异质性 ;其中群落 A与群落 B的相似性最高 ,群落 A与群落 D的相似性最低。进一步比较了包括松山在内的国内不同温度带 1 1个山地林区大型土壤动物群落的组成特征 ,对大型土壤动物群落组成的纬向变化趋势进行了初步分析。最后 ,在对土壤动物群落的特征以及 H′指数和廖崇惠等的 DG指数进行分析讨论的基础上 ,提出了一个新的群落?

地埂植物篱对大型土壤动物多样性的影响

为了解地埂植物篱作为农田边界对于大型土壤动物多样性的影响,2006年冬季和2007年春季对桑园、桑埂、橘园、橘埂和农田大型土壤动物群落结构进行了调查,共获得大型土壤动物4533只,隶属于3门、9纲、24类。结果表明,不同土地利用方式大型土壤动物群落的个体密度、类群数和DG多样性指数均存在显著差异。无论在冬季还是在春季,地埂植物篱桑埂和橘埂的个体密度、类群数和DG多样性指数均显著高于农田;冬季桑园和橘园的个体密度、类群数和DG多样性指数也显著高于农田。大型土壤动物群落的个体密度和类群数在垂直分布上与土壤含水量、全N和有机质含量的垂直分布规律一致,均随着土层深度的增加而递减。主成分分析表明,桑埂、橘埂和橘园的大型土壤动物群落组成与桑园和农田存在显著差异,桑园与农田也存在显著差异。地埂植物篱的存在对于大型土壤动物多样性保护具有重要意义。

长春市不同土地利用条件下大型土壤动物群落结构与组成

对长春市郊区天然次生林、市区公园绿地、郊区防护林和农田等典型土地利用生境进行大型土壤动物调查,手拣法野外采集大型土壤动物,应用个体密度和类群数量等指标,研究土地利用变化对大型土壤动物群落特征的影响。研究区共捕获大型土壤动物3773只,分别隶属于3门6纲17目102科。研究结果表明:不同土地利用生境大型土壤动物群落个体密度和类群数存在差异,其中郊区农田和防护林土壤动物的类群数和个体密度明显减少;植物群落类型对大型土壤动物群落特征有一定影响;大型土壤动物群落个体密度和类群数主要集中分布在地表0-5cm土壤层,生境地表凋落物的移除对土壤动物群落的类群数和个体密度影响不明显;此外,不同土壤动物类群对土地利用变化的响应也不同[动物学报52(2):279-287,2006]。

不同土地利用方式下大型土壤动物群落对土壤理化性质的响应

2005年10-11月对金华市市区北部不同土地利用方式下的大型土壤动物群落与土壤理化性质的关系进行了研究,在水稻田(P)、菜园(K)、果园(O)、无植被荒地(W)、苗圃(N)、庭院(Y)和草皮绿地(L)7种不同利用方式的土地中取样,共获得大型土壤动物1 052只,隶属3门8纲19目.研究发现,大型土壤动物群落优势类群为近孔寡毛目、膜翅目和双尾目,常见类群为蜘蛛目、正蚓目、等足目、柄眼目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目和双翅目,其余类群为稀有类群.分析了各种土地利用方式下土壤动物的多样性;同时,对各种土地利用方式下土壤的理化性质进行了测定,探讨了土壤动物与土壤理化性质之间的关系,结果表明土壤容重、pH值、有机质含量、全N含量、全K含量和速效K含量与土壤动物的种类和数量有密切的关系.

桤木混交对杉木人工林大型土壤动物群落的影响

调查了中亚热带会同地区 13a生杉木纯林 (纯林 )和 8杉木 2桤木混交林 (混交林 )的大型土壤动物群落 ,并比较了两个林分在群落结构上的差别 .结果表明 :双翅目是两个群落在数量上的优势类群 ,分别占全部大型土壤动物个体数的 5 2 .1%和 82 .4 % .杉木跟桤木混交以后 ,保留了纯林的大部分属性 ,各类群在大型土壤动物群落中的地位基本保持不变 ,双翅目、蜘蛛目、膜翅目仍然是最主要的类群 ,但这种混交方式改变了一些土壤动物的群落结构参数 ,多度和丰富度出现上升的趋势 ,均匀度显著降低 .在各类群中 ,主要以双翅目幼虫的多度和相对多度增加幅度较大 ,这种变化是降低整个群落均匀度的一个主要原因 .图 3表 2参

茂兰喀斯特森林大型土壤动物群落多样性初探

2008年7月至9月,对茂兰喀斯特森林3种植被类型下的大型土壤动物进行研究,共获5 728只,隶属3门7纲23类.选用类群数、个体数及多样性、均匀性、优势度指标来分析土壤动物群落结构.结果表明:茂兰喀斯特森林生态系统中,优势类群为膜翅目(蚁科)和蜘蛛目2类,稀有类群为原尾目、石蛃目、等翅目、同翅目、半翅目、双翅目(包含幼虫)、缨翅目、综合纲8类;两个优势类群的个体数占总捕获量的50.93%,3种植被类型的优势度:乔木林大于乔灌混交林大于草坡;均匀性指数差异不大;群落相似性系数差异较小.

金华北山阔叶林大型土壤动物群落的初步研究

2003年10～11月,对金华北山落叶阔叶林和常绿阔叶林大型土壤动物进行了调查,共获得大型土壤动物1445只,隶属3门,7纲,18目.其中近孔寡毛目(线蚓科)、鞘翅目为优势类群,正蚓目、弹尾目、膜翅目、双翅目、蜘蛛目、蜱螨目为常见类群.通过对两个样地大型土壤动物的对比分析,落叶阔叶林和常绿阔叶林的大型土壤动物优势类群、常见类群组成成分及类群数基本相同,群落多样性和均匀性指数差异不大.在垂直分布上,两者的变化基本一致,类群数和个体数量随土层的加深呈递减趋势,且表聚现象明显.土壤养分和pH值与大型土壤动物群落组成和结构密切相关.