Metagenomic profiles of soil microbiota under two different cropping systems detected by STRs-based PCR

In this research, soil microbial structures under a wheat triennial monoculture and horse bean-wheat-horse bean succession were evidenced using a metagenomic approach. Polymorphism analysis of DNA extracted from soil samples collected at the end of the third year of the two crop successions, was performed by PCR, carried-out with six different primers designed on simple tandem repeats sequences. Readable profiles were obtained with M13 primer, from which no polymorphisms were detected, and with the primer (GACA)4, that gave distinctive patterns. Experimental findings suggest that metagenomic analysis performed by (GACA)4 primer may be an easy and suitable method to discriminate microbial diversity of different crop successions. (GACA)4 PCR-pattern indicate that soil microbiota changes are well correlated with crop succession.

Impacts of Micro- and Nano-Plastics on Soil Properties and Plant Production in Agroecosystems: A Mini-Review

Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) are tiny plastic particles resulting from plastic product degradation. Soil MNPs have been identified as potential influential factors affecting various soil properties and crop biomass productivity. This mini-review provides a synthesis of recent findings concerning their effects on soil physicochemical properties, microorganisms, organic carbon content, soil nutrients, greenhouse gas emissions, soil fauna, and their impacts on plant ecophysiology, growth, and production. The results indicate that MNPs may markedly impede soil aggregation ability, increase porosity, decrease soil bulk density, enhance water retention capacity, influence soil pH and electrical conductivity, and escalate soil water evaporation. Exposure to MNPs may predominantly induce changes in soil microbial composition, reducing the diversity and complexity of microbial communities and microbial activity while enhancing soil organic carbon stability, influencing soil nutrient dynamics, and stimulating organic carbon decomposition and denitrification processes, leading to elevated soil respiration and methane emissions, and potentially decreasing soil nitrous oxide emission. Additionally, MNPs may adversely affect soil fauna, diminish seed germination rates, promote plant root growth, yet impair plant photosynthetic efficacy and biomass productivity. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the impacts and mechanistic foundations of MNPs. Future research avenues are suggested to further explore the impacts and economic implications.

Micro-morphological Features of Topsoil under Long-term Cultivation of Grain and Cotton Crops in Northwestern Shandong

This study aimed to provide a basis for the rational improvement of the microstructure of the soil that had been planted with crops for a long time. Conventional and micro-morphological methods were used to study the effects of planting grain and cotton crops on soil properties in Gaotang County,Shandong Province. The results showed that long-term cultivation of grain and cotton crops has a significant impact on soil micro-structure. The top soil( 0-10 cm) of wheat-maize field has higher organic matter content,uniform aggregate size,high separation,and strong packing void connectivity,forming a type micro-structure that is conducive to agricultural production. The characteristics of soil matrix are mainly inherited from soil parent materials,and the impact of crop cultivation on soil matrix is very weak. The amount of formations in the soil is less,and only Fe nodules,Mn nodules and excrement are observed.

The Soil Moisture and Grain Size Characteristics of Micro-area: A Case Study of Minqin Oasis- Desert Ecotone

To elaborate soil moisture and grain size characteristics of 3 typical micro-areas in Minqin oasis-desert ecotone,samples were collected in runoff generation area and accumulated area using soil profile and multi-point sampling method,for soil moisture and physicochemical property analysis. Research results that( i) water accumulation trace of accumulated area is significant and the vegetation coverage is larger than the runoff generation area. The crust development in clay sand barrier + Haloxylon ammodendron forest accumulated is better than runoff generation area,while the situation is contrary in Nitraria tangutorum sand dune lowland and clay flat land.( ii) Moisture of accumulated area in fixed Nitraria tangutorum sand inter-dune lowland is better than the runoff generation area; the moisture of accumulated area in clay flat land topsoil is significantly better than the runoff generation area,while the topsoil moisture of clay sand barrier + Haloxylon ammodendron forest is better in the runoff generation area than in the accumulated area.( iii) Soil moisture of accumulated area in 3 types of micro-areas is in the range of 20- 40 cm; the fixed Nitraria tangutorum sand inter-dune lowland is better than clay flat land and clay sand barrier + Haloxylon ammodendron forest,while the lowest moisture of corresponding runoff generation area is basically consistent with the depth.( iv) The topsoil clay and powder content in accumulated area of fixed Nitraria tangutorum sand inter-dune lowland is lower than the runoff generation area,while the fine sand content in deep layer of runoff generation area is greater than the accumulated area; soil in two areas of clay flat land mainly consists of coarse and fine sand,and clay particles are better in runoff generation area than in accumulated area. Soil in the clay sand barrier + Haloxylon ammodendron forest is mainly coarse sand and the structure is single. In sum,through adjusting allocation of rainfall,micro-areas influence soil moisture and grain size distribution,and further influence spatial- temporal distribution of vegetation in sand micro-areas.

Soil water response to precipitation in different microtopographies on the semi-arid Loess Plateau,China

Soil water is an important factor restricting afforestation on the semi-arid Loess Plateau.The microtopography of the loess slope has changed the distribution pattern of soil water on the slope.To improve water utilization efficiency and optimize afforestation configuration patterns,the relationship between soil water and precipitation at micro-topographic scale must be studied.We used time series analysis to study the temporal variation of soil water and its response to precipitation in four kinds of micro-topographies and undisturbed slope on loess slopes.Micro-topographies significantly influenced soil water distribution and dynamics on the slopes.Soil water stored in the platform,sinkhole,and ephemeral gully influenced subsequent soil water for 4 weeks,whereas soil water stored in the scarp and undisturbed slope could influence soil water for 2 weeks.It took 12 weeks,10 weeks,18 weeks,6 weeks,and 12 weeks for precipitation to reach the deeper soil layer in the platform,sinkhole,scarp,ephemeral gully,and undisturbed slope,respectively.These soil water characteristics in different micro-topographies are vital factors that should be taken into consideration when undertaking afforestation on the Loess Plateau.

不同长度micro-lysimeters对测定土壤蒸发的影响

研究了 5 ,10 ,15 ,2 0 ,2 5 cm共 5种不同长度处理和内壁有孔、内外壁均有孔 2种处理由 PVC管制成的 micro- lysimeters对土壤蒸发的影响。结果表明 :降雨后 5 ,10 cm处理的土壤水分蒸发较快 ,15 ,2 0 ,2 5 cm处理的变化不明显 ,可以利用 15 cm长的 m icro- lysimeters测定土壤蒸发 ;壁上有孔处理的蒸发要高于同样长度的无孔处理。

Effects of Plastic Film Mulching of Millet on Soil Moisture and Temperature in Semi-Arid Areas in South Ningxia of China

The effects of film mulching of millet on soil water content were studied in semi-arid areas in the Loess Plateau of South Ningxia, China. Different mulching methods including water micro-collecting farming （WF）, water micro-collecting farming in winter fallow （WW）, hole seeding on film （HF）, hole seeding on film in winter fallow （HW） were compared to determine the effects of mulching methods on soil water collecting and conservation during millet growth periods of 2003-2004, as well as the variation tendency of water content after rainfall, output of millet and water use efficiency （WUE）. The experimental results in the two successive years indicated that water micro-collecting farming had a better function of collecting water after rainfall, and side infiltrated water was stored under the ridges and the top layer 0-40 cm soil water changes were great. WF had obvious role in water collection and preservation of soil moisture. It effectively improved the water supply capacity by about 19.05% in the end of growth seasons. The storage of HW and WW increased by 24.9 and 7.1 mm compared with CK, and output of yield were obviously increased. Film mulching increased the yield of millet and enhanced water use efficiency （WUE）. During different growth periods, WF exhibited better water storage function with lower water consumption, and demonstrated optimal social and ecological benefits.

Structural bonding-breakage constitutive model for natural unsaturated clayey soils

The natural clayey soils are usually structural and unsaturated,which makes their mechanical properties quite different from the remolded saturated soils.A structural constitutive model is proposed to simulate the bonding-breakage micro-mechanism.In this model,the unsaturated soil element is divided into a cementation element and a friction element according to the binary medium theory,and the stress-strain coordination for these two elements is obtained. The cementation element is regarded as elastic,whereas the friction element is regarded as elastoplastic which can be described with the Gallipoli＇s model.The theoretical formulation is verified with the comparative experiments of isotropic compressions on the saturated and unsaturated structural soils.Parametric analyses of the effects of damage variables on the model predictions are further carried out,which show that breakage deformation of natural clayey soils increases with the rising amount of initial defects.

Soil Erosion Spatial Distribution Character of Sloping Field in the Sichuan Hilly Basin:Taking a Cultivated Slope in Neijiang as Example

^137Cs nuclear tracing technique was used to estimate rates of soil redistribution on a sloping field with traditional erosion control measures located near Shangqiao Village, Neijiang City, in the Sichuan Hilly Basin of China. The downslope changes of ^137 Cs inventory and its corresponding soil erosion rates in the sloping field show a rolling trend and have two peak values in two inflexions of the sloping field, these result reflects that the changes of microphysiognomy play a key role on the spatial soil redistribution of the sloping field.

Vertical distribution of soil moisture and surface sandy soil wind erosion for different types of sand dune on the southeastern margin of the Mu Us Sandy Land,China

Soil moisture is a critical state affecting a variety of land surface and subsurface processes. We report investigation results of the factors controlling vertical variation of soil moisture and sand transport rate of three types of dunes on the south- eastern margin of the Mu Us Sandy Land. Samples were taken from holes drilled to a depth of 4 m at different topographic sites on the dunes, and were analyzed for soil moisture, grain-size distribution and surface sediment discharge. The results show that： （1） The average soil moisture varies in different types of dunes, with the following sequences ordered from highest to lowest： in the shrubs-covered dunes and the trees-covered dunes the sequence is from inter-dunes lowland to windward slope to leeward slope. The average moisture in the bare-migratory sand dunes is sequenced from inter-dunes lowland to leeward slope to windward slope. （2） Vegetation form and surface coverage affect the range of soil moisture of different types of dunes in the same topographic position. The coefficient of variation of soil moisture for shrubs-covered dunes is higher than that of other types of dune. （3） The effect of shrubs on dune soil moisture is explained in terms of the greater ability of shrubs to trap fine-grained atmospheric dust and hold moisture. （4） The estimated sand transport rates over sand dunes with sparse shrubs are less than those over bare-migratory dunes or sand dunes with sparse trees, indicating that shrubs are more effective in inhibiting wind erosion in the sandy land area.

Balanced Fertilizer Use through Soil Testing Leads to Higher Yields and Nutrient Contents of Maize Grains

Fertilizers use can be optimized through soil testing and leaf analysis. This paper deals with using soil analysis as a base for fertilizer use in maize. A field experiment was carried out in two summer seasons of 2013 and 2014 with maize (triple hybrid) in Oraby Village, Mariut sector, Alexandria, Egypt. Soil testing shows that soil was clay loam, with high Na and CaCO3 contents with high pH, low organic matter, medium P and K and low micronutrient contents (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu), seven treatments were designed. The most promising treatment was when P and K were increased and micronutrients were added based on soil testing. This treatment resulted in the highest yield with better grain contents of protein and nutrients which indicated that soil-test based on fertilizer use was superior. Soil analysis at the end of the experiment showed higher P and K contents. This approach could be adopted for regions with similar soil conditions in other parts of the world.

腾格里沙漠东南缘固沙植被区蚁丘对中小型土壤节肢动物群落的影响

为阐明固沙植被区中蚂蚁筑巢活动形成蚁丘对中小型土壤节肢动物群落的影响规律,于2022年在腾格里沙漠东南缘建植第5、8、34、57年的固沙植被区中,分别采集蚁丘内、外土壤样品,采用干漏斗法分离中小型土壤节肢动物,调查了固沙植被演替过程中蚁丘内外中小型土壤节肢动物群落组成、多样性分布特征及影响因素。结果显示:(1)中小型土壤动物的优势类群包括球角虫兆属、等节虫兆属和小真古螨科,分别从第8、34、57年开始呈现出蚁丘内显著高于蚁丘外的分布特征(P<0.05)。中小型土壤节肢动物优势类群个体数及总个体数均从固沙植被建植第8年开始,蚁丘内显著高于蚁丘外(P<0.05)。(2)中小型土壤动物群落类群数和Shannon-Wiener指数均表现为从固沙植被建植第34年开始,表现为蚁丘内显著高于蚁丘外(P<0.05),而且34年固沙植被区蚁丘内分别是蚁丘外的1.6倍、2.2倍,57年固沙植被区蚁丘内分别是蚁丘外的2.3倍、3.9倍;均匀度指数仅在固沙57年呈现出蚁丘内显著高于蚁丘外(P<0.05)的分布特征,即蚁丘内是蚁丘外的5.4倍。(3)结构方程模型显示,在固沙初期,土壤黏粒含量是影响中小型土壤节肢动物群落分布的主要环境因子,而在中后期则为土壤全氮和全钾含量。综合分析表明,腾格里沙漠东南缘固沙植被演替初期蚁丘仅增加中小型土壤节肢动物个体数,而只有在长期演替后蚁丘才表现为显著增加其个体数和多样性、直至改变群落组成结构,并对裸沙地中小型土壤节肢动物个体数分布具有重要辐射作用。

木质素改良膨胀土的工程特性及微观机理

为了探究木质素对新乡地区弱膨胀土的作用效果,通过室内试验、ESEM(环境扫描电子显微镜)试验研究了不同掺量木质素改良新乡地区弱膨胀土的物理性质及力学特性,对不同掺量改良土体微观结构特征及其孔隙形态特征进行定性描述与量化表征,并基于XRD(X射线衍射)试验结果探讨了改良土体中矿物成分的变化,从而揭示木质素与土体间的相互作用机理。试验结果表明:采用木质素改良膨胀土时,3%木质素抑制膨胀土膨胀性效果最好,且此时土体抗压强度最高,超过最优掺量后,土体抗压强度反而降低。土体中孔隙结构复杂,孔隙排列混乱无秩序、定向性较差,木质素胶结物可以填充土体孔隙使其微观结构更加密实。木质素在膨胀土中起胶结作用,并不能与膨胀土反应生成新的矿物成分,与土作用时稳定性较好,属于物理改良。木质素作为一种高效、环保的改良剂,可有效改善膨胀土的基本工程特性,值得深入研究。

考虑土拱效应的微型桩组合结构合理桩间距研究

目前,微型抗滑桩及微型桩组合抗滑结构的桩间距一般由工程经验确定,极大地影响了其抗滑性能。针对这一问题,将桩间土拱拱轴线视为抛物线,分别以拱顶或拱脚处土体达到极限状态为控制条件给出最大桩间距计算公式,并与模型试验结果对比分析,验证了其合理性。在此基础上,考虑桩间土拱与桩群间土拱的相互作用,建立了微型桩组合抗滑结构合理桩间距简化计算模型,将简化工程实例计算结果与数值模拟结果对比分析,验证了该计算模型的合理性。本文建立的桩间距计算模型可以为微型桩群桩位的布置提供理论依据。

Study on micro-water-collecting technique in dryland field of spring maize

This paper analyses the effect of water storage and soil moisture conservation by means of micro water collecting technique in the dryland field of spring maize. The results indicate that the rainfall infiltration depth is deeper by means of micro water collecting treatment than that of the control. In micro water collecting treatment, the amount of soil water storage within 0～200 cm of soil layers increases by 50.5 mm, 13.5～58.6 mm, and 24.5 mm respectively during seedling stage, the critical stage of water requirement and the ripening and harvesting stage compared with the control. The micro water collecting technique not only has the function of regulating and adjusting the amount and distribution of field evapotranspiration, but also can raise the water use efficiency, which results in an obvious effect of increasing crop yield, especially in the dry years.

连续7年施肥提升复垦土壤肥力提高玉米产量的驱动因子

研究长期施肥对玉米连作体系下采煤塌陷区复垦土壤肥力变化和玉米产量的影响,明确玉米产量提高的驱动因素和最佳施肥处理,可为该区域培肥土壤和耕地质量提升提供理论依据。该研究依托7 a(2014—2020年)复垦定位肥料试验基地,设置不施肥对照(CK)、氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)和有机肥配施无机肥(MNPK)4个处理,采集0~20 cm土层土壤样品,研究不同施肥处理对作物产量、土壤化学指标(包括有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效铁锰铜锌含量)、土壤物理指标,即团聚体分布比例及其碳氮含量以及土壤生物指标,即与碳循环相关的土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,施化肥及有机肥较CK均显著提高了玉米籽粒产量,且以M处理的增幅最大。M处理显著提高了土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾及有效锰含量,增幅分别为21.50%、12.50%、98.37%及20.19%;MNPK处理改善了土壤的基本性质,显著提高了大粒径团聚体(>2 mm)中有机碳和全氮含量,增幅分别达68.68%和471.43%,但是显著降低了土壤有效铜和有效锌含量,降幅分别为16.67%和16.46%。而且施加有机肥后,加速了大团聚体(0.25~2 mm)的破碎,伴随着粉黏粒组分(<0.053 mm)数量的增加。此外,NPK处理显著提高了β-葡萄糖苷酶活性,增幅为29.17%,但是显著降低了脲酶活性,降幅为29.79%,施有机肥(M和MNPK)显著提高了蔗糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,增幅分别为45.87%~73.39%、54.98%~60.73%、43.09%~80.32%和51.52%~54.97%。进一步通过主成分分析以及土壤肥力综合指数评价,表明单施有机肥是该复垦区域耕地质量提升和维持土地生产力较好的农田管理措施。结合冗余分析结果可知,β-葡萄糖苷酶是评价土壤肥力的敏感性指标,它对玉米籽粒产量和土壤有机质含量的贡献率高达72.40%。因此,在现有的农田管理条件下,单施有机肥主要通过增强β-葡萄糖苷酶活性进而促进复垦土壤肥力的形成,最终提高了作物产量,是维持该复垦区作物高产稳产和培育耕地质量的有效措施。

森林火烧迹地林下植物多样性与土壤理化性质变化格局

为探究森林火烧迹地中的植物多样性和土壤理化性质的变化规律,试验选取广东西江烂柯山省级自然保护区和肇庆市国有北岭山林场内不同火烧恢复年限(2.5~16.0年)的样地和未被火烧过的森林公园(对照样地)样地进行调查和研究,详细记录样方内林下植物种类名称、数量和覆盖度等,并计算植物多样性指数。同时,测定了表层土壤(0~10 cm)的理化性质,大团聚体湿筛和微团聚体粒径质量分布。结果表明,(1)火烧后,林下植物种类、数量,Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener指数都低于对照样地。火烧后的样地林下植被种类、数量、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数和枯落物厚度随恢复时间变长总体表现出先增加后减少的趋势。而Margalef丰富度指数和Fish-er′sα指数都呈现总体增加的趋势;所测的对植物生长有主要影响的土壤理化性质多与植物的Simpson优势度指数和生境Fisher′sα指数呈正相关,而与其他多样性指数负相关。(2)随着火烧样地恢复年限的增加,土壤pH值、全钾、全磷和有效磷含量都总体上呈现出先升高再下降的趋势,而速效钾、全氮、水解氮含量、阳离子交换量都呈现先降低后升高的趋势。(3)随着火烧后恢复年限的增加,湿筛后土壤水稳性大团聚体粒径>0.50 mm和≤0.25 mm粒径百分比呈现出先升高后下降的趋势,火烧有助于短期提高表层土壤的大团聚体含量和稳定性。火烧后微团聚体≤0.25 mm的5个粒径级别,其百分比随恢复时间的延长都有先降低后升高的趋势,火烧后短期的生态恢复增强了微团聚体的稳定性和抗侵蚀能力。

彭州市不同土地利用方式土壤小型分解者群落结构和功能

分解作用是农业生态系统养分循环的重要环节,也是影响农田土壤肥力和生产力的关键过程。土地利用方式不仅显著影响了农田中的土壤微生物和线虫等小型分解者群落的结构特征,还可能改变其生态功能,进而影响分解作用。但是,农业生态系统中的生境变化如何影响了分解作用速率仍不明确,不同土地利用方式下环境因子、土壤生物群落和分解作用之间的动态关系如何也不清楚。利用“茶包指数”量化了彭州市典型农区内农田、撂荒地、经济林和杂木林四种生境下的分解速率,并调查比较了各生境下的环境因子和土壤小型分解者群落结构和功能的差异。研究结果发现杂木林和撂荒地的分解速率最快,其次为经济林和农田。有乔木覆盖的生境中土壤小型分解者的丰度相对更高,食物网趋于成熟稳定。在人为管理更频繁的农田和经济林,共生和腐生真菌的丰度显著下降,地下食物网的连通性也弱于受干扰程度低的半自然生境,但病原菌的丰度也较低。土壤细菌是调控分解速率最重要的分解者类群;生境中地上植物丰富度的增加、土壤pH、容重和含碳量的升高均有助于加快分解速率。在彭州市推行农林间作模式,增加地上生境复杂度并合理进行人为管理能够更好地维持地下食物网复杂度和连通性,促进分解作用快速、彻底地进行,对维持土壤养分和健康,提高生产力具有重要意义。

工业固废-水泥固化腐殖土的力学响应和微观机制

为了推动腐殖土在岩土工程领域的资源化利用,采用工业固废(包括生物质飞灰、电石渣和磷石膏)协同水泥对腐殖土进行固化处理。以中国广东省某陈旧型简易垃圾填埋场开采的腐殖土为研究对象,通过常规三轴试验、干湿和冻融循环试验、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)和压汞(MIP)测试探究了工业固废-水泥固化腐殖土的三维力学特性、耐久性能及微观机制。试验结果表明:随着P_(o-b)(即工业固废替代水泥的比率)的增加,试样偏应力与轴向应变的关系逐渐由应变软化向应变硬化过渡。三元工业固废的适当掺入(P_(o-b)为25%~50%)有利于减缓干湿循环作用下工业固废-水泥固化腐殖土试样的劣化速率,而纯水泥固化腐殖土试样表现出相对优异的极限偏应力和抗冻性。微观结构分析表明大量钙矾石晶体和C―(A)―S―H凝胶等产物增强了腐殖土颗粒之间的黏结,同时填充了微观孔隙。研究结果可为垃圾填埋场开采的腐殖土修复及再利用提供理论依据。

广州原状花岗岩残积土非饱和力学特性的试验研究

【目的】为了研究原状花岗岩残积土的表观黏聚力和有效内摩擦角随基质吸力的变化趋势,【方法】以广州市白云区某医院在挖基坑的原状花岗岩残积土为研究对象,通过室内试验研究原状花岗岩残积土的矿物成分、颗粒级配曲线、基本物理性质指标和微观结构等,借助变水头试验研究原状饱和花岗岩残积土的渗透性,结合非饱和三轴固结排水试验与原状土的微观试验,解释微观结构在宏观层面上对残积土的渗透系数、崩解及基质吸力等的影响,探讨了不同类型土体土水特征曲线差异的原因。【结果】结果显示,研究对象的花岗岩残积土为残积黏性土,主要由高岭土、石英和云母等组成,土体内部孔隙大小不均匀且相互贯通。饱和状态下原状花岗岩残积土的有效黏聚力和有效内摩擦角分别为29.17 kPa和20.99°。【结论】结果表明,非饱和状态下,随饱和度的减小,基质吸力对花岗岩残积土的表观黏聚力和有效内摩擦角均有着明显的影响;Khalili给出的非饱和抗剪强度方程式对花岗岩残积土较为合适。