Study on soil-pile-structure-TMD interaction system by shaking table model test

The success of the tuned mass damper (TMD) in reducing wind-induced structural vibrations has been well established. However, from most of the recent numerical studies, it appears that for a structure situated on very soft soil, soil-structure interaction (SSI) could render a damper on the structure totally ineffective. In order to experimentally verify the SSI effect on the seismic performance of TMD, a series of shaking table model tests have been conducted and the results are presented in this paper. It has been shown that the TMD is not as effective in controlling the seismic responses of structures built on soft soil sites due to the SSI effect. Some test results also show that a TMD device might have a negative impact if the SSI effect is neglected and the structure is built on a soft soil site. For structures constructed on a soil foundation, this research verifies that the SSI effect must be carefully understood before a TMD control system is designed to determine if the control is necessary and if the SSI effect must be considered when choosing the optimal parameters of the TMD device.

Shaking Table Model Test of Isolated Structure on Soft Site and Analysis on Its Isolation Efficiency

Adopting a soft site model built on soft interlayer soil foundation,a shaking table test for soft interlayer soil-isolated structure interaction is conducted to investigate the seismic response of isolated structure on soft site,and analyze its isolation effect.Test results show that the test can reflect the earthquake response characteristics of isolated structure on soft site.It is on soft site that the dynamic characteristics of isolated structure,acceleration magnification factor(AMF)of isolated structure and isolation efficiency of the isolation layer differ from those on rigid foundation with an soil-structure interaction(SSI)effect,represented by the reduction in fundamental vibration frequency of isolated structure and the increase of damping ratio with changes of the SSI effect.SSI can either increase or decrease AMF of isolated structure on soft site,depending on the characteristics of earthquake motion input.Furthermore,the isolation efficiency of isolation layer on soft site is decreased with the SSI effect,which is related to the peak ground acceleration(PGA)and the characteristics of earthquake motion input.

Design method of pile-slab structure roadbed of ballastless track on soil subgrade

Pile-slab structure roadbed is a new form of ballastless track for high speed railway. Due to lack of corresponding design code, based on the analysis of its structure characteristics and application requirements, it is proposed to carry out load effect combination according to ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state, and the most unfavorable combination of each state is chosen to carry through design calculation for pile-slab structure. Space model of pile-slab structure can be simplified as a plane flame model, by using the orthogonal test method, and the design parameter of pile-slab structure is optimized. Moreover, based on the engineering background of Suining-Chongqing high-speed railway, the dynamic deformation characteristics of pile-slab structure roadbed are further researched by carrying on the indoor dynamic model test. The test results show that the settlement after construction of subgrade satisfies the requirement of settlement control to build ballastless track on soil subgrade for high-speed railway. Slab structure plays the role of arch shell as load is transmitted from slab to pile, and the vertical dynamic stress of subgrade soil is approximately of ＂K＂ form distribution with the depth. The distribution of pile stress is closely related to soil characteristics, which has an upset triangle shape where the large dynamic stress is at the top. Pile compared with soil shares most dynamic stress. Pile structure expands the depth of the dynamic response of subgrade has limited effect on dynamic response. These results can provide subgrade. and improves the stress of subgrade soil, and the speed of train scientific basis for pile-slab structure roadbed used on soil

Dynamic behavior of new cutting subgrade structure of expensive soil under train loads coupling with service environment

Expansive soil is sensitive to dry and wet environment change. And the volume deformation and inflation pressure of expansive soil may induce to cause the deformation failure of roadbed or many other adverse effects. Aimed at a high-speed railway engineering practice in the newly built Yun-Gui high-speed railway expansive soil section in China, indoor vibration test on a full-scaled new cutting subgrade model is carried out. Based on the established track-subgrade-foundation of expansive soil system dynamic model test platform, dynamic behavior of new cutting subgrade structure under train loads coupling with extreme service environment(dry, raining, and groundwater level rising) is analyzed comparatively. The results show that the subgrade dynamic response is significantly influenced by service conditions and the dynamic response of subgrade gradually becomes stable with the increasing vibration times under various service environment conditions. The vertical dynamic soil stress is related with the depth in an approximate exponential function, and the curves of vertical dynamic soil stress present a "Z" shape distribution along transverse distance. The peak value of dynamic soil stress appears below the rail, and it increases more obviously near the roadbed surface. However, the peak value of dynamic soil stress is little affected outside 5.0 m of center line. The vibration velocity and acceleration are in a quadratic curve with an increase in depth, and the raining and groundwater level rising increase both the vibration velocity and the acceleration. The vertical deformations at different depths are differently affected by service environment in roadbed. The deformation of roadbed increases sharply when the water gets in the foundation of expansive soil, and more than 60% of the total deformation of roadbed occurs in expansive soil foundation. The laid waterproofing and drainage structure layer, which weakens the dynamic stress and improves the track regularity, presents a positive effect on the control deformation of roadbed surface. An improved empirical formula is then proposed to predict the dynamic stress of ballasted tracks subgrade of expansive soil.

A DUAL-SURFACE DAMAGE MODEL AND EVALUATION FOR NATURAL SOILS WITHIN THE THERMOMECHANICAL FRAMEWORK

Naturally deposited or residual soils exhibit more complicated behavior than remolded clays. A dual-surface damage model for structured soils is developed based on the thermodynamics framework established in our first paper. The shift stresses and the transformation between the generalized dissipative stress space and actual stress space are established following a systematic procedure. The corresponding constitutive behavior of the proposed model is determined, which reflects the internal structural configuration and damage behavior for geomaterials. Four evolution variables κj^i（i=D, R;j=V, S） and the basic parameters λ, s, v and e0 are introduced to account for the progressive loss of internal structure for natural clays. A series of fully triaxial tests and isotropic compression tests are performed for structured and reconstituted samples of Beijing and Zhengzhou natural clays. The validation of the proposed model is examined by comparing the numerical results with the experimental data.

Influence of dynamic soil-pile raft-structure interaction:an experimental approach

Traditionally seismic design of structures supported on piled raft foundation is performed by considering fixed base conditions, while the pile head is also considered to be fixed for the design of the pile foundation. Major drawback of this assumption is that it cannot capture soil-foundation-structure interaction due to flexibility of soil or the inertial interaction involving heavy foundation masses. Previous studies on this subject addressed mainly the intricacy in modelling of dynamic soil structure interaction (DSSI) but not the implication of such interaction on the distribution of forces at various elements of the pile foundation and supported structure. A recent numerical study by the authors showed significant change in response at different elements of the piled raft supported structure when DSSI effects are considered. The present study is a limited attempt in this direction, and it examines such observations through shake table tests. The effect of DSSI is examined by comparing dynamic responses from fixed base scaled down model structures and the overall systems. This study indicates the possibility of significant underestimation in design forces for both the column and pile if designed under fixed base assumption. Such underestimation in the design forces may have serious implication in the design of a foundation or structural element.

Strength Model of Soda Residue Soil Considering Consolidation Stress and Structural Influence

Soda residue(SR)is a type of industrial waste produced in the soda process with the ammonia-soda method.Applying SR to backfilling solves the land occupation and environmental pollution problems in coastal areas and saves material costs for foundation engineering.The strength characteristics of soda residue soil(SRS)under different consolidation conditions are the key points to be solved in the engineering application of SRS.Triaxial compression tests were performed on the undisturbed SRS of Tianjin Port.The shear properties of SRS under different consolidation conditions were then discussed.Meanwhile,a structural strength model(SSM)based on Mohr-Coulomb theory was proposed.SSM reflects the influence of soil structure on undrained strength(Cu)and divides the Cu into the following two parts:friction strength(C_(uf))and original structural strength(C_(u0)).C_(uf)characterizes the magnitude of friction between soil particles,which is related to the consolidation stress.Meanwhile,C_(u0)represents the structural effect on soil strength,which is related to the soil deposition and consolidation processes.SSM was validated by the test data of undisturbed soils.Results reveal that the undisturbed soil generally had a certain C_(u0).Therefore,the SRS strength model was established by combining the experimental law of SRS with SSM.Error analysis shows that the SRS strength model can effectively predict the Cu of undisturbed SRS in Tianjin Port under different consolidation conditions.

A hybrid approach for evaluating CPT-based seismic soil liquefaction potential using Bayesian belief networks

Discernment of seismic soil liquefaction is a complex and non-linear procedure that is affected by diversified factors of uncertainties and complexity.The Bayesian belief network(BBN)is an effective tool to present a suitable framework to handle insights into such uncertainties and cause–effect relationships.The intention of this study is to use a hybrid approach methodology for the development of BBN model based on cone penetration test(CPT)case history records to evaluate seismic soil liquefaction potential.In this hybrid approach,naive model is developed initially only by an interpretive structural modeling(ISM)technique using domain knowledge(DK).Subsequently,some useful information about the naive model are embedded as DK in the K2 algorithm to develop a BBN-K2 and DK model.The results of the BBN models are compared and validated with the available artificial neural network(ANN)and C4.5 decision tree(DT)models and found that the BBN model developed by hybrid approach showed compatible and promising results for liquefaction potential assessment.The BBN model developed by hybrid approach provides a viable tool for geotechnical engineers to assess sites conditions susceptible to seismic soil liquefaction.This study also presents sensitivity analysis of the BBN model based on hybrid approach and the most probable explanation of liquefied sites,owing to know the most likely scenario of the liquefaction phenomenon.

广州原状花岗岩残积土非饱和力学特性的试验研究

【目的】为了研究原状花岗岩残积土的表观黏聚力和有效内摩擦角随基质吸力的变化趋势,【方法】以广州市白云区某医院在挖基坑的原状花岗岩残积土为研究对象,通过室内试验研究原状花岗岩残积土的矿物成分、颗粒级配曲线、基本物理性质指标和微观结构等,借助变水头试验研究原状饱和花岗岩残积土的渗透性,结合非饱和三轴固结排水试验与原状土的微观试验,解释微观结构在宏观层面上对残积土的渗透系数、崩解及基质吸力等的影响,探讨了不同类型土体土水特征曲线差异的原因。【结果】结果显示,研究对象的花岗岩残积土为残积黏性土,主要由高岭土、石英和云母等组成,土体内部孔隙大小不均匀且相互贯通。饱和状态下原状花岗岩残积土的有效黏聚力和有效内摩擦角分别为29.17 kPa和20.99°。【结论】结果表明,非饱和状态下,随饱和度的减小,基质吸力对花岗岩残积土的表观黏聚力和有效内摩擦角均有着明显的影响;Khalili给出的非饱和抗剪强度方程式对花岗岩残积土较为合适。

南阳重塑非饱和膨胀土的变形和含水率变化特性

为研究水-力作用下非饱和土变形和含水率变化特性,采用非饱和土三轴仪,对非饱和膨胀土开展了吸力平衡、等向固结和三轴剪切试验,实时监测土的变形和含水率变化,综合分析了水-力作用下土的变形和含水率随时间的变化规律,并以“双孔”模型为基础框架,揭示了水-力作用下土的变形和含水率变化机制。研究表明:在吸力平衡和等向固结过程,非饱和土的变形和含水率随时间变化规律不同,变形在相对较短时间内达到平衡,而含水率达到平衡耗时更长;在三轴剪切过程,剪缩变形量与孔隙水排出量随时间基本上呈线性变化。随着吸力增大,含水率达到平衡所需时间增长,但对变形达到稳定耗时影响不大。净围压增大会增长含水率达到平衡的时间,然而对变形达到稳定的耗时影响不大。改进“双孔”模型,外力基本上只影响集聚体间孔隙;含水率变化会引起土颗粒重新排列,进而影响集聚体间孔隙;集聚体间孔隙水迁移速率相对较大,颗粒间孔隙水迁移速率相对较小。

土钉支护边坡物理模型试验研究进展

为提高工程扰动与自然因素联合作用下边坡稳定性,厘清不同加载条件下边坡土钉支护方式的作用过程及其特点,选取适用于实际工况的最优支护模式及布设工艺,保障边坡结构系统的本质安全。首先,在静力、振动和离心3类受力作用下系统阐述土钉支护物理模型试验过程与结果;其次,对比分析典型边坡支护技术与新型边坡支护方式的特点及适用性;最后,通过复杂环境效应下的物理模型试验,探究海底边坡、台风暴雨边坡及高速远程滑坡3类特殊边坡的变形破坏机制。结果表明:土钉在各类边坡支护中均具有良好的适用性,但对于复杂特殊环境下边坡支护的可靠度与安全系数仍有待提高。实际中需融合新材料新工艺开展组合支护结构研究;同时,加强物理模型试验中的相似材料选取、观测手段创新、特殊环境模拟研究,提高监测数据的高还原度,实现边坡系统的全过程安全保障。

软土地层基坑群模型试验相似材料研制及应用

针对基坑群连续开挖存在的耦合效应问题,首先确定相似材料配比方案,通过正交试验得出合理的配比材料,进而设计基坑群模型试验来研究两侧基坑叠加作用影响下车站基坑的围护结构和土体表层变形.研究结果表明:满足该软土地层相似常数的土层材料配比为(石英砂∶滑石粉∶双飞粉∶膨润土∶水=0.27∶0.27∶0.232∶0.058∶0.17);基坑群开挖时由于相邻墙体引起的墙后土拱效应叠加导致坑间土体水平应力降低,围护结构受力和变形量减小,坑间土体沉降量增大;基坑间距是支护结构变形的主要影响因素,两侧基坑间距位于1H~2H之间(H为基坑深度),接近1倍开挖深度一侧的叠加影响大于接近2倍开挖深度一侧.

基于离心机实验的海上风力机大直径单桩桩土作用研究

地基基础是海上风电结构所受载荷的最终承载者,针对中国沿海软弱超固结软土地基开展力学特性研究。通过离心模型试验方法对单桩基础形式的静力特性进行分析和对比。研究结果揭示通过离心模型试验模拟桩基础的有效性,该方法能准确捕捉现场地基的应力分布及桩与土体之间的相互作用特性。在软黏土环境中,针对不同直径的单桩进行的分析表明,其变形行为及桩土相互作用机制呈现出显著的差异性。规范中的p-y曲线不适用于中国近海土质,据试验结果提出地基无量纲水平抗力系数随埋深变化和与循环应力幅值相关的循环弱化因子计算模型。

大直径钢圆筒结构稳定性离心模型试验研究

大直径钢圆筒结构是近年来兴起的一种新型水工结构形式,具有结构简单、施工速度快、结构受力条件好、造价低等优点,能够适应水深浪大的恶劣环境,在软土地区具有广阔的应用前景。在钢圆筒施工过程中,其在风浪荷载下的稳定性是工程关注的主要问题。以东海某码头工程钢圆筒护岸为研究对象,通过土工离心模型试验,研究钢圆筒结构的破坏模式和稳定性,并对位移、筒壁土压力、筒身应变等进行分析。结果表明:软土地基上钢圆筒结构在水平荷载作用下的失稳破坏模式主要表现为倾斜失稳,而不是整体平移;钢圆筒失稳破坏时的极限荷载约为其所受水平荷载的2倍;在水平荷载作用下,陆侧筒壁土压力逐渐升高,海侧筒壁土压力逐渐降低,陆侧筒壁土压力明显大于海侧;筒身应变随深度的增加而增大,钢圆筒底部的筒身应力明显大于上部。

用ANSYS模拟结构-地基动力相互作用振动台试验的建模方法

本文以结构一地基动力相互作用振动台模型试验为基础，结合通用有限元软件ＡＮＳＹＳ，对结构－地基动力相互作用体系进行有限元计算建模的一些问题作了研究，主要包括柔性土容器的模拟、土体动力本构模型的选用、上体与结构交界面上的状态非线性模拟、网格划分、重力的考虑、结构中钢筋的处理以及对称性的应用等．文中给出了利用上述建模方法对结构－地基动力相互作用体系进行计算的一些加速度时程结果，并与试验结果相对照，吻合较好．通过计算分析，验证了简化处理方法的合理性和计算模型的可行性．

振动台试验叠层剪切型土箱的研制

在总结国内外振动台试验用土箱的基础上,研制了一个15层叠层方钢管框架并辅之以双侧面钢板约束的叠层剪切型模型土箱,钢管框架层间相对运动和垂直振动方向两边界的自由运动大大削弱了土箱边界效应。平行振动方向土箱两侧安装4根立柱,立柱上安装与土箱侧壁接触的若干轴承以限制箱内土体的转动。采用正弦波激振的扫频法测量了模型土箱的自振频率,与ABAQUS软件模拟的计算结果基本一致;采用脉冲信号激振的自由振动法,测量了土箱的阻尼比;进行了正弦波和地震波激励的自由场地振动台试验研究,测试了模型地基地表和1m深处的加速度时程,提出边界效应指数作为衡量土箱边界效应的指标并对几种土箱进行了比较。结果表明:设计的叠层剪切型土箱能较好地模拟自由场地的边界条件,比较理想地削弱了边界上地震波的反射或散射效应。

土钉支护抗动载原型与模型对比试验研究

概述了在TNT集团装药隔离顶爆条件下土钉支护黄土洞室临界抗力现场试验及结果;在建立模型相似法则基础上,进行了相似模型试验,不仅验证了该法则,而且也验证了原型洞室的临界抗力试验结果。

土-桩-钢结构相互作用体系的振动台模型试验

本项试验是研究土-结构相互作用对结构TLD减震控制影响的系列振动台模型试验的组成部分,主要目的是提供相应的对比试验数据。在这组试验中,突出的问题是TLD、上部被控结构和土层三个子系统模型基频间的协调。为了尽可能降低土层模型基频,文中采用了一种具有低剪切波速特性的土层模拟介质。最后,通过土-桩-钢结构系统的振动台模型试验,研究了土-结构相互作用对钢结构动力特性和地震反应的影响。

土-结构动力相互作用系统离心机振动台模型试验

为研究土-结构动力相互作用系统的地震反应情况,在50g的离心加速度条件下,采用Kobe波作为地震输入,进行两种埋深情况下砂土地基中较大断面地下结构的离心机振动台模型试验。介绍试验设计方案,给出加速度、土压力、位移和应变反应的量测结果。试验结果表明:结构最大弯曲应变发生在柱上端,说明柱是地下结构抗震最不利构件,且柱上端相对于柱下端更为不利;地震作用下结构所承受的总土压力有所增加,并且在地震作用后维持在较高的水平,最大土压力增量与最大总土压力均发生在底板角点处;埋深对地下结构的地震反应有重要影响,本次试验中,结构在对应于原型埋深为5m时的受力情况相比于埋深2.5m的情况更为不利;辅助观测断面与主观测断面相同位置测点的附加弯曲应变峰值较为接近,并且应变反应波形较为一致,表明结构模型地震反应的整体性较好。

板式轨道–路基相互作用及荷载传递规律的物理模型试验研究

全面地介绍了一种全比尺路基动力试验装置,可用于轨道结构与路基之间的动力相互作用以及路基和地基长期变形等方面的试验研究,报告了前期试验中针对高速铁路板式轨道与路基的动力相互作用以及列车轮轴荷载在轨道结构和路基中传递规律的一些重要结果。首先,总结了试验中列车荷载传递到轨道板上的分布规律,通过与理论模型的对比分析,提出了一种简便可靠的荷载分布简化模式用于路基的动静力分析;其次,分析了轨道结构和路基的动力响应与加载频率之间的关联性,并通过集中质量模型讨论了共振发生机理和共振频率的确定方法,结果表明系统存在一个共振频率在16 Hz左右,此时系统的各项动力响应达到最大;最后,通过不同频率加载试验确定了路基中沿深度方向动力附加荷载的衰减特性与加载频率之间的相关性。作为研究高速铁路路基和地基的一种有力的综合试验装置,该设备产生的大量试验数据将为进一步研究高速铁路路基中的岩土工程问题提供重要的支撑作用。